Under the same voltage, lotus-root-shaped nanostructure is found for the first time.
New explanation for the lotus-root-shaped nanostructure is presented.
The concave or patterned substrate fails to guide pore growth in second anodization. The anion contaminated layer (ACL) is formed near the residual concaves.
Lotus-root-shaped nanostructure disappears with the disappearance of hexagonal ACL.