On-Road Vehicle Emission Control in Beijing: Past, Present, and Future

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• 作者：Ye Wu ; Renjie Wang ; Yu Zhou ; Bohong Lin ; Lixin Fu ; Kebin He ; Jiming Hao
• 刊名：Environmental Science & Technology
• 出版年：2011
• 出版时间：January 1, 2011
• 年：2011
• 卷：45
• 期：1
• 页码：147-153
• 全文大小：255K
• 年卷期：v.45,no.1(January 1, 2011)
• ISSN：1520-5851

文摘

Beijing, the capital of China, has experienced rapid motorization since 1990; a trend that is likely to continue. The growth in vehicles and the corresponding emissions create challenges to improving the urban air quality. In an effort to reduce the impact of vehicle emissions on urban air quality, Beijing has adopted a number of vehicle emission control strategies and policies since the mid 1990s. These are classified into seven categories: (1) emission control on new vehicles; (2) emission control on in-use vehicles; (3) fuel quality improvements; (4) alternative-fuel and advanced vehicles; (5) economic policies; (6) public transport; and (7) temporal traffic control measures. Many have proven to be successful, such as the Euro emission standards, unleaded gasoline and low sulfur fuel, temporal traffic control measures during the Beijing Olympic Games, etc. Some, however, have been failures, such as the gasoline-to-LPG taxi retrofit program. Thanks to the emission standards for new vehicles as well as other controls, the fleet-average emission rates of CO, HC, NO_X, and PM₁₀ by each major vehicle category are decreasing over time. For example, gasoline cars decreased fleet-average emission factors by 12.5% for CO, 10.0% for HC, 5.8% for NO_X, and 13.0% for PM₁₀ annually since 1995, and such a trend is likely to continue. Total emissions for Beijing鈥檚 vehicle fleet increased from 1995 to 1998. However, they show a clear and steady decrease between 1999 and 2009. In 2009, total emissions of CO, HC, NO_X, and PM₁₀ were 845鈥?00 t, 121鈥?00 t, 84鈥?00 t, and 3700 t, respectively; with reductions of 47%, 49%, 47%, and 42%, relative to 1998. Beijing has been considered a pioneer in controlling vehicle emissions within China, similar to the role of California to the U.S. The continued rapid growth of vehicles, however, is challenging Beijing鈥檚 policy-makers.