2008年新疆于田7.3级地震对周围断层的影响及其正断层机制的区域构造解释
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摘要
计算了2008年3月21日新疆于田M_s7.3地震导致周围断层的库仑破裂应力变化.结果表明,库仑应力在贡嘎错断裂的西南段和东北段、康西瓦断裂东段和西段、普鲁断裂西段、龙木错—邦达错西段、阿尔金断裂和西昆仑山前逆冲断裂增加分别达6.9×10~4Pa、4.4×10~3Pa、8.0×10~5Pa、2.8×10~3Pa、2.3×10~4 Pa、5.7×10~3 Pa、1.6×10~3Pa和1.1×10~3Pa,而使得贡嘎错断裂中段、康西瓦断裂中段、龙木错-邦达错东段、普鲁断裂中段和喀喇昆仑北段断层上的库伦破裂应力减小分别达3.9×10~5Pa、5.8×10~5Pa、1.5×10~4Pa、1.5×10~4Pa和1.1×10~3 Pa.根据康西瓦的断层滑动速率估计该地震使得中段特征地震延迟1～127年,使得东段特征地震提前2～138年.计算还得到2005年10月8日巴基斯坦M_w7.6地震在于田地震破裂面和滑动方向上产生的库仑破裂应力增加为10～20 Pa,虽然有利于于田地震的发生,但数值太小,难以看到明显的触发作用.分析了该地震及其周围已发生地震出现正断层机制的原因.认为在印度板块向欧亚板块北北东向推挤作用下,相对塔里木块体,青藏高原北缘的柴达木块体沿阿尔金断裂东向运动,而兴都库什块体沿喀喇昆仑断裂整体北西向运动.地震发生区位于此两块体之间,在双边动力相互作用下导致了东西向拉张的形变模式.
We calculate the Coulomb failure stress changes caused by the 21 March 2008 M_s7.3 Yutian, Xinjiang earthquake on its neighboring faults.The result shows that the Coulomb failure stresses increased along the southwest and northeast segments of the Gonggacuo fault, the east and west segment of the Kengxiwar faults, the west segment of the Pulu fault, the west segment of the Lungmu Co-Bangdag Co, the Altyn Tagh fault and the western Kunlun thrust fault by 6.9×10~4 Pa, 4.4×10~3 Pa, 8.0×10~5 Pa, 2.8×10~3 Pa, 2.3×10~4 Pa, 5.7×10~3 Pa, 1.6×10~3 Pa and 1.1×10~3 Pa, respectively, decreased along the central segment of the Gonggacuo and Kengxiwar faults, the east segment of the Lungmu Co—Bangdag Co fault, the central segment of the Pulu fault, and the north segment of the Karakorum fault by 3.9× 10~5 Pa, 5.8 ×105 Pa, 1.5 × 10~4 Pa, 1.5 ×10~4 Pa and 1.1×10~3 Pa, respectively.We estimated that the characteristic earthquake delayed 1 ～127 years in the central segment and advanced 2～138 years by the Yutian earthquake according to the slip rate on this fault.The Coulomb failure stress change caused by the 8 October 2005 Pakistan earthquake and projected on the fault plane and slip direction of the Yutian earthquake is 10～20 Pa, and is in favor of its occurrence.The Yutian earthquake has a normal faulting mechanism.Its origin is interpreted as the result of NNE intrusion of the India plate into Eurasia plate, causing with respect to the Tarim Block, the Qaidam Block in the northern part of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau move to the east along the Altyn Tagh Fault, and the Hindukushi Block move to the northwest along Karakorum Fault, respectively.The Yutian earthquake occurred between the Qaidam and Hindukushi Blocks, its east-west extension deformation pattern is resulted from the kinematic relative motion of the two blocks.
We calculate the Coulomb failure stress changes caused by the 21 March 2008 M_s7.3 Yutian, Xinjiang earthquake on its neighboring faults.The result shows that the Coulomb failure stresses increased along the southwest and northeast segments of the Gonggacuo fault, the east and west segment of the Kengxiwar faults, the west segment of the Pulu fault, the west segment of the Lungmu Co-Bangdag Co, the Altyn Tagh fault and the western Kunlun thrust fault by 6.9×10~4 Pa, 4.4×10~3 Pa, 8.0×10~5 Pa, 2.8×10~3 Pa, 2.3×10~4 Pa, 5.7×10~3 Pa, 1.6×10~3 Pa and 1.1×10~3 Pa, respectively, decreased along the central segment of the Gonggacuo and Kengxiwar faults, the east segment of the Lungmu Co—Bangdag Co fault, the central segment of the Pulu fault, and the north segment of the Karakorum fault by 3.9× 10~5 Pa, 5.8 ×105 Pa, 1.5 × 10~4 Pa, 1.5 ×10~4 Pa and 1.1×10~3 Pa, respectively.We estimated that the characteristic earthquake delayed 1 ～127 years in the central segment and advanced 2～138 years by the Yutian earthquake according to the slip rate on this fault.The Coulomb failure stress change caused by the 8 October 2005 Pakistan earthquake and projected on the fault plane and slip direction of the Yutian earthquake is 10～20 Pa, and is in favor of its occurrence.The Yutian earthquake has a normal faulting mechanism.Its origin is interpreted as the result of NNE intrusion of the India plate into Eurasia plate, causing with respect to the Tarim Block, the Qaidam Block in the northern part of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau move to the east along the Altyn Tagh Fault, and the Hindukushi Block move to the northwest along Karakorum Fault, respectively.The Yutian earthquake occurred between the Qaidam and Hindukushi Blocks, its east-west extension deformation pattern is resulted from the kinematic relative motion of the two blocks.
引文
[1] Harris R A. Introduction to special section: Stress triggers, stress shadows, and implications for seismic hazard. J Geophys Res, 1998,103: 24347～24358
[2] Stein R S. The role of stress transfer in earthquake occurrence. Nature, 1999, 402:605～609
[3] 王仁,孙荀英,蔡永恩.华北地区近700年地震序列的数学模拟.中国科学(B辑),1982,8:745～753Wang R, Sun X Y, Cai Y E. A mathematical simulation for nearly 700 years earthquake sequence in North China. Scientia Sinica (Series B) (in Chinese), 1982, 8:745～753
[4] Stein R S, Lisowski M. The 1979 Homestead Valley earthquake sequence, California.. Control of aftershocks and postseismic deformation. J Geophys Res, 1983, 88 : 6477 ～ 6490
[5] 万永革,吴忠良,周公威等.几次复杂地震中不同破裂事件之间的“应力触发”问题.地震学报,2000,22(6) :568～576Wan Y G, Wu Z L, Zhou G W, et al. “Stress triggering” between different rupture events in several earthquakes. Acta Seismologica Sinica, 2000, 13(6) : 607～615
[6] 万永革,吴忠良,周公威等.地震静态应力触发模型的全球检验.地震学报,2002,24(3) :302～316Wan Y G, Wu Z L, Zhou G W, et al. Research on seismic stress triggering. Acta Seismologica Sinica, 2002, 15 (5) : 559～577
[7] Wan Y G, Wu Z L, Zhou G W. Small stress change triggering a big earthquake: a test of the critical point hypothesis for earthquake. Chin Phys Lett, 2003, 20 (9) : 1452～1455
[8] Wan Y G, Wu Z L, Zhou G W. Focal mechanism dependence of static stress triggering of earthquakes. Tectnophysics, 2004, 390:235～243
[9] 沈正康,万永革,甘卫军等.东昆仑活动断裂带大地震之间的黏弹性应力触发研究.地球物理学报,2003,46(6) :786～795Shen Z K, Wan Y G, Gan W J, et al. Viscoelastic triggering between large earthquakes along the east Kunlun fault system. Chinese J. Geophys. (in Chinese), 2003, 46 (6) :1125～1138
[10] 沈正康,万永革,甘卫军等.华北地区700年来地壳应力场演化与地震发生研究.中国地震,2004,20(3) :211～228Shen Z K, Wan Y G, Gan W J, et al. Crustal stress evolution of the last 700 years in north China and earthquake occurrence. Earthquake Research in China (in Chinese), 2004, 20(3) : 211～228
[11] Robinson R, Zhou S. Stress interactions within the Tangshan, China, earthquake sequence of 1976． Bull Seis Soc Amer, 2005, 95(6) : 2501～2505
[12] Lienkaemper J J, Galehouse J S, Simpson R W. Long-term monitoring of creep rate along the hayward fault and evidence for a lasting creep response to 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Geophys Res Lett, 2001, 28(11) : 2265～2268
[13] McCloskey J, Nalbant S S, Steacy S. Earthquake risk from co-seismic stress. Nature, 2005, 434:291
[14] Parsons T, Ji C, Kirby E. Stress changes from the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and increased hazard in the Sichuan basin. Nature, 2008, doi: 10． 1038/nature07177
[15] 万永革,沈正康,盛书中等.2008年汶川大地震对周围断层的影响.地震学报,2009,31(2) :128～139Wan Y G, Shen Z K, Sheng S Z, et al. The influence of 2008 Wenchuan earthquake on surrounding faults. Acta Seismologica Sinica (in Chinese), 2009, 31(2) : 128～139
[16] 邓起东,张培震,冉勇康等.中国活动构造基本特征.中国科学(D辑),2002,32(12) :1020～1030Deng Q D, Zhang P Z, Ran Y K, et al. Basic characteristics of active tectonics of China. Science in China (Series D), 2003, 46(4) : 356～372
[17] Chinnery M A. The stress changes that accompany strike-slip faulting. Bull Seism Soc Amer , 1963, 53: 921～932
[18] 陈运泰,林邦慧,林中洋等.根据地面形变的观测研究1966年邢台地震的震源过程.地球物理学报,1975,18(3) :164～182Chen Y T, Lin B H, Lin Z Y, et al. The focal mechanism of the 1966 HSINGTAI earthquake as inferred from the ground deformation observations. Chinese J. Geophys. ( in Chinese), 1975, 18(3) : 164～182
[19] Okada Y. Internal deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space. Bull Seisrn Soc Amer, 1992, 82:1018～1040
[20] Stein R S, King G C P, Lin J. Change in failure stress on the southern San Andreas fault system caused by the 1992 magnitude = 7． 4 Landers earthquake. Science, 1992, 258:1328～1332
[21] King G C P, Stein R S, Lin J. Static stress changes and the triggering of earthquakes. Bull Seism Soc Amer, 1994, 84: 935～953
[22] Rice J R. Fault stress states, pore pressure distribution, and the weakness of the San Andreas fault. In: Evans B,Wong T F eds. Fault Mechanics and Transport Properties of Rock. Academic Press, London, 1992． 475～503
[23] Peltzer G, Crampe F, King P. Evidence of nonlinear elasticity of the crust from the M_w7． 6 Mani (Tibet)earthquake. Science, 1999, 286: 272～276
[24] Lasserre C, Peltzer G, Crampae F, et al. Coseismic deformation of the M_w = 7． 8 Kokoxili earthquake in Tibet, measured by synthetic aperature radar interferometry. J. Geophys. Res. , 2005, 110: B12408, doi: 10． 1029/2004JB003500
[25] 万永革,王敏,沈正康等.利用GPS和水准测量资料反演2001年昆仑山口西8． 1级地震的同震滑动分布.地震地质,2004,26(3) :393～404Wan Y G, Wang M, Shen Z K, et al. Co-seismic slip distribution of the 2001 west of Kunlun mountain pass earthquake inverted by GPS and leveling data. Seismology and Geology (in Chinese), 2004, 26(3) :393～404
[26] 万永革,沈正康,王 敏等.根据GPS和InSAR数据反演2001年昆仑山口西地震同震破裂分布.地球物理学报,2008,51(4) :1074～1084Wan Y G, Shen Z K, Wang M, et al. Coseismic slip distribution of the 2001 Kunlun mountain Pass west earthquake constrained using GPS and InSAR data. Chinese J. Geophysics. (in Chinese), 2008, 51(4) : 753～764
[27] Wells D L, Coppersmith K J. New empirical relationships among magnitude, rupture area and surface displacement. Bull. Seism. Soc. Amer. , 1994, 84: 974～1002
[28] 沈正康,王敏,甘卫军,张祖胜.中国大陆现今构造应变率场及其动力学成因研究.地学前缘,2003,10(增刊):93～100Shen Z K, Wang M, Gan W J, Zhang Z S. Contemporary tectonic strain rate field of Chinese continent and its geodynamics implication. Earth Science Frontiers ( in Chinese), 2003,10(Suppl. ) : 93 ～ 100
[29] Ziv A, Rubin A M. Static stress transfer and earthquake triggering: No lower threshold in sight? J Geophys Res, 2000, 105:13631～13642
[30] Wright T J, Parsons B, England P C, Fielding E J. InSAR observations of low slip rates on the major faults of western Tibet. Science, 2004, 305:236～239
[31] Shen Z K, Wang M, Li Y, et al. Crustal deformation associated with the Altyn Tagh fault system , western China, from GPS. J Geophys Res, 2001, 106:30607～30621
[32] Avouac J P, Ayoub F, Leprince S, et al. The 2005, M_w7． 6 Kashmir earthquake: sub-pixel correlation of ASTER images and seismic waveforms analysis. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2006, 249(3-4) : 514～528
[33] Kilb D, Gomberg J, Bodin P. Earthquake triggering by dynamic stresses. Nature, 2000, 408:570～574
[34] Deng J, Gurnis M, Kanamori H, Hauksson E. Viscoelastic flow in the lower crust after the 1992 Landers, California, earthquake. Science, 1998, 282:1689～1692
[35] 万永革,沈正康,曾跃华等.青藏高原东北部的库仑应力积累演化对大地震发生的影响.地震学报,2 007,29(2) :115～129Wan Y G, Shen Z K, Zeng Y H, et al. Evolution of cumulative Coulomb failure stress in northeastern Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau and its effect on large earthquake occurrence. Acta Seismologica Sinica, 2007, 20 (2) : 117 ～132
[36] 万永革,沈正康,兰从欣.兰德斯地震断层面及其附近余震产生的位移场研究.地震学报,2005,27(2) :139～146Wan Y G , Shen Z K, Lan C X. Study on displacement field generated by aftershocks in Landers earthquake fault zone and its adjacent areas. Acta Seismologica Sinica, 2005, 18 (2) :147～153
[37] Zhao D, Kanamori H, Negishi H,et al. Tomography of the source area of the 1995 Kobe earthquake: Evidence for fluids at the hypocenter. Science, 1996, 274 : 1891 ～ 1894
[38] Hudnut K W, Seeber L, Pacheco J. Cross-fault triggering in the November 1987 Superstition Hills earthquake sequence, southern California. Geophys Res Lett, 1989, 16 : 199～202
[39] Noir J, Jacques E, Bukri S, et al. Fluid flow triggered migration of events in the 1989 Dobi earthquake sequence of central Afar. GeophysRes Lett, 1997, 24: 2335～2338
[40] 万永革,沈正康,曾跃华等.唐山地震序列应力触发的粘弹性力学模型研究.地震学报,2008,30(6) :581～593Wan Y G, Shen Z K, Zeng Y H, et al. Study on visco-elastic stress triggering model of Tangshan earthquake sequence. Acta Seismologica Sinica, 2008, 21(6) : 585～597
[2] Stein R S. The role of stress transfer in earthquake occurrence. Nature, 1999, 402:605～609
[3] 王仁,孙荀英,蔡永恩.华北地区近700年地震序列的数学模拟.中国科学(B辑),1982,8:745～753Wang R, Sun X Y, Cai Y E. A mathematical simulation for nearly 700 years earthquake sequence in North China. Scientia Sinica (Series B) (in Chinese), 1982, 8:745～753
[4] Stein R S, Lisowski M. The 1979 Homestead Valley earthquake sequence, California.. Control of aftershocks and postseismic deformation. J Geophys Res, 1983, 88 : 6477 ～ 6490
[5] 万永革,吴忠良,周公威等.几次复杂地震中不同破裂事件之间的“应力触发”问题.地震学报,2000,22(6) :568～576Wan Y G, Wu Z L, Zhou G W, et al. “Stress triggering” between different rupture events in several earthquakes. Acta Seismologica Sinica, 2000, 13(6) : 607～615
[6] 万永革,吴忠良,周公威等.地震静态应力触发模型的全球检验.地震学报,2002,24(3) :302～316Wan Y G, Wu Z L, Zhou G W, et al. Research on seismic stress triggering. Acta Seismologica Sinica, 2002, 15 (5) : 559～577
[7] Wan Y G, Wu Z L, Zhou G W. Small stress change triggering a big earthquake: a test of the critical point hypothesis for earthquake. Chin Phys Lett, 2003, 20 (9) : 1452～1455
[8] Wan Y G, Wu Z L, Zhou G W. Focal mechanism dependence of static stress triggering of earthquakes. Tectnophysics, 2004, 390:235～243
[9] 沈正康,万永革,甘卫军等.东昆仑活动断裂带大地震之间的黏弹性应力触发研究.地球物理学报,2003,46(6) :786～795Shen Z K, Wan Y G, Gan W J, et al. Viscoelastic triggering between large earthquakes along the east Kunlun fault system. Chinese J. Geophys. (in Chinese), 2003, 46 (6) :1125～1138
[10] 沈正康,万永革,甘卫军等.华北地区700年来地壳应力场演化与地震发生研究.中国地震,2004,20(3) :211～228Shen Z K, Wan Y G, Gan W J, et al. Crustal stress evolution of the last 700 years in north China and earthquake occurrence. Earthquake Research in China (in Chinese), 2004, 20(3) : 211～228
[11] Robinson R, Zhou S. Stress interactions within the Tangshan, China, earthquake sequence of 1976． Bull Seis Soc Amer, 2005, 95(6) : 2501～2505
[12] Lienkaemper J J, Galehouse J S, Simpson R W. Long-term monitoring of creep rate along the hayward fault and evidence for a lasting creep response to 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Geophys Res Lett, 2001, 28(11) : 2265～2268
[13] McCloskey J, Nalbant S S, Steacy S. Earthquake risk from co-seismic stress. Nature, 2005, 434:291
[14] Parsons T, Ji C, Kirby E. Stress changes from the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and increased hazard in the Sichuan basin. Nature, 2008, doi: 10． 1038/nature07177
[15] 万永革,沈正康,盛书中等.2008年汶川大地震对周围断层的影响.地震学报,2009,31(2) :128～139Wan Y G, Shen Z K, Sheng S Z, et al. The influence of 2008 Wenchuan earthquake on surrounding faults. Acta Seismologica Sinica (in Chinese), 2009, 31(2) : 128～139
[16] 邓起东,张培震,冉勇康等.中国活动构造基本特征.中国科学(D辑),2002,32(12) :1020～1030Deng Q D, Zhang P Z, Ran Y K, et al. Basic characteristics of active tectonics of China. Science in China (Series D), 2003, 46(4) : 356～372
[17] Chinnery M A. The stress changes that accompany strike-slip faulting. Bull Seism Soc Amer , 1963, 53: 921～932
[18] 陈运泰,林邦慧,林中洋等.根据地面形变的观测研究1966年邢台地震的震源过程.地球物理学报,1975,18(3) :164～182Chen Y T, Lin B H, Lin Z Y, et al. The focal mechanism of the 1966 HSINGTAI earthquake as inferred from the ground deformation observations. Chinese J. Geophys. ( in Chinese), 1975, 18(3) : 164～182
[19] Okada Y. Internal deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space. Bull Seisrn Soc Amer, 1992, 82:1018～1040
[20] Stein R S, King G C P, Lin J. Change in failure stress on the southern San Andreas fault system caused by the 1992 magnitude = 7． 4 Landers earthquake. Science, 1992, 258:1328～1332
[21] King G C P, Stein R S, Lin J. Static stress changes and the triggering of earthquakes. Bull Seism Soc Amer, 1994, 84: 935～953
[22] Rice J R. Fault stress states, pore pressure distribution, and the weakness of the San Andreas fault. In: Evans B,Wong T F eds. Fault Mechanics and Transport Properties of Rock. Academic Press, London, 1992． 475～503
[23] Peltzer G, Crampe F, King P. Evidence of nonlinear elasticity of the crust from the M_w7． 6 Mani (Tibet)earthquake. Science, 1999, 286: 272～276
[24] Lasserre C, Peltzer G, Crampae F, et al. Coseismic deformation of the M_w = 7． 8 Kokoxili earthquake in Tibet, measured by synthetic aperature radar interferometry. J. Geophys. Res. , 2005, 110: B12408, doi: 10． 1029/2004JB003500
[25] 万永革,王敏,沈正康等.利用GPS和水准测量资料反演2001年昆仑山口西8． 1级地震的同震滑动分布.地震地质,2004,26(3) :393～404Wan Y G, Wang M, Shen Z K, et al. Co-seismic slip distribution of the 2001 west of Kunlun mountain pass earthquake inverted by GPS and leveling data. Seismology and Geology (in Chinese), 2004, 26(3) :393～404
[26] 万永革,沈正康,王 敏等.根据GPS和InSAR数据反演2001年昆仑山口西地震同震破裂分布.地球物理学报,2008,51(4) :1074～1084Wan Y G, Shen Z K, Wang M, et al. Coseismic slip distribution of the 2001 Kunlun mountain Pass west earthquake constrained using GPS and InSAR data. Chinese J. Geophysics. (in Chinese), 2008, 51(4) : 753～764
[27] Wells D L, Coppersmith K J. New empirical relationships among magnitude, rupture area and surface displacement. Bull. Seism. Soc. Amer. , 1994, 84: 974～1002
[28] 沈正康,王敏,甘卫军,张祖胜.中国大陆现今构造应变率场及其动力学成因研究.地学前缘,2003,10(增刊):93～100Shen Z K, Wang M, Gan W J, Zhang Z S. Contemporary tectonic strain rate field of Chinese continent and its geodynamics implication. Earth Science Frontiers ( in Chinese), 2003,10(Suppl. ) : 93 ～ 100
[29] Ziv A, Rubin A M. Static stress transfer and earthquake triggering: No lower threshold in sight? J Geophys Res, 2000, 105:13631～13642
[30] Wright T J, Parsons B, England P C, Fielding E J. InSAR observations of low slip rates on the major faults of western Tibet. Science, 2004, 305:236～239
[31] Shen Z K, Wang M, Li Y, et al. Crustal deformation associated with the Altyn Tagh fault system , western China, from GPS. J Geophys Res, 2001, 106:30607～30621
[32] Avouac J P, Ayoub F, Leprince S, et al. The 2005, M_w7． 6 Kashmir earthquake: sub-pixel correlation of ASTER images and seismic waveforms analysis. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2006, 249(3-4) : 514～528
[33] Kilb D, Gomberg J, Bodin P. Earthquake triggering by dynamic stresses. Nature, 2000, 408:570～574
[34] Deng J, Gurnis M, Kanamori H, Hauksson E. Viscoelastic flow in the lower crust after the 1992 Landers, California, earthquake. Science, 1998, 282:1689～1692
[35] 万永革,沈正康,曾跃华等.青藏高原东北部的库仑应力积累演化对大地震发生的影响.地震学报,2 007,29(2) :115～129Wan Y G, Shen Z K, Zeng Y H, et al. Evolution of cumulative Coulomb failure stress in northeastern Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau and its effect on large earthquake occurrence. Acta Seismologica Sinica, 2007, 20 (2) : 117 ～132
[36] 万永革,沈正康,兰从欣.兰德斯地震断层面及其附近余震产生的位移场研究.地震学报,2005,27(2) :139～146Wan Y G , Shen Z K, Lan C X. Study on displacement field generated by aftershocks in Landers earthquake fault zone and its adjacent areas. Acta Seismologica Sinica, 2005, 18 (2) :147～153
[37] Zhao D, Kanamori H, Negishi H,et al. Tomography of the source area of the 1995 Kobe earthquake: Evidence for fluids at the hypocenter. Science, 1996, 274 : 1891 ～ 1894
[38] Hudnut K W, Seeber L, Pacheco J. Cross-fault triggering in the November 1987 Superstition Hills earthquake sequence, southern California. Geophys Res Lett, 1989, 16 : 199～202
[39] Noir J, Jacques E, Bukri S, et al. Fluid flow triggered migration of events in the 1989 Dobi earthquake sequence of central Afar. GeophysRes Lett, 1997, 24: 2335～2338
[40] 万永革,沈正康,曾跃华等.唐山地震序列应力触发的粘弹性力学模型研究.地震学报,2008,30(6) :581～593Wan Y G, Shen Z K, Zeng Y H, et al. Study on visco-elastic stress triggering model of Tangshan earthquake sequence. Acta Seismologica Sinica, 2008, 21(6) : 585～597
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