Biological Monitoring of Polyfluoroalkyl Substances: A Review
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- 作者：Magali Houde ; Jonathan W. Martin ; Robert J. Letcher ; Keith R. Solomon ; and Derek C. G. Muir
- 刊名：Environmental Science & Technology
- 出版年：2006
- 出版时间：June 1, 2006
- 年：2006
- 卷：40
- 期：11
- 页码：3463 - 3473
- 全文大小：322K
- 年卷期：v.40,no.11(June 1, 2006)
- ISSN：1520-5851
文摘
Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFSs) are used in industrialand commercial products and can degrade to persistentperfluorocarboxylates (PFCAs) and perfluoroalkyl sulfonates(PFSAs). Temporal trend studies using human, fish, bird,and marine mammal samples indicate that exposure to PFSshas increased significantly over the past 15-25 years.This review summarizes the biological monitoring of PFCAs,PFSAs, and related PFSs in wildlife and humans, comparesconcentrations and contamination profiles among speciesand locations, evaluates the bioaccumulation/biomagnificationin the environment, discusses possible sources, andidentifies knowledge gaps. PFSs can reach elevatedconcentrations in humans and wildlife inhabiting industrializedareas of North America, Europe, and Asia (2-30 000 ng/mL or ng/g of wet weight (ww)). PFSs have also been detectedin organisms from the Arctic and mid-ocean islands(
3000 ng/g ww). In humans, PFSAs and PFCAs havebeen shown to vary among ethnic groups and PFCA/PFSAprofiles differ from those in wildlife with high proportionsof perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate. Thepattern of contamination in wildlife varied among speciesand locations suggesting multiple emission sources.Food web analyses have shown that PFCAs and PFSAscan bioaccumulate and biomagnify in marine and freshwaterecosystems. Knowledge gaps with respect to the transport,accumulation, biodegradation, temporal/spatial trendsand PFS precursors have been identified. Continuousmonitoring with key sentinel species and standardizationof analytical methods are recommended.
3000 ng/g ww). In humans, PFSAs and PFCAs havebeen shown to vary among ethnic groups and PFCA/PFSAprofiles differ from those in wildlife with high proportionsof perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate. Thepattern of contamination in wildlife varied among speciesand locations suggesting multiple emission sources.Food web analyses have shown that PFCAs and PFSAscan bioaccumulate and biomagnify in marine and freshwaterecosystems. Knowledge gaps with respect to the transport,accumulation, biodegradation, temporal/spatial trendsand PFS precursors have been identified. Continuousmonitoring with key sentinel species and standardizationof analytical methods are recommended.