汶川地震堰塞湖安全实例分析
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摘要
前人在对堰塞湖进行安全评价中,往往较少考虑到坝体级配、上游两岸山体的稳定性以及下游床面的结构。基于作者多次深入汶川地震灾区的考察调研,通过多个堰塞湖实例详细研究了上述因素对堰塞湖安全的影响,得出结论:坝体的级配会影响坝体自身的结构稳定性、溃坝水流最大流量以及渗透特性;两岸山体发生二次崩塌滑坡会增加堰塞湖溃决的危险;下游床面结构稳定性越高,河床越稳定,有利于堰塞湖的保存。还给出了表示坝体级配、两岸山体稳定性和床面结构的安全指标,提出了理想的堰塞湖安全评价的综合指标形式,为科技工作者更全面的对堰塞湖进行安全评价提供借鉴。
There were few papers about the safety assessment of dammed lakesr,egarding to the factors of gradation of blocked dam,stability of upstream mountain,and downstream bed structure,in the past.Based on the investi-gation of the disaster area induced by Wenchuan earthquake,three factors affecting the safety of dammed lakes were analyzed by several examples.Accoding to the analysis,the following conclusion were obtained.The gradation of blocked dam can influence the structure stability of the dams,the peak discharge of the dam-break,and permeabil-ity.If the second geo-hazards such as collapse and landslide happen in upstream mountain,the dammed lakes will be danger.The stronger of downstream bed structure can increase the stability of the stream bed,and it is also good for dammed lakes conservation.The safety index of three factors was brought up,and the comprehensive index for the safety assessment of dammed lakes was also suggested.
There were few papers about the safety assessment of dammed lakesr,egarding to the factors of gradation of blocked dam,stability of upstream mountain,and downstream bed structure,in the past.Based on the investi-gation of the disaster area induced by Wenchuan earthquake,three factors affecting the safety of dammed lakes were analyzed by several examples.Accoding to the analysis,the following conclusion were obtained.The gradation of blocked dam can influence the structure stability of the dams,the peak discharge of the dam-break,and permeabil-ity.If the second geo-hazards such as collapse and landslide happen in upstream mountain,the dammed lakes will be danger.The stronger of downstream bed structure can increase the stability of the stream bed,and it is also good for dammed lakes conservation.The safety index of three factors was brought up,and the comprehensive index for the safety assessment of dammed lakes was also suggested.
引文
[1]Yin Yueping.Research on the Geo-hazards Triggered byWenchuan Earthquake,Sichuan[J].Journal of Engineer-ing Geology,2008,16(4):433-444.[殷跃平.汶川八级地震地质灾害研究[J].工程地质学,2008,16(4):433-444.]
[2]Gui Lin,Su Zhouxiong,Zhang Guiyu.What are dammedlakes from abroad look like[J].People Digest,2008(7):51-54.[桂林,粟周熊,张贵余.国外堰塞湖什么样[J].人民文摘2,008(7):51-54.]
[3]Wang Zhaoyin,Shi Wenjing,Yu Guo’an,et al.New chal-lenges of river management induced by the WenchuanEarthquake[J].Hydro-Science and Engineering,2009(4):22-32.[王兆印,施文静,余国安,等.汶川地震引发的流域管理新课题[J].水利水运工程学报,2009(4):22-32.]
[4]Xia Zhongping.Technical measures of emergency disposalfor dammed lakes[J].Yangtze River,2010,41(1):42-44.[夏仲平.堰塞湖应急处置的技术措施[J].人民长江,2010,41(1):42-44.]
[5]Zhou Yongwei,Yang Xingguo,Li Hongtao,et al.Risk-elimination techniques and management of earthquake lakes[J].Journal of Sichuan University:Engineering Science E-dition,2009,41(3):96-101.[周宏伟,杨兴国,李洪涛,等.地震堰塞湖排险技术与治理保护[J].四川大学学报:工程科学版,20094,1(3):96-101.]
[6]Zhang Xibing,Lu Jinyou,Fan Beilin,et al.Numericalsimulation of dam-break flood routing and releasing processof Tangjiashan Weir Dam[J].Yangtze River,2008,39(22):76-78.[张细兵,卢金友,范北林,等.唐家山堰塞坝溃坝洪水演进及下泄过程复演[J].人民长江,20083,9(22):76-78.]
[7]Li Yun,Li Jun.Review of experimental study on dam-break[J].Advances in Water Science,2009,20(2):304-310.[李云,李君.溃坝模型试验研究综述[J].水科学进展,20092,0(2):304-310.]
[8]Liu Ning.Emergency treatment and understanding ofdammed lake[J].China Flood and Drought Management,2008(4):7-11.[刘宁.堰塞湖的应急处置与认识[J].中国防汛抗旱,2008(4):7-11.]
[9]Wang Gongxian.Present situation of engineering measurefor preventing and controlling landslide in China and abroad[J].The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Con-trol,19989,(1):1-9.[王恭先.滑坡防治工程措施的国内外现状[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,1998,9(1):1-9.]
[10]Wang Zhaoyin,Melching C S,Duan Xuehua,et al.Eco-logical and Hydraulic studies of step-pool system[J].Jour-nal of Hydraulic Engineering,ASCE,2008,130(7):792-800.
[11]Liu Huaixiang,Wang Zhaoyin.Field experimental studyon development of mountain streambed structures[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2009,40(11):1339-1344.[刘怀湘,王兆印.山区河流床面结构发育野外现场试验研究[J].水利学报2,0094,0(11):1339-1344.]
[12]Yan Zuwen,Wei Yingqi,Cai Hong,et al.Study on safetyassessment of natural dam[J].Water Resources and Hy-dropower Engineering,2009,40(2):74-78.[严祖文,魏迎奇,蔡红,等.堰塞湖天然坝安全性状评估研究[J].水利水电技术,20094,0(2):74-78.]
[13]Yang Qigui,Zhou Heqing.Suggestion for the classificationand safety standard of dammed lakes[J].Yangtze River,2008,39(22):17-19.[杨启贵,周和清.堰塞湖等级划分及安全标准构想[J].人民长江,2008,39(22):17-19.]
[14]Hemphill R W,Bramley M E.河渠护岸工程[M].蔡雯,江焘,等,译.北京:中国水利水电出版社2,000.
[15]Xu Jiang,Wang Zhaoyin.Formation and mechanism ofstep-pool system[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2004(10):48-55.[徐江,王兆印.阶梯-深潭的形成及作用机理[J].水利学报2,004(10):48-55.]
[2]Gui Lin,Su Zhouxiong,Zhang Guiyu.What are dammedlakes from abroad look like[J].People Digest,2008(7):51-54.[桂林,粟周熊,张贵余.国外堰塞湖什么样[J].人民文摘2,008(7):51-54.]
[3]Wang Zhaoyin,Shi Wenjing,Yu Guo’an,et al.New chal-lenges of river management induced by the WenchuanEarthquake[J].Hydro-Science and Engineering,2009(4):22-32.[王兆印,施文静,余国安,等.汶川地震引发的流域管理新课题[J].水利水运工程学报,2009(4):22-32.]
[4]Xia Zhongping.Technical measures of emergency disposalfor dammed lakes[J].Yangtze River,2010,41(1):42-44.[夏仲平.堰塞湖应急处置的技术措施[J].人民长江,2010,41(1):42-44.]
[5]Zhou Yongwei,Yang Xingguo,Li Hongtao,et al.Risk-elimination techniques and management of earthquake lakes[J].Journal of Sichuan University:Engineering Science E-dition,2009,41(3):96-101.[周宏伟,杨兴国,李洪涛,等.地震堰塞湖排险技术与治理保护[J].四川大学学报:工程科学版,20094,1(3):96-101.]
[6]Zhang Xibing,Lu Jinyou,Fan Beilin,et al.Numericalsimulation of dam-break flood routing and releasing processof Tangjiashan Weir Dam[J].Yangtze River,2008,39(22):76-78.[张细兵,卢金友,范北林,等.唐家山堰塞坝溃坝洪水演进及下泄过程复演[J].人民长江,20083,9(22):76-78.]
[7]Li Yun,Li Jun.Review of experimental study on dam-break[J].Advances in Water Science,2009,20(2):304-310.[李云,李君.溃坝模型试验研究综述[J].水科学进展,20092,0(2):304-310.]
[8]Liu Ning.Emergency treatment and understanding ofdammed lake[J].China Flood and Drought Management,2008(4):7-11.[刘宁.堰塞湖的应急处置与认识[J].中国防汛抗旱,2008(4):7-11.]
[9]Wang Gongxian.Present situation of engineering measurefor preventing and controlling landslide in China and abroad[J].The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Con-trol,19989,(1):1-9.[王恭先.滑坡防治工程措施的国内外现状[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,1998,9(1):1-9.]
[10]Wang Zhaoyin,Melching C S,Duan Xuehua,et al.Eco-logical and Hydraulic studies of step-pool system[J].Jour-nal of Hydraulic Engineering,ASCE,2008,130(7):792-800.
[11]Liu Huaixiang,Wang Zhaoyin.Field experimental studyon development of mountain streambed structures[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2009,40(11):1339-1344.[刘怀湘,王兆印.山区河流床面结构发育野外现场试验研究[J].水利学报2,0094,0(11):1339-1344.]
[12]Yan Zuwen,Wei Yingqi,Cai Hong,et al.Study on safetyassessment of natural dam[J].Water Resources and Hy-dropower Engineering,2009,40(2):74-78.[严祖文,魏迎奇,蔡红,等.堰塞湖天然坝安全性状评估研究[J].水利水电技术,20094,0(2):74-78.]
[13]Yang Qigui,Zhou Heqing.Suggestion for the classificationand safety standard of dammed lakes[J].Yangtze River,2008,39(22):17-19.[杨启贵,周和清.堰塞湖等级划分及安全标准构想[J].人民长江,2008,39(22):17-19.]
[14]Hemphill R W,Bramley M E.河渠护岸工程[M].蔡雯,江焘,等,译.北京:中国水利水电出版社2,000.
[15]Xu Jiang,Wang Zhaoyin.Formation and mechanism ofstep-pool system[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2004(10):48-55.[徐江,王兆印.阶梯-深潭的形成及作用机理[J].水利学报2,004(10):48-55.]
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