微震监测技术在深井矿山中的应用
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摘要
冬瓜山铜矿是目前国内地下开采最深的金属矿山之一,岩石具有典型的岩爆倾向性。为了掌握岩爆发生规律,评估其危险性,保证生产安全,2005年8月矿山安装了南非ISS公司的微震监测系统。通过对现场定点爆破的测试,校验了系统的定位参数,实现了对采矿活动过程中围岩应力状态的实时监测。简单介绍了冬瓜山微震监测系统的组成及网络布置,基于对2 a多微震事件数据的处理,研究了波形的分析方法,对比了手动处理与系统自动处理的定位精度;依据波形与生产活动的对应关系,对检测到事件的波形进行了分类研究,确保了事件的及时识别和分类保存。基于量化的地震参数,特别是利用等值线、回归曲线和时间变化曲线与采矿活动的对应关系,重点分析研究了2006年8～10月3个月内发生在54#勘探线隔离矿柱的微震事件参数,对隔离矿柱内出矿巷道破坏机制进行了研究。研究结果表明,发生破坏前岩体刚度先逐步增大然后又下降,应力水平先下降后又转而增大,微震事件活动率增加,累积视在体积急剧增大等,这为井下矿山巷道和矿柱破坏机制以及破坏的预报预测研究提供了一种新方法。
Dongguashan Copper Mine is one of the deepest metal mines in China presently,where the rocks are typically burst-prone.In order to better understand the regularities of rockburst occurrence,an ISS microseismic monitoring system manufactured in South Africa was installed in Dongguashan Copper Mine in August,2005.The positioning accuracy of the system has been adjusted according to the blasting test,by which the real-time monitoring stress state of rock mass corresponding to mining is realized.The composition and layout of the monitoring system in Dongguashan Copper Mine are briefly described.Based on analyzing the seismic events in the last two yearst,he process of different shapes of microseismic event waveforms has been studied.Comparative location results from automatic processing and artificial processing have also been made.In terms of the corresponding relations between recorded waveforms and practical mining,the event waveforms were assorted,which will ensure events timely being identified and stored according to their characteristics.Based on quantized microseismic parameters,especially using the corresponding relations between contour line,regression curve,time history and mining practices,the microseismic events occurring during the three months from August 2006 are primarily analyzed;and the failure mechanism of the rib pillar at exploration line 54 is also studied.The results indicate that rock mass stiffness gradually increases first and then declinesr;ock mass stresses decline from normal level and then raise sharply;the seismic activity and cumulative apparent volume increase rapidly before the large scale failures of rock mass.This provides a new approach for the study of failure mechanism of mining structure and the damage prediction.
Dongguashan Copper Mine is one of the deepest metal mines in China presently,where the rocks are typically burst-prone.In order to better understand the regularities of rockburst occurrence,an ISS microseismic monitoring system manufactured in South Africa was installed in Dongguashan Copper Mine in August,2005.The positioning accuracy of the system has been adjusted according to the blasting test,by which the real-time monitoring stress state of rock mass corresponding to mining is realized.The composition and layout of the monitoring system in Dongguashan Copper Mine are briefly described.Based on analyzing the seismic events in the last two yearst,he process of different shapes of microseismic event waveforms has been studied.Comparative location results from automatic processing and artificial processing have also been made.In terms of the corresponding relations between recorded waveforms and practical mining,the event waveforms were assorted,which will ensure events timely being identified and stored according to their characteristics.Based on quantized microseismic parameters,especially using the corresponding relations between contour line,regression curve,time history and mining practices,the microseismic events occurring during the three months from August 2006 are primarily analyzed;and the failure mechanism of the rib pillar at exploration line 54 is also studied.The results indicate that rock mass stiffness gradually increases first and then declinesr;ock mass stresses decline from normal level and then raise sharply;the seismic activity and cumulative apparent volume increase rapidly before the large scale failures of rock mass.This provides a new approach for the study of failure mechanism of mining structure and the damage prediction.
引文
[1]MENDECKI A J.Data-driven understanding of seismic rock mass response to mining[C]//VAN ASWEGEN G,DURRHEIM R J,ORTLEPP W D ed.Rockbursts and Seismicity in Mines—RaSiM5.Johannesburg:South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy,2001:1–9.
[2]EBRAHIM-TROLLOPE R,JOOSTE Y.Seismic hazard quantify-cation[C]//POTVIN Y,HUDYMA M ed.Controlling Seismic Risk—RaSiM6.Nedlands:Australian Center for Geomechanics,2005:157–158.[3]BASSON F R P,RAS D J R M.A method to examine the time-space relationship between seismic events[C]//POTVIN Y,HUDYMA M ed.Controlling Seismic Risk—RaSiM6.Nedlands:Australian Center for Geomechanics,2005:347–351.
[4]WIENAND G A,FERREIRA R I L.Planning and practice of remnant pillar mining—a case study[C]//POTVIN Y ed.Deeping Mining 07—the Fourth International Seminar on Deep and High Stress Mining.Nedlands:Australian Center for Geomechanics,2007:141–155.
[5]DURRHEIM R J,CICHOWICZ A.Guidelines,standards and best practice for seismic hazard assessment and rockburst risk management in South African mines[C]//POTVIN Y ed.Deeping Mining 07—The Fourth International Seminar on Deep and High Stress Mining.Nedlands:Australian Center for Geomechanics,2007:249–259.
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[7]POTVIN Y,HUDYMA M R.Seismic monitoring in highly mechanized hardrock mines in Canada and Australia[C]//VAN ASWEGEN G,DURRHEIM R J,ORTLEPP W D ed.Rockbursts and Seismicity in Mines—RaSiM5.Johannesburg:South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy,2001:267–280.
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[10]MERCIER-LANGEVIN F,HUDYMA M R.The development and implementation of a comprehensive seismic risk management plan at Agnico-Eagle′s LaRonde Mine[C]//POTVIN Y ed.Deeping Mining 07—The Fourth International Seminar on Deep and High Stress Mining.Nedlands:Australian Center for Geomechanics,2007:221–240.
[11]HUDYMA M R,HEAL D.Proactive Versus Reactive Seismic Monitoring in Mines-Results of a Seismic Monitoring Survey[C]//POTVIN Y ed.Deeping Mining 07—The Fourth International Seminar on Deep and High Stress Mining.Nedlands:Australian Center for Geomechanics,2007:207–219.
[12]MIKULA P A.The practice of seismic management in mines—how to love your seismic monitoring system[C]//POTVIN Y,HUDYMA M ed.Controlling Seismic Risk—RaSiM6.Nedlands:Australian Center for Geomechanics,2005:21–31.
[13]HUDYMA M R,POTVIN Y.A Seismic Hazard Scale for Mining and its Application to Western Australia Mines[C]//POTVIN Y,HADJIGEORGOU J,HUDYMA M ed.Challenges in Deep and High Stress Mining.Nedlands:Australian Center for Geomechanics,2007:415–425.
[14]BASSON F R P,VAN DER MERWE S.Seismicity Management at Hill 50 Gold Mine,Western Australia[C]//POTVIN Y ed.Deeping Mining 07—The Fourth International Seminar on Deep and High Stress Mining.Nedlands:Australian Center for Geomechanics,2007:233–241.
[15]DUNLOP R,BELMONTE A.The April 22nd,2003,rockburst in the 6 subsectors,EI Teniente Mine—a case history[C]//POTVIN Y,HUDYMA M ed.Controlling Seismic Risk—RaSiM6.Nedlands:Australian Center for Geomechanics,2005:291–295.
[16]鲁振华,张连成.门头沟矿微震的近场监测效能评估[J].地震,1989,(5):32–39.(LU Zhenhua,ZHANG Liancheng.Evaluation of near-field monitoring efficiency of tremors in Mentougou Mine[J].Earthquake,1989,(5):32–39.(in Chinese))
[17]张兴民,于克君,席京德,等.微地震技术在煤矿“两带”监测领域的研究与应用[J].煤炭学报,2000,25(6):566–569.(ZHANG Xingmin,YU Kejun,XI Jingde,et al.Research and application of microseismic technology to fractured mine and caving zones monitoring[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2000,25(6):566–569.(in Chinese))
[18]李庶林,尹贤刚,郑文达,等.凡口铅锌矿多通道微震监测系统及其应用研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(12):2 048–2 053.(LI Shulin,YIN Xiangang,ZHENG Wenda,et al.Research on multichannel microseismic monitoring system and its application to Fankou lead-zinc mine[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2005,24(12):2 048–2 053.(in Chinese))
[19]唐礼忠,潘长良,谢学斌,等.冬瓜山铜矿深井开采岩爆危险区分析与预测[J].中南大工业大学学报,2002,33(4):335–338.(TANG Lizhong,PAN Changliang,XIE Xuebin,et al.Analysis and predication of rockburst dangerous areas in Dongguashan Copper Mine under deep well mining[J].Journal of Central South University of Technology,2002,33(4):335–338.(in Chinese))
[20]郭然,于润沧.新建有岩爆倾向硬岩矿床采矿技术研究工作程序[J].中国工程科学,2002,4(7):51–55.(GUO Ran,YU Runcang.Working procedure of developing a new deep hard-rock burst-prone deposit[J].Engineering Science,2002,4(7):51–55.(in Chinese))
[21]杨志国,于润沧,郭然.深部高应力区采矿研究综述[J].金属矿山,2007,(3):6–9.(YANG Zhiguo,YU Runcang,GUO Ran,Review on research of mining in high-stress deep zone[J].Metal Mine,2007,(3):6–9.(in Chinese))
[22]杨志国,于润沧,郭然.深井矿山岩爆控制体系构建[J].中国矿业,2008,17(2):66–68.(YANG Zhiguo,YU Runcang,GUO Ran,Establishment of rockburst control system in deep level mining[J].China Mining Magazine,2008,17(2):66–68.(in Chinese))
[2]EBRAHIM-TROLLOPE R,JOOSTE Y.Seismic hazard quantify-cation[C]//POTVIN Y,HUDYMA M ed.Controlling Seismic Risk—RaSiM6.Nedlands:Australian Center for Geomechanics,2005:157–158.[3]BASSON F R P,RAS D J R M.A method to examine the time-space relationship between seismic events[C]//POTVIN Y,HUDYMA M ed.Controlling Seismic Risk—RaSiM6.Nedlands:Australian Center for Geomechanics,2005:347–351.
[4]WIENAND G A,FERREIRA R I L.Planning and practice of remnant pillar mining—a case study[C]//POTVIN Y ed.Deeping Mining 07—the Fourth International Seminar on Deep and High Stress Mining.Nedlands:Australian Center for Geomechanics,2007:141–155.
[5]DURRHEIM R J,CICHOWICZ A.Guidelines,standards and best practice for seismic hazard assessment and rockburst risk management in South African mines[C]//POTVIN Y ed.Deeping Mining 07—The Fourth International Seminar on Deep and High Stress Mining.Nedlands:Australian Center for Geomechanics,2007:249–259.
[6]DURRHEIM R J.The deep mine and future mine research programmes—knowledge and technology for deep gold mining in South Africa[C]//POTVIN Y,HADJIGEORGIOU J,STACEY D ed.Challenges in Deep and High Stress Mining.Nedlands:Australian Center for Geomechanics,2007:130–140.
[7]POTVIN Y,HUDYMA M R.Seismic monitoring in highly mechanized hardrock mines in Canada and Australia[C]//VAN ASWEGEN G,DURRHEIM R J,ORTLEPP W D ed.Rockbursts and Seismicity in Mines—RaSiM5.Johannesburg:South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy,2001:267–280.
[8]BLAKE W,HEDLEY D G F.Rockbursts:case studies from North American hardrock mines[M].[S.l.]:Littleton,Colorado:Society for Mining,Metallurgy and Exploration Inc.,2003:19–28.
[9]ALEXANDER J,TRIFU C I.Monitoring Mines Seismicity in Canada[C]//POTVIN Y,HUDYMA M ed.Controlling Seismic Risk—RaSiM6.Nedlands:Australian Center for Geomechanics,2005:353–358.
[10]MERCIER-LANGEVIN F,HUDYMA M R.The development and implementation of a comprehensive seismic risk management plan at Agnico-Eagle′s LaRonde Mine[C]//POTVIN Y ed.Deeping Mining 07—The Fourth International Seminar on Deep and High Stress Mining.Nedlands:Australian Center for Geomechanics,2007:221–240.
[11]HUDYMA M R,HEAL D.Proactive Versus Reactive Seismic Monitoring in Mines-Results of a Seismic Monitoring Survey[C]//POTVIN Y ed.Deeping Mining 07—The Fourth International Seminar on Deep and High Stress Mining.Nedlands:Australian Center for Geomechanics,2007:207–219.
[12]MIKULA P A.The practice of seismic management in mines—how to love your seismic monitoring system[C]//POTVIN Y,HUDYMA M ed.Controlling Seismic Risk—RaSiM6.Nedlands:Australian Center for Geomechanics,2005:21–31.
[13]HUDYMA M R,POTVIN Y.A Seismic Hazard Scale for Mining and its Application to Western Australia Mines[C]//POTVIN Y,HADJIGEORGOU J,HUDYMA M ed.Challenges in Deep and High Stress Mining.Nedlands:Australian Center for Geomechanics,2007:415–425.
[14]BASSON F R P,VAN DER MERWE S.Seismicity Management at Hill 50 Gold Mine,Western Australia[C]//POTVIN Y ed.Deeping Mining 07—The Fourth International Seminar on Deep and High Stress Mining.Nedlands:Australian Center for Geomechanics,2007:233–241.
[15]DUNLOP R,BELMONTE A.The April 22nd,2003,rockburst in the 6 subsectors,EI Teniente Mine—a case history[C]//POTVIN Y,HUDYMA M ed.Controlling Seismic Risk—RaSiM6.Nedlands:Australian Center for Geomechanics,2005:291–295.
[16]鲁振华,张连成.门头沟矿微震的近场监测效能评估[J].地震,1989,(5):32–39.(LU Zhenhua,ZHANG Liancheng.Evaluation of near-field monitoring efficiency of tremors in Mentougou Mine[J].Earthquake,1989,(5):32–39.(in Chinese))
[17]张兴民,于克君,席京德,等.微地震技术在煤矿“两带”监测领域的研究与应用[J].煤炭学报,2000,25(6):566–569.(ZHANG Xingmin,YU Kejun,XI Jingde,et al.Research and application of microseismic technology to fractured mine and caving zones monitoring[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2000,25(6):566–569.(in Chinese))
[18]李庶林,尹贤刚,郑文达,等.凡口铅锌矿多通道微震监测系统及其应用研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(12):2 048–2 053.(LI Shulin,YIN Xiangang,ZHENG Wenda,et al.Research on multichannel microseismic monitoring system and its application to Fankou lead-zinc mine[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2005,24(12):2 048–2 053.(in Chinese))
[19]唐礼忠,潘长良,谢学斌,等.冬瓜山铜矿深井开采岩爆危险区分析与预测[J].中南大工业大学学报,2002,33(4):335–338.(TANG Lizhong,PAN Changliang,XIE Xuebin,et al.Analysis and predication of rockburst dangerous areas in Dongguashan Copper Mine under deep well mining[J].Journal of Central South University of Technology,2002,33(4):335–338.(in Chinese))
[20]郭然,于润沧.新建有岩爆倾向硬岩矿床采矿技术研究工作程序[J].中国工程科学,2002,4(7):51–55.(GUO Ran,YU Runcang.Working procedure of developing a new deep hard-rock burst-prone deposit[J].Engineering Science,2002,4(7):51–55.(in Chinese))
[21]杨志国,于润沧,郭然.深部高应力区采矿研究综述[J].金属矿山,2007,(3):6–9.(YANG Zhiguo,YU Runcang,GUO Ran,Review on research of mining in high-stress deep zone[J].Metal Mine,2007,(3):6–9.(in Chinese))
[22]杨志国,于润沧,郭然.深井矿山岩爆控制体系构建[J].中国矿业,2008,17(2):66–68.(YANG Zhiguo,YU Runcang,GUO Ran,Establishment of rockburst control system in deep level mining[J].China Mining Magazine,2008,17(2):66–68.(in Chinese))
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