玉树M_S7.1地震成因及背景的分析与思考
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摘要
对青海省玉树结古镇MS7.1级强震的成因及背景进行了分析,并提出灾后重建应该注意的问题。从大地构造背景看,玉树和汶川地震均由印度板块向青藏高原嵌入、引起高原壳-幔物质向东蠕散诱发。正是巴颜喀拉(昆仑)地块向东蠕散,其南侧边界玉树—鲜水河断裂的左行走滑引起了玉树MS7.1级地震。巴颜喀拉(昆仑)地块在向东蠕散的过程中已经经过三次7～8级边界大地震,能量已有较大释放,今后应注意其南部的羌塘—理塘地块向东南的快速蠕散在何处受阻。研究表明,GPS变形不强的地区往往是块体运动受到阻挡、应力集中、能量积蓄的部位,也是最可能引发大震的部位。据此预测昆明以南的玉溪、通海、石屏地区,大理地区,川西盐源、盐塘地区以及雅安、泸定、康定地区(即玉树—鲜水河与龙门山断裂交汇部位),都可能成为阻挡羌塘—理塘地块向东南快速蠕散的应力集中区,应该引起高度注意,加强动态监测,预作防范。
The 2010 Yushu earthquake,originated in Qinghai,struck on April 14,2010,and registered a magnitude of MS 7.1.This paper discusses the origin and background of the earthquake and gives some advices about post-disaster reconstruction.Considering the geotectonic settings,the authors attributes the origin of 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and 2010 Yushu earthquake to the Indian plate's wedging in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,which driving the material of curst-mantle under Qinghai-Tibet Plateau creeping to east and then caused the earthquakes.The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau consists of several different blocks,they were collaged together in Mesozoic and Cenozoic.The movement and collision of these blocks extruded by the Indian plate are the main reasons of those earthquakes around Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in last several years.Just because the eastward movement of Kunlun block leading to the sinistral slip of Yushu-Xianshuihe Fault,then caused the 2010 Yushu earthquake.Until now,the eastward movement of Kunlun block had caused three earthquakes with the magnitude of MS 7 to MS 8,massive accumulated energy had been released.So,the emphasis should be focused on the southeastward moving Qiangtang-Litang block and a strict surveillance must be kept on it.Learned from 2008 Wenchuan earthquake,the region with less movement by GPS always tend to be a center of energy accumulating because the block is resisted by other hard blocks,and is likely to be the region where earthquake will strike.The authors proposed that the following areas could be struck by earthquakes: Yuxi,Tonghai and Shiping areas in the south of Kunming;Dali area;Yanyuan and Yantang areas of western Sichuan Province;Ya'an,Luding and Kangding areas,which are the cross section of Yushu-Xianshuihe Fault and Longmen Mountain Fault.All of the four areas locate on the frontier of southward arciform thrust-nappe structure zones formed in late Cenozoic,and they likely to be the stress concentration regions when obstructing the movement of Qiangtang-Litang block.High attention with dynamic monitoring should be paid to in these areas suggested.
The 2010 Yushu earthquake,originated in Qinghai,struck on April 14,2010,and registered a magnitude of MS 7.1.This paper discusses the origin and background of the earthquake and gives some advices about post-disaster reconstruction.Considering the geotectonic settings,the authors attributes the origin of 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and 2010 Yushu earthquake to the Indian plate's wedging in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,which driving the material of curst-mantle under Qinghai-Tibet Plateau creeping to east and then caused the earthquakes.The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau consists of several different blocks,they were collaged together in Mesozoic and Cenozoic.The movement and collision of these blocks extruded by the Indian plate are the main reasons of those earthquakes around Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in last several years.Just because the eastward movement of Kunlun block leading to the sinistral slip of Yushu-Xianshuihe Fault,then caused the 2010 Yushu earthquake.Until now,the eastward movement of Kunlun block had caused three earthquakes with the magnitude of MS 7 to MS 8,massive accumulated energy had been released.So,the emphasis should be focused on the southeastward moving Qiangtang-Litang block and a strict surveillance must be kept on it.Learned from 2008 Wenchuan earthquake,the region with less movement by GPS always tend to be a center of energy accumulating because the block is resisted by other hard blocks,and is likely to be the region where earthquake will strike.The authors proposed that the following areas could be struck by earthquakes: Yuxi,Tonghai and Shiping areas in the south of Kunming;Dali area;Yanyuan and Yantang areas of western Sichuan Province;Ya'an,Luding and Kangding areas,which are the cross section of Yushu-Xianshuihe Fault and Longmen Mountain Fault.All of the four areas locate on the frontier of southward arciform thrust-nappe structure zones formed in late Cenozoic,and they likely to be the stress concentration regions when obstructing the movement of Qiangtang-Litang block.High attention with dynamic monitoring should be paid to in these areas suggested.
引文
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[15]姚鑫,张永双,杨农,等.玉树地震地表变形InSAR观测及初步分析[J].地质力学学报,2010,16(2):129～136.YAO Xin,ZHANG Yong-shuang,YANG Nong,et al.D-InSAR deformation observation and preliminary analysis of the MS7.1 Yushu earthquake[J].Journal of Geomechanics,2010,16(2):129～136.
[16]马寅生,张永双,胡道功,等.玉树地震地表破裂与宏观震中[J].地质力学学报,2010,16(2):115～128.MA Yin-sheng,ZHANG Yong-shuang,HU Dao-gong,et al.The surface ruptures and the macroscopical epicenter of YushuMS 7.1 earthquake[J].Journal of Geomechanics,2010,16(2):115～128.
[17]王连捷,崔军文,王薇,等.青海玉树MS7.1级地震发震过程的数值模拟[J].地质力学学报,2010,16(2):137～145.WANG Lian-jie,CUI Jun-wen,WANG Wei,et al.Numerical modeling for mechanism of Yushu MS7.1 earthquake[J].Journal of Geomechanics,2010,16(2):137～145.
[18]葛肖虹.川西盐源推覆构造的探讨[J].长春地质学院学报,1984,35(1):36～43.GE Xiao-hong.A discussion on nappe structure in Yanyuan,west Sichuan[J].Journal of Changchun Geoscience College,1984,35(1):36～43.
[19]马杏垣.中国岩石圈地球动力学地图集[M].北京:中国地图出版社,1989.MA Xing-yuan.Lithospheric dynamics atlas of China[M].Beijing:SinoMaps Press,1989.
[2]Tapponnier P,Xu Z Q,Roger F,et al.Oblique stepwise rise and growth of the Tibet Plateau[J].Science,2004,294:1671～1677.
[3]ZHANG Pei-zhen,SHEN Zheng-kang,WANG Min,et al.Continuous deformation of the Tibetan Plateau constrained fromglobal positioning system data[J].Geology,2004,32(9):809～812.
[4]徐锡伟,闻学泽,郑荣章,等.川滇地区活动块体最新构造变动样式及其动力来源[J].中国科学:D辑,2003,33(增刊):151～162.XU Xi-wei,Wen Xue-ze,Zheng Rong-zhang,et al.Latest tectonic style and the power source of active blocks in Sichuan-Yunnan region[J].Science in China:Series D,2003,33(Supp.):151～162.
[5]姚鑫,张永双.基于差分干涉雷达的汶川地震同震形变特点[J].地质力学学报,2009,15(2):151～161.YAO Xin,ZHANG Yong-shuang.Co-seismic deformation of“5.12”Wenchuan earthquake based on D-INSAR[J].Journal of Geomechanics,2009,15(2):151～161.
[6]张永双,雷伟志,石菊松,等.四川5.12地震次生地质灾害的基本特征初析[J].地质力学学报,2008,14(2):109～116.ZHANG Yong-shuang,LEI Wei-zhi,SHI Ju-song,et al.General characteristics of 5.12 earthquake-induced geohazards inSichuan[J].Journal of Geomechanics,2008,14(2):109～116.
[7]张永双,石菊松,孙萍,等.汶川地震内外动力耦合及灾害实例[J].地质力学学报,2009,15(2):131～141.ZHANG Yong-shuang,SHI Ju-shong,SUN Ping,et al.Coupling between endogenic and exogenic geological processes inthe Wenchuan earthquake and example analysis of geo-hazards[J].Journal of Geomechanics,2009,15(2):131～141.
[8]谭成轩,孙叶,吴树仁,等.“5.12”汶川MS 8.0大地震后关于我国区域地壳稳定性评价的思考[J].地质力学学报,2009,15(2):142～150.TAN Cheng-xuan,SUN Ye,WU Shu-ren,et al.A consideration on regional crustal stability assessment after Ms 8.0Wenchuan strong earthquake in China[J].Journal of Geomechanics,2009,15(2):142～150.
[9]王连捷,周春景,孙东生,等.汶川5.12地震引起的库仑应力变化及其对周边地震活动的影响[J].地质力学学报,2008,14(3):193～200.WANG Lian-jie,ZHOU Chun-jing,SUN Dong-sheng,et al.Coulomb stress changes caused by Wenchuan earthquake andits influence on seismic activity in the adjacent areas[J].Journal of Geomechanics,2008,14(3):193～200.
[10]王连捷,崔军文,周春景,等.汶川5.12地震发震机理的数值模拟[J].地质力学学报,2009,15(2):105～113.WANG Lian-jie,CUI Jun-wen,ZHOU Chun-jing,et al.Numerical modeling for Wenchuan earthquake mechanism[J].Journal of Geomechanics,2009,15(2):105～113.
[11]彭华,马秀敏,姜景捷.山丹地应力监测站体应变仪的地震效应[J].地质力学学报,2008,14(2):97～108.PENG Hua,MA Xiu-min,JIANG Jing-jie.Analysis of the volume strain data from the Shandan in-situ stress monitoringstation[J].Journal of Geomechanics,2008,14(2):97～108.
[12]彭华,马秀敏,姜景捷.龙门山北端青川断层附近应力测量与断层稳定性[J].地质力学学报,2009,15(2):114～130.PENG Hua,MA Xiu-min,JIANG Jing-jie.Stability and stress measurement near the Qingchuan fault in the northernLongmen mountains[J].Journal of Geomechanics,2009,15(2):114～130.
[13]甘建军,黄润秋,李前银,等.都江堰—汶川公路汶川地震次生地质灾害主要特征和形成机理[J].地质力学学报,2010,16(2):146～158.GAN Jian-jun,HUANG Run-qiu,LI Qian-yin,et al.Formation mechanism of geo-hazards triggered by Wenchuan MS 8.0earthquake along Dujiangyan-Wenchuan Highway[J].Journal of Geomechanics,2010,16(2):146～158.
[14]李金臣,潘华,张志中.青海玉树7.1级地震构造背景[J].国际地震动态,2010,(5):1～5.LI Jin-chen,PAN Hua,ZHANG Zhi-zhong.The seismotectonic setting of Yushu MS 7.1 earthquake in Qinghai Province[J].Recent Developments in World Seismology,2010,5:1～5.
[15]姚鑫,张永双,杨农,等.玉树地震地表变形InSAR观测及初步分析[J].地质力学学报,2010,16(2):129～136.YAO Xin,ZHANG Yong-shuang,YANG Nong,et al.D-InSAR deformation observation and preliminary analysis of the MS7.1 Yushu earthquake[J].Journal of Geomechanics,2010,16(2):129～136.
[16]马寅生,张永双,胡道功,等.玉树地震地表破裂与宏观震中[J].地质力学学报,2010,16(2):115～128.MA Yin-sheng,ZHANG Yong-shuang,HU Dao-gong,et al.The surface ruptures and the macroscopical epicenter of YushuMS 7.1 earthquake[J].Journal of Geomechanics,2010,16(2):115～128.
[17]王连捷,崔军文,王薇,等.青海玉树MS7.1级地震发震过程的数值模拟[J].地质力学学报,2010,16(2):137～145.WANG Lian-jie,CUI Jun-wen,WANG Wei,et al.Numerical modeling for mechanism of Yushu MS7.1 earthquake[J].Journal of Geomechanics,2010,16(2):137～145.
[18]葛肖虹.川西盐源推覆构造的探讨[J].长春地质学院学报,1984,35(1):36～43.GE Xiao-hong.A discussion on nappe structure in Yanyuan,west Sichuan[J].Journal of Changchun Geoscience College,1984,35(1):36～43.
[19]马杏垣.中国岩石圈地球动力学地图集[M].北京:中国地图出版社,1989.MA Xing-yuan.Lithospheric dynamics atlas of China[M].Beijing:SinoMaps Press,1989.
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