Brain and muscle aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like protein-1 cooperates with glycogen synthase kinase-3β to regulate osteogenesis of bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cells in type 2 diabetes
BMSCs osteogenesis is suppressed along with reduced BMAL1 and activated GSK3β in T2DM. BMAL1 downregulation inhibits Wnt/β-catenin pathway mainly via enhanced GSK3β in BMSCs. BMAL1 overexpression inhibits GSK-3β resulting in activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway. GSK3β inhibition has a synergistic effect with overexpression of BMAL1 in GK BMSCs. Up-regulation of BMAL1 can recover the inhibited osteogenesis of BMSCs in T2DM.