碎石桩加固饱和粉土地基的抗液化特性
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摘要
除饱和砂土液化外,饱和粉土地震液化问题也是岩土地震工程中一个重要的研究课题。饱和粉土地基的地震液化及变形可以采用多种地基加固方法防治,碎石桩技术是常用方法之一。碎石桩复合地基的抗液化效应,主要是增加桩周土体的密度、利于桩体的排水以及由桩体分担地震水平剪应力(桩体减震作用)。但由于粉土的土质特性,粉土-碎石桩复合地基的抗液化特性与砂土有着明显的差异。本文结合目前国内外碎石桩复合地基抗液化研究的最新进展,对粉土-碎石桩的密实、排水减压和减震作用做了较详细的评述,最后提出了关于碎石柱复合地基抗液化特性需要进一步研究的问题。
Liquefaction of saturated silt is still an important topic remaining in geotechnical earthquake engineering besides liquefaction of sands.The risk of liquefaction and associated ground deformation can be reduced by various ground-improvement methods including the stone column technique.The effectiveness of stone columns for the prevention of soil liquefaction during an earthquake is often threefold:densification, drainage and the reduction of the total cyclic shear stress in the soil.However,there are obvious difference of characteristics of stone columns liquefaction resistance between in saturated silts and in sands. In this paper,a detailed review on effectiveness of densification,drainage and reinforcement of stone columns for the resistance of soil liquefaction during earthquakes is presented.The suggestions are offered for some problems worthy of further study.
Liquefaction of saturated silt is still an important topic remaining in geotechnical earthquake engineering besides liquefaction of sands.The risk of liquefaction and associated ground deformation can be reduced by various ground-improvement methods including the stone column technique.The effectiveness of stone columns for the prevention of soil liquefaction during an earthquake is often threefold:densification, drainage and the reduction of the total cyclic shear stress in the soil.However,there are obvious difference of characteristics of stone columns liquefaction resistance between in saturated silts and in sands. In this paper,a detailed review on effectiveness of densification,drainage and reinforcement of stone columns for the resistance of soil liquefaction during earthquakes is presented.The suggestions are offered for some problems worthy of further study.
引文
[1]Dobson T.Case histories of the vibro systems to minimize the risk of liquefaction[C]//Soil Improvement-A Ten Year Update,New York:ASCE,1987.167- 183.
[2]景立平,罗强,崔杰.饱和粉土液化和应变特性试验研究[J].地震工程与工程振动,2006,26(5): 252-257. Jing L P,Luo Q,Cui J.Experimental study on liquefaction and strain properties of saturated silt[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 2006,26(5):252-257.
[3]何广讷.振冲碎石桩复合地基[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2001. He G N.Composite Foundation of Vibro Replacement Stone Column[M].Beijing:The People's Communications Press,2001.
[4]Adalier K,Elgamal A.Mitigation of liquefaction and associated ground deformations by stone columns[J]. Engineering Geology,2004,72(3-4):275-291.
[5]高彦斌,叶观宝,徐超,等.一种新的碎石桩法处理液化粉土地基的设计方法[J].土木工程学报,2005, 38(5):77-81. Gao Y B,Ye G B,Xu C,et al.A new design method for gravel pile treatment in liquesecent silt ground[J]. China Civil Engineering Journal,2005,38(5):77-81.
[6]叶观宝,胡斌.碎石桩处理砂性土和粘性土的机理探讨[J].岩土工程技术,2002,(3):172-174. Ye G B,Hu B.The ground treatment mechanism of gravel piles acting on sandy soil and clayey soil[J]. Geotechnical Engineering Technique,2002,(3):172- 174.
[7]Tokimatsu K,Yoshimi Y.Effects of vertical drains on the bearing capacity of saturated sand during earthquakes [C]// Proceedings of International Conference on Engineering for Protection from Natural Disasters, Bangkok:ASCE,1980.643-655.
[8]Sasaki Y,Taniguchi E.Shaking table tests on gravel drains to prevent liquefaction of sand deposits[J]. Soils and Foundations,1982,22(3):1-14.
[9]Shifeng W.Experimental study on liquefaction-inhibiting effect of gravel drains[C]//Proceedings of 8th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering,San Francisco,CA:ASCE,1984.207-214.
[10]Iai S,Koizumi,K,Noda S,et al.Large scale model tests and analysis of gravel drains[C]//Proceedings of 9th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, [s.l.]:ASCE,1988.571-584.
[11]黄春霞.碎石桩复合地基抗液化性能试验研究[D].北京:北京交通大学,2005. Huang C X.Study on characteristic of stone columns composite foundation liquefaction resistance[D].Beijing: Beijing Jiaotong University,2005.
[12]蒋关鲁,刘先锋,张建文,等.高速铁路液化地基加固的振动台试验研究[J].西南交通大学学报,2006,41 (2):190-196. Jiang G L,Liu X F,Zhang J W,et al.The application of compaction pile method to improvement of liquefiable silty soil foundation[J].Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University,2006,41(2):190-196.
[13]王余庆,孙建生,韩仲卿,等.挤密桩法在加固可液化地基中的应用[J].岩土工程学报,1989,11(2):18-25. Wang Y Q,Sun J S,Han Z Q,et al.The application of compaction pile method to improvement of liquefiable silty soil foundation[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1989,11(2):18-25.
[14]Vernon R S.Ground improvement,ground reinforcement, ground treatment,developments 1987-1997[C] //Proceedings of sessions sponsored by the Committee on Soil Improvement and Geosynthetics of the Geo-Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers in conjunction with Geo-Logan '97,Logan,Utah:ASCE, 1997.74-91.
[15]Adalier K,Elgamal A.Stone columns as liquefaction countermeasure in non-plastic silty soils[J].Journal of Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,2003, 23(7):571-584.
[16]林本海,谢定义.复合地基的液化检验理论及其应用[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,1999. Lin B H,Xie D Y.Theory and Application for Inspecting Liquefaction Potential of a Composite Foundation of Sand-gravel Columns[M].Beijing:China Water Power Press,1999.
[17]郑建国.碎石桩复合地基液化判别方法的探讨[J].工程勘察,1999,(2):5-7. Zheng J G.Discuss on liquefaction discrimination of composite foundation of stone column[J].Geotechnical Investigation and Surveying,1999,(2):5-7.
[2]景立平,罗强,崔杰.饱和粉土液化和应变特性试验研究[J].地震工程与工程振动,2006,26(5): 252-257. Jing L P,Luo Q,Cui J.Experimental study on liquefaction and strain properties of saturated silt[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 2006,26(5):252-257.
[3]何广讷.振冲碎石桩复合地基[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2001. He G N.Composite Foundation of Vibro Replacement Stone Column[M].Beijing:The People's Communications Press,2001.
[4]Adalier K,Elgamal A.Mitigation of liquefaction and associated ground deformations by stone columns[J]. Engineering Geology,2004,72(3-4):275-291.
[5]高彦斌,叶观宝,徐超,等.一种新的碎石桩法处理液化粉土地基的设计方法[J].土木工程学报,2005, 38(5):77-81. Gao Y B,Ye G B,Xu C,et al.A new design method for gravel pile treatment in liquesecent silt ground[J]. China Civil Engineering Journal,2005,38(5):77-81.
[6]叶观宝,胡斌.碎石桩处理砂性土和粘性土的机理探讨[J].岩土工程技术,2002,(3):172-174. Ye G B,Hu B.The ground treatment mechanism of gravel piles acting on sandy soil and clayey soil[J]. Geotechnical Engineering Technique,2002,(3):172- 174.
[7]Tokimatsu K,Yoshimi Y.Effects of vertical drains on the bearing capacity of saturated sand during earthquakes [C]// Proceedings of International Conference on Engineering for Protection from Natural Disasters, Bangkok:ASCE,1980.643-655.
[8]Sasaki Y,Taniguchi E.Shaking table tests on gravel drains to prevent liquefaction of sand deposits[J]. Soils and Foundations,1982,22(3):1-14.
[9]Shifeng W.Experimental study on liquefaction-inhibiting effect of gravel drains[C]//Proceedings of 8th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering,San Francisco,CA:ASCE,1984.207-214.
[10]Iai S,Koizumi,K,Noda S,et al.Large scale model tests and analysis of gravel drains[C]//Proceedings of 9th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, [s.l.]:ASCE,1988.571-584.
[11]黄春霞.碎石桩复合地基抗液化性能试验研究[D].北京:北京交通大学,2005. Huang C X.Study on characteristic of stone columns composite foundation liquefaction resistance[D].Beijing: Beijing Jiaotong University,2005.
[12]蒋关鲁,刘先锋,张建文,等.高速铁路液化地基加固的振动台试验研究[J].西南交通大学学报,2006,41 (2):190-196. Jiang G L,Liu X F,Zhang J W,et al.The application of compaction pile method to improvement of liquefiable silty soil foundation[J].Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University,2006,41(2):190-196.
[13]王余庆,孙建生,韩仲卿,等.挤密桩法在加固可液化地基中的应用[J].岩土工程学报,1989,11(2):18-25. Wang Y Q,Sun J S,Han Z Q,et al.The application of compaction pile method to improvement of liquefiable silty soil foundation[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1989,11(2):18-25.
[14]Vernon R S.Ground improvement,ground reinforcement, ground treatment,developments 1987-1997[C] //Proceedings of sessions sponsored by the Committee on Soil Improvement and Geosynthetics of the Geo-Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers in conjunction with Geo-Logan '97,Logan,Utah:ASCE, 1997.74-91.
[15]Adalier K,Elgamal A.Stone columns as liquefaction countermeasure in non-plastic silty soils[J].Journal of Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,2003, 23(7):571-584.
[16]林本海,谢定义.复合地基的液化检验理论及其应用[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,1999. Lin B H,Xie D Y.Theory and Application for Inspecting Liquefaction Potential of a Composite Foundation of Sand-gravel Columns[M].Beijing:China Water Power Press,1999.
[17]郑建国.碎石桩复合地基液化判别方法的探讨[J].工程勘察,1999,(2):5-7. Zheng J G.Discuss on liquefaction discrimination of composite foundation of stone column[J].Geotechnical Investigation and Surveying,1999,(2):5-7.
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