三维地应力BWSRM测量新方法及其测井机器人在重大工程中的应用
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摘要
地壳上层岩体的应力状态是地壳最重要的性质之一,获取岩体应力状态最直接、可靠的手段是原位地应力测量。首先简要回顾地应力测量的研究历程及其发展现状,分析岩石力学与工程中常用的几种地应力测量方法和技术。重点介绍钻孔局部壁面应力解除法(BWSRM)这一新的三维地应力测量方法的原理,以及基于BWSRM的地应力测井机器人研制过程和具体实施步骤。最后给出地应力测井机器人在锦屏水电站埋深达2 430 m处科研试验洞内的试验结果。研究表明,测点位置的围岩地应力以水平主应力为最大主地应力,而接近竖直方向的地应力分量则为最小主地应力;第一和第二主应力量值比较高,而且两者量值也比较接近。
It is important to conduct a research on the stress state of the rock masses in the upper earth′s crust.In-situ rock stress measurement is the basic and reliable access to obtain the stress state of the rock masses.The development of in-situ rock stress measurement and state-of-art of research on it are overviewed.Then,several in-situ rock stress measuring methods and techniques are briefly analyzed in rock mechanics and engineering.A new method,borehole wall stress relief method(BWSRM) to determine the in-situ 3D rock stress tensor in a single drilled borehole is deliberated.An original geostress measuring instrument typed by BWSRM-H01 is designed and manufactured based on the principle of in-situ rock stress measurement with BWSRM.The in-situ test for rock stress with BWSRM is carried out at an experimental tunnel in Jinping II hydropower station,China,where the buried depth of overburden is about 2 430 m.It is shown that the two principal stress components close to the horizontal direction are the maximum and intermediate principal stress respectively;while the stress component close to vertical direction is just the minor principal stress in the testing site.The magnitudes of the maximum and the intermediate principal stress are high;and both of them are very close.
It is important to conduct a research on the stress state of the rock masses in the upper earth′s crust.In-situ rock stress measurement is the basic and reliable access to obtain the stress state of the rock masses.The development of in-situ rock stress measurement and state-of-art of research on it are overviewed.Then,several in-situ rock stress measuring methods and techniques are briefly analyzed in rock mechanics and engineering.A new method,borehole wall stress relief method(BWSRM) to determine the in-situ 3D rock stress tensor in a single drilled borehole is deliberated.An original geostress measuring instrument typed by BWSRM-H01 is designed and manufactured based on the principle of in-situ rock stress measurement with BWSRM.The in-situ test for rock stress with BWSRM is carried out at an experimental tunnel in Jinping II hydropower station,China,where the buried depth of overburden is about 2 430 m.It is shown that the two principal stress components close to the horizontal direction are the maximum and intermediate principal stress respectively;while the stress component close to vertical direction is just the minor principal stress in the testing site.The magnitudes of the maximum and the intermediate principal stress are high;and both of them are very close.
引文
[1]黄福明.地壳应力测量及其在工程中的应用(综述)[J].地震,1990,(3):69–80.(HUANG Fuming.Geostress measurement and its applications in engineering(overview)[J].Earthquake,1990,(3):69–80.(in Chinese))
[2]EMMERMANN R,LAUTERJUNG J.The German continental deep drilling program KTB:overview and major results[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1997,102(B8):18 179–18 201.
[3]BRUDY M,ZOBACK M D,FUCHS K,et al.Estimation of the complete stress tensor to 8 km depth in the KTB scientific drill holes:implications for crustal strength[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1997,102(B8):453–475.
[4]ZOBACK M D,HARJES H P.Injection-inducted earthquakes and crustal stress at 9 km depth at the KTB deep drilling site,Germany[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1997,102(B8):18 477–18 491.
[5]王连捷,崔军文,张晓卫,等.中国大陆科学钻主孔现今地应力状态[J].地球科学——中国地质大学学报,2006,31(4):505–512.(WANG Lianjie,CUI Junwen,ZHANG Xiaowei,et al.In-situ stress state in the main borehole of the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling[J].Earth Science—Journal of China University of Geosciences,2006,31(4):505–512.(in Chinese))
[6]李四光.地质力学概论[M].北京:科学出版社,1973:38.(LI Siguang.Introduction to geomechanics[M].Beijing:Science Press,1973:38.(in Chinese))
[7]蔡美峰,乔兰,李华斌.地应力测量原理和技术[M].北京:科学出版社,1995:1–169.(CAI Meifeng,QIAO Lan,LI Huabin.Rock stress measurement principles and techniques[M].Beijing:Science Press,1995:1–169.(in Chinese))
[8]刘允芳.岩体地应力与工程建设[M].武汉:湖北科学技术出版社,2000:1–215.(LIU Yunfang.Rock stress and engineering construction[M].Wuhan:Hubei Scientific and Technological Press,2000:1–215.(in Chinese))
[9]葛修润.大陆科学钻探的意义、现状和未来[R].武汉:中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所,1998.(GE Xiurun.The significance,current situation and future of continental scientific drilling[R].Wuhan:Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,1998.(in Chinese))
[10]葛修润,侯明勋.一种测定深部岩体地应力的新方法——钻孔局部壁面应力全解除法[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(23):3 923–3 927.(GE Xiurun,HOU Mingxun.New approach to measure geostress—local bore-hole-wall complete stress relief method[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2004,23(23):3 923–3 927.(in Chinese))
[11]侯明勋.深部地应力测量新方法新原理及其相关问题研究[博士学位论文][D].武汉:中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所,2004.(HOU Mingxun.Studies on new method and principle of three dimensional crustal stress measurement in deep borehole and related issues[Ph.D.Thesis][D].Wuhan:Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2004.(in Chinese))
[12]GE X R,HOU M X,WANG S L.A new approach for measuring the in situ 3D rock stress tensor in drilled borehole[C]//LU Ming,LI C C,KJORHOLT H,et al,ed.Proceedings of International Symposium on In-situ Rock Stress.London:Taylor and Francis/Balkema,2006:185–192.
[13]葛修润,侯明勋.钻孔局部壁面应力解除法(BWSRM)的原理及其在锦屏II级水电站工程中的初步应用[J].中国科学:技术科学,2011(待刊).(GE Xiurun,HOU Mingxun.Principle of in-situ 3D rock stress measurement with borehole wall stress relief method and its preliminary applications to determination of in-situ rock stress orientation and magnitude in Jinping hydropower station[J].Science China:Technological Sciences,2011(to be pressed)(in Chinese))
[14]王靖涛.水压致裂法测量地应力的断裂力学方法[J].岩土力学,1982,3(1):1–12.(WANG Jingtao.Fracture mechanics approach for in-situ stress determination by hydra-fracturing[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,1982,3(1):1–12.(in Chinese))
[15]HAIMSON B C,CORNET F H.ISRM suggested methods for rock stress estimation—part 3:hydraulic fracturing(HF)and/or hydraulic testing of pre-existing fractures(HTPF)[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2003,40(7/8):1 011–1 020.
[16]AMADEI B,STEPHANSSON O.Rock stress and its measurement[M].London:Chapman and Hall,1997:95–476.
[17]FAIRHURST C.Stress estimation in rock:a brief history and review[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2003,40(7/8):957–973.
[18]LJUNGGRENA C,CHANG Y,JANSON T,et al.An overview of rock stress measurement methods[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2003,40(7/8):975–989.
[19]SJ?BERG J,CHRISTIANSSON R,HUDSON,J A.ISRM suggested methods for rock stress estimation—part 2:overcoring methods[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2003,40(7/8):999–1 010.
[20]王连捷,潘立宙,廖椿庭,等.地应力测量及其在工程中的应用[M].北京:地质出版社,1991:82–147.(WANG Lianjie,PAN Lizhou,LIAO Chunting,et al.Geostress measurement and its application in engineering[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1991:82–147.(in Chinese))
[21]OIKAWA Y,MATSUNAGA I,YAMAGUCHI T.Differential strain curve analysis to estimate the stress state of the Hijiori hot dry rock field,Japan[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,1993,30(7):1 023–1 026.
[22]BRUDY M,ZOBACK M D.Drilling-induced tensile wall-fractures:implications for determination of in-situ stress orientation and magnitude[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,1999,36(2):191–215.
[23]LAVROV A.The Kaiser effect in rocks:principles and stress estimation techniques[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2003,40(2):151–171.
[24]HUBBERT M K,WILLIS D G.Mechanics of hydraulic fracturing[C]//The American Institute of Mining,Metallurgical,and Petroleum Engineers Transactions.[S.l.]:[s.n.],1957:153–166.
[25]SCHEIDEGGER A E.Stresses in earth′s crust as determined from hydraulic fracturing data[J].Geologic Bauwes,1962,27:45–50.
[26]GE X R,FENG,D X,YANG J L.The elasto-visco-plastic analysis for rock displacement of the foundation pit of a water power plant[J].Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering,1982,15(3):145–161.
[27]刘继光.36–2型钻孔变形计的组装工艺及现场使用[J].岩土力学,1983,4(1):59–66.(LIU Jiguang.The assembling art and operation in fields of type 36–2 borehole deformeters[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,1983,4(1):59–66.(in Chinese))
[28]苏恺之.地应力测量方法[M].北京:地震出版社,1985:34–97.(SU Kaizhi.Rock stress measuring methods[M].Beijing:Seismic Press,1985:34–97.(in Chinese))
[29]BOCK H.Measuring in-situ rock stresses by borehole slotting[C]//HUDSON J A ed.Comprehensive Rock Engineering.Oxford:Pergamon Press,1993:433–443.
[30]CORTHESY R,GUANG He,GILL D E,et al.A stress calculation model for the 3D borehole slotter[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,1999,36(3):493–508.
[31]VOIGHT B.Determination of the virgin state of stress in the vicinity of a borehole from measurements of a partial anelastic strain tensor in drill cores[J].Felsmechanik and Ingenieurgeologi,1968,(6):201–215.
[32]TEUFEL L W.Prediction of hydraulic fracture azimuth from anelastic strain recovery measurements of oriented core[C]//Proceedings of the 23rd U.S.Symposium on Rock Mechanics.Berkeley:SME/AIME,1982:238–245.
[33]STRICKLAND F G,REN N K.Use of differential strain curve analysis in predicting the in-situ stress state for deep wells[C]//Proceedings of the 21st U.S.Symposium on Rock Mechanics.Rolla:University of Missouri,1980:523–532.
[34]MATSUKI K,TAKEUCHI K.Three-dimensional in situ stress determination by anelastic strain recovery of a rock core[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences and Geomechanics Abstracts,1993,30(7):1 019–1 022.
[35]LIN W,OIKAWA Y,IMAMURA T,et al.Comparisons between three-dimensional in-situ stresses determined by anelastic strain recovery and differential strain curve analysis methods[C]//Proceedings of International Symposium on In-situ Rock Stress.MING L ed.London:Taylor and Francis,2006:385–391.
[36]KAISER J.Knowledge and research on noise measurements during the tensile stressing of metals[J].Archiv für das Eisenhüttenwesen,1953,24:43–45(in German).
[37]GOODMAN R E.Subaudible noise during compression of rocks[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,1963,74:487–490.
[38]丰定祥,谷先荣,杨家岭,等.关于地下工程有限元分析中初始地应力场的假定[J].地下工程,1982,(2):20–27.(FENG Dingxiang,GU Xianrong,YANG Jialing,et al.Assumptions on initial stress field in FEM analysis of underground engineering[J].Underground Engineering,1982,(2):20–27.(in Chinese))
[39]郭怀志,马启超,薛玺成,等.岩体初始地应力场的分析方法[J].岩土工程学报,1983,5(3):64–75.(GUO Huaizhi,MA Qichao,XU Xicheng,et al.The analytical method of the initial stress field for rock masses[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1983,5(3):64–75.(in Chinese))
[40]葛修润.三峡水利枢纽右岸地下厂房硐室群围岩稳定性分析[R].武汉:中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所,2008.(GE Xiurun.Stability analyses of underground powerhouse caverns in right-bank of the Three Gorges Hydropower Station[R].Wuhan:Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2008.(in Chinese))
[41]白世伟,李光煜.二滩水电站坝区岩体应力场研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,1982,1(1):45–56.(BAI Shiwei,LI Guangyu.Research on stress field around dam area of Ertan hydropower station[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,1982,1(1):45–56.(in Chinese))
[42]孙广忠,孙毅.岩体力学原理[M].北京:科学出版社,2011:17–30.(SUN Guangzhong,SUN Yi.Principle of rock mass mechanics[M].Beijing:Sciences Press,2011:17–30.(in Chinese))
[43]WU S Y,SHEN M B,WANG J.Jinping hydropower project:main technical issues on engineering geology and rock mechanics[J].Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment,2010,69(3):325–332.
[2]EMMERMANN R,LAUTERJUNG J.The German continental deep drilling program KTB:overview and major results[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1997,102(B8):18 179–18 201.
[3]BRUDY M,ZOBACK M D,FUCHS K,et al.Estimation of the complete stress tensor to 8 km depth in the KTB scientific drill holes:implications for crustal strength[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1997,102(B8):453–475.
[4]ZOBACK M D,HARJES H P.Injection-inducted earthquakes and crustal stress at 9 km depth at the KTB deep drilling site,Germany[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1997,102(B8):18 477–18 491.
[5]王连捷,崔军文,张晓卫,等.中国大陆科学钻主孔现今地应力状态[J].地球科学——中国地质大学学报,2006,31(4):505–512.(WANG Lianjie,CUI Junwen,ZHANG Xiaowei,et al.In-situ stress state in the main borehole of the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling[J].Earth Science—Journal of China University of Geosciences,2006,31(4):505–512.(in Chinese))
[6]李四光.地质力学概论[M].北京:科学出版社,1973:38.(LI Siguang.Introduction to geomechanics[M].Beijing:Science Press,1973:38.(in Chinese))
[7]蔡美峰,乔兰,李华斌.地应力测量原理和技术[M].北京:科学出版社,1995:1–169.(CAI Meifeng,QIAO Lan,LI Huabin.Rock stress measurement principles and techniques[M].Beijing:Science Press,1995:1–169.(in Chinese))
[8]刘允芳.岩体地应力与工程建设[M].武汉:湖北科学技术出版社,2000:1–215.(LIU Yunfang.Rock stress and engineering construction[M].Wuhan:Hubei Scientific and Technological Press,2000:1–215.(in Chinese))
[9]葛修润.大陆科学钻探的意义、现状和未来[R].武汉:中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所,1998.(GE Xiurun.The significance,current situation and future of continental scientific drilling[R].Wuhan:Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,1998.(in Chinese))
[10]葛修润,侯明勋.一种测定深部岩体地应力的新方法——钻孔局部壁面应力全解除法[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(23):3 923–3 927.(GE Xiurun,HOU Mingxun.New approach to measure geostress—local bore-hole-wall complete stress relief method[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2004,23(23):3 923–3 927.(in Chinese))
[11]侯明勋.深部地应力测量新方法新原理及其相关问题研究[博士学位论文][D].武汉:中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所,2004.(HOU Mingxun.Studies on new method and principle of three dimensional crustal stress measurement in deep borehole and related issues[Ph.D.Thesis][D].Wuhan:Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2004.(in Chinese))
[12]GE X R,HOU M X,WANG S L.A new approach for measuring the in situ 3D rock stress tensor in drilled borehole[C]//LU Ming,LI C C,KJORHOLT H,et al,ed.Proceedings of International Symposium on In-situ Rock Stress.London:Taylor and Francis/Balkema,2006:185–192.
[13]葛修润,侯明勋.钻孔局部壁面应力解除法(BWSRM)的原理及其在锦屏II级水电站工程中的初步应用[J].中国科学:技术科学,2011(待刊).(GE Xiurun,HOU Mingxun.Principle of in-situ 3D rock stress measurement with borehole wall stress relief method and its preliminary applications to determination of in-situ rock stress orientation and magnitude in Jinping hydropower station[J].Science China:Technological Sciences,2011(to be pressed)(in Chinese))
[14]王靖涛.水压致裂法测量地应力的断裂力学方法[J].岩土力学,1982,3(1):1–12.(WANG Jingtao.Fracture mechanics approach for in-situ stress determination by hydra-fracturing[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,1982,3(1):1–12.(in Chinese))
[15]HAIMSON B C,CORNET F H.ISRM suggested methods for rock stress estimation—part 3:hydraulic fracturing(HF)and/or hydraulic testing of pre-existing fractures(HTPF)[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2003,40(7/8):1 011–1 020.
[16]AMADEI B,STEPHANSSON O.Rock stress and its measurement[M].London:Chapman and Hall,1997:95–476.
[17]FAIRHURST C.Stress estimation in rock:a brief history and review[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2003,40(7/8):957–973.
[18]LJUNGGRENA C,CHANG Y,JANSON T,et al.An overview of rock stress measurement methods[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2003,40(7/8):975–989.
[19]SJ?BERG J,CHRISTIANSSON R,HUDSON,J A.ISRM suggested methods for rock stress estimation—part 2:overcoring methods[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2003,40(7/8):999–1 010.
[20]王连捷,潘立宙,廖椿庭,等.地应力测量及其在工程中的应用[M].北京:地质出版社,1991:82–147.(WANG Lianjie,PAN Lizhou,LIAO Chunting,et al.Geostress measurement and its application in engineering[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1991:82–147.(in Chinese))
[21]OIKAWA Y,MATSUNAGA I,YAMAGUCHI T.Differential strain curve analysis to estimate the stress state of the Hijiori hot dry rock field,Japan[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,1993,30(7):1 023–1 026.
[22]BRUDY M,ZOBACK M D.Drilling-induced tensile wall-fractures:implications for determination of in-situ stress orientation and magnitude[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,1999,36(2):191–215.
[23]LAVROV A.The Kaiser effect in rocks:principles and stress estimation techniques[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2003,40(2):151–171.
[24]HUBBERT M K,WILLIS D G.Mechanics of hydraulic fracturing[C]//The American Institute of Mining,Metallurgical,and Petroleum Engineers Transactions.[S.l.]:[s.n.],1957:153–166.
[25]SCHEIDEGGER A E.Stresses in earth′s crust as determined from hydraulic fracturing data[J].Geologic Bauwes,1962,27:45–50.
[26]GE X R,FENG,D X,YANG J L.The elasto-visco-plastic analysis for rock displacement of the foundation pit of a water power plant[J].Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering,1982,15(3):145–161.
[27]刘继光.36–2型钻孔变形计的组装工艺及现场使用[J].岩土力学,1983,4(1):59–66.(LIU Jiguang.The assembling art and operation in fields of type 36–2 borehole deformeters[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,1983,4(1):59–66.(in Chinese))
[28]苏恺之.地应力测量方法[M].北京:地震出版社,1985:34–97.(SU Kaizhi.Rock stress measuring methods[M].Beijing:Seismic Press,1985:34–97.(in Chinese))
[29]BOCK H.Measuring in-situ rock stresses by borehole slotting[C]//HUDSON J A ed.Comprehensive Rock Engineering.Oxford:Pergamon Press,1993:433–443.
[30]CORTHESY R,GUANG He,GILL D E,et al.A stress calculation model for the 3D borehole slotter[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,1999,36(3):493–508.
[31]VOIGHT B.Determination of the virgin state of stress in the vicinity of a borehole from measurements of a partial anelastic strain tensor in drill cores[J].Felsmechanik and Ingenieurgeologi,1968,(6):201–215.
[32]TEUFEL L W.Prediction of hydraulic fracture azimuth from anelastic strain recovery measurements of oriented core[C]//Proceedings of the 23rd U.S.Symposium on Rock Mechanics.Berkeley:SME/AIME,1982:238–245.
[33]STRICKLAND F G,REN N K.Use of differential strain curve analysis in predicting the in-situ stress state for deep wells[C]//Proceedings of the 21st U.S.Symposium on Rock Mechanics.Rolla:University of Missouri,1980:523–532.
[34]MATSUKI K,TAKEUCHI K.Three-dimensional in situ stress determination by anelastic strain recovery of a rock core[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences and Geomechanics Abstracts,1993,30(7):1 019–1 022.
[35]LIN W,OIKAWA Y,IMAMURA T,et al.Comparisons between three-dimensional in-situ stresses determined by anelastic strain recovery and differential strain curve analysis methods[C]//Proceedings of International Symposium on In-situ Rock Stress.MING L ed.London:Taylor and Francis,2006:385–391.
[36]KAISER J.Knowledge and research on noise measurements during the tensile stressing of metals[J].Archiv für das Eisenhüttenwesen,1953,24:43–45(in German).
[37]GOODMAN R E.Subaudible noise during compression of rocks[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,1963,74:487–490.
[38]丰定祥,谷先荣,杨家岭,等.关于地下工程有限元分析中初始地应力场的假定[J].地下工程,1982,(2):20–27.(FENG Dingxiang,GU Xianrong,YANG Jialing,et al.Assumptions on initial stress field in FEM analysis of underground engineering[J].Underground Engineering,1982,(2):20–27.(in Chinese))
[39]郭怀志,马启超,薛玺成,等.岩体初始地应力场的分析方法[J].岩土工程学报,1983,5(3):64–75.(GUO Huaizhi,MA Qichao,XU Xicheng,et al.The analytical method of the initial stress field for rock masses[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1983,5(3):64–75.(in Chinese))
[40]葛修润.三峡水利枢纽右岸地下厂房硐室群围岩稳定性分析[R].武汉:中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所,2008.(GE Xiurun.Stability analyses of underground powerhouse caverns in right-bank of the Three Gorges Hydropower Station[R].Wuhan:Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2008.(in Chinese))
[41]白世伟,李光煜.二滩水电站坝区岩体应力场研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,1982,1(1):45–56.(BAI Shiwei,LI Guangyu.Research on stress field around dam area of Ertan hydropower station[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,1982,1(1):45–56.(in Chinese))
[42]孙广忠,孙毅.岩体力学原理[M].北京:科学出版社,2011:17–30.(SUN Guangzhong,SUN Yi.Principle of rock mass mechanics[M].Beijing:Sciences Press,2011:17–30.(in Chinese))
[43]WU S Y,SHEN M B,WANG J.Jinping hydropower project:main technical issues on engineering geology and rock mechanics[J].Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment,2010,69(3):325–332.
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