串珠状堰塞湖级联溃决对汶川震区河流演化的影响
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摘要
"5·12"汶川地震震后3年多以来,串珠状堰塞湖群的形成和发展,对震区河流演化的影响重大。通过对汶川地震灾区岷江支流——渔子溪的耿达—映秀河段的野外考察发现,堰塞坝对河流挤压造成异岸冲刷,河道横向展宽或弯曲;多堰塞湖河段河床抬升强烈;部分堰塞坝由于未完全溃决而逐渐发育成尼克点,从而形成阶梯状河床。鉴于野外考察的局限性,通过野外水槽实验初步探索了堰塞湖级联溃决的动力学特征,堰塞湖级联溃决放大了山区河流洪水的峰值流量,从而加剧了河流沿程冲淤程度,更有利于梯级河床的形成。探索多堰塞湖河段堰塞湖级联溃决情况下的河床演化规律,旨在为地震灾区河道修复及灾后恢复重建提供科学指导。
A field investigation of Gengda-Yingxiu reach of Yuzixi River,a tributary of the Minjiang River,found that the river was always either squeezed by natural dams,resulting in river bending or broadening laterally,or the river was uplift strongly,or developed into step-like riverbed.Considering the limitations of field investigation,the dynamic characteristics of peak discharge of dammed lakes cascade failure were explored by field flume experiments.The amplified scale of peak discharge intensified the degree of erosion and deposition along the flume,which could be conducive to forming the step-like riverbed.
A field investigation of Gengda-Yingxiu reach of Yuzixi River,a tributary of the Minjiang River,found that the river was always either squeezed by natural dams,resulting in river bending or broadening laterally,or the river was uplift strongly,or developed into step-like riverbed.Considering the limitations of field investigation,the dynamic characteristics of peak discharge of dammed lakes cascade failure were explored by field flume experiments.The amplified scale of peak discharge intensified the degree of erosion and deposition along the flume,which could be conducive to forming the step-like riverbed.
引文
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[18]Xu Jiang,Wang Zhaoyin.Formation and mechanism ofstep-pool system[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2004(10):48-55.[徐江,王兆印.阶梯-深潭的形成及作用机理[J].水利学报,2004(10):48-55.]
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[21]Howard A D,Kerby G.Channel changes in badlands[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,1983,94:739-752.
[2]Schuster R L,Costa J E.A perspective on landslide dams[J].Geotechnical Special Publication,1986(3):1-20.
[3]Costa J E,Schuster R L.The formation and failure of naturaldams[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,1988(100):1054-1068.
[4]Liang Jun.Fluvial process influenced by earthquake lakesand restoration of mountain rivers[J].Journal of Sichuan U-niversity:Engineering Science Edition,2009,41(6):13-17.[梁军.地震堰塞湖对山区河流的影响与综合治理[J].四川大学学报:工程科学版,2009,41(6):13-17.]
[5]Ermini L,Casagli N.Prediction of the behavior of landslidedams using a geomorphological dimensionless index[J].Earth Surf Processes Landforms,2003,28:31-47.
[6]Dunning S A,Petley D N,Strom A L.The morphologies andsedimentology of valley confined rock-avalanche deposits andtheir effect on potential dam hazard[C]//Hungr O,Fell R,Couture R,et al.Proceeding of the international conference onlandslide risk management.London:Balkema.2005:691-704.
[7]Coleman S E,Andrews D P,Webby M G.Overtopping breac-hing ofnocohesive homogeneous embankment[J].J HydraulEng ASCE,2002,128(9):829-838.
[8]Davies T R,Manville V,Kunz M,et al.Modeling landslidedam break flood magnitudes:case study[J].J Hydraul EngASCE,2007,133(7):713-720.
[9]Korup K.Recent research on landslide dams—a literaturereview with special attention to New Zealand[J].Prog PhyGeogr,2002,26(2):206-235.
[10]Bovis M,Jakob M.The July 1998 debris flow and landslidedam at Capricorn Creek,Mount Meager Volcanic Complex,southern Coast Mountains,British Columbia[J].Can J EarthSci,2000,37(10):1321-1334.
[11]Korup O.Geomorphometric characteristics of New Zealandlandslide dams[J].Eng Geol,2004,73:13-35.
[12]Cao Zhixian,Yue Zhiyuan,Pender Gareth.Landslide damfailure and flood hydraulics.Part 1:experimental investiga-tion[J].Nat Hazards,2011,59:1003-1019.
[13]Cao Zhixian,Yue Zhiyuan,Pender Gareth.Flood hydraulicsdue to cascade landslide dam failure[J].Journal of Floodrisk Management,2011(4):104-114.
[14]Kuang Shangfu.Formation mechanisms and prediction mod-els of debris flow due to natural dam failures[J].Journal ofSediment Research,1993(4):42-57.[匡尚富.天然坝溃决的泥石流形成机理及其数学模型[J].泥沙研究,1993(4):42-57.]
[15]Leopold L B,Bull W B.Base level,aggravation and grade[J].Proc Amer Philo Soc,1979,123(2):168-202.
[16]Hey R D,Bathurst J C,Thorne C R.Gravel-bed rivers:Flu-vial processes,engineering and management[M].NewYork:John Wily and Sons,Inc,1982:553-580.
[17]Zhang Kang,Wang Zhaoyin,Liu Huaixiang,et al.Effect ofknickpoint development in controlling the stability of thelandslide dam[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2011,29(4):474-482.[张康,王兆印,刘怀湘,等.裂点发育及其对堰塞坝的稳定性影响[J].山地学报,2011,29(4):474-482.]
[18]Xu Jiang,Wang Zhaoyin.Formation and mechanism ofstep-pool system[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2004(10):48-55.[徐江,王兆印.阶梯-深潭的形成及作用机理[J].水利学报,2004(10):48-55.]
[19]Harbor D,Bacastow A,Heath A,et al.Capturing variableknickpoint petreat in the central applachians,USA[J].Geogr Fis Dinam Quat,2005,28:23-36.
[20]Anthony D M,Granger D E.An empirical stream power for-mulation for knickpoint retreat in appalachian plateau fluvio-karst[J].Journal of Hydrology,2007,343:117-126.
[21]Howard A D,Kerby G.Channel changes in badlands[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,1983,94:739-752.
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