Modelling was used to quantify yield of rainfed maize and water balance on the Loess Plateau.
Plant density presented no significant (P > 0.05) influence on the evapotranspiration in dry years and mild wet years, but a significant (P < 0.05) positive influence in normal and extremely wet years.
Soil evaporation was reduced significantly (P < 0.05) by increased plant density, only with the exception of extremely dry years.
Plant density of 32500 and 52500 plants ha−1 are recommended in extremely dry years and dry years, respectively. In normal years, mild wet years and extremely wet years, 67500 plants ha−1 is recommended as the optimum value in order to get long-term benefit.