Heavy and Light Beer: A Carbon Isotope Approach To Detect C4 Carbon in Beers of Different Origins, Styles, and Prices
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- 作者：J. René ; e Brooks ; Nina Buchmann ; Sue Phillips ; Bruce Ehleringer ; R. David Evans ; Mike Lott ; Luiz A. Martinelli ; William T. Pockman ; Darren Sandquist ; Jed P. Sparks ; Lynda Sperry ; Dave Williams
- 刊名：Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
- 出版年：2002
- 出版时间：October 23, 2002
- 年：2002
- 卷：50
- 期：22
- 页码：6413 - 6418
- 全文大小：102K
- 年卷期：v.50,no.22(October 23, 2002)
- ISSN：1520-5118
文摘
The carbon isotope ratios (
13C) of 160 beers from around the world ranged from -27.3 to -14.9”,primarily due to variation in the percentage of C3 or C4 plant carbon in the final product. Thirty-onepercent of beers had a carbon signature of C3 plants (barley, rice, etc.), whereas the remaining 69%contained some C3-C4 mixture (mean of mixtures, 39 ± 11% C4 carbon). Use of C4 carbon (corn,cane sugar, etc.) was not confined to beers from any particular region (Pacific Rim, Mexico, Brazil,Europe, Canada, and the United States). However, the 13C of European beers indicated mostly C3plant carbon. In contrast, U.S. and Canadian beers contained either only C3 or C3-C4 mixtures;Brazilian, Mexican, and Pacific Rim beers were mostly C3-C4 mixtures. Among different lagers, U.S.-style lagers generally contained more C4 carbon than did imported pilsners. Among different ales,those brewed by large high-production breweries contained significant proportions of C4 carbon, whileC4 carbon was not detected in microbrewery or home-brew ales. Furthermore, inexpensive beersgenerally contained more C4 carbon than expensive beers.Keywords: Carbon isotope ratio; 13C; beer; adjuncts; C4; C3
13C) of 160 beers from around the world ranged from -27.3 to -14.9”,primarily due to variation in the percentage of C3 or C4 plant carbon in the final product. Thirty-onepercent of beers had a carbon signature of C3 plants (barley, rice, etc.), whereas the remaining 69%contained some C3-C4 mixture (mean of mixtures, 39 ± 11% C4 carbon). Use of C4 carbon (corn,cane sugar, etc.) was not confined to beers from any particular region (Pacific Rim, Mexico, Brazil,Europe, Canada, and the United States). However, the 13C of European beers indicated mostly C3plant carbon. In contrast, U.S. and Canadian beers contained either only C3 or C3-C4 mixtures;Brazilian, Mexican, and Pacific Rim beers were mostly C3-C4 mixtures. Among different lagers, U.S.-style lagers generally contained more C4 carbon than did imported pilsners. Among different ales,those brewed by large high-production breweries contained significant proportions of C4 carbon, whileC4 carbon was not detected in microbrewery or home-brew ales. Furthermore, inexpensive beersgenerally contained more C4 carbon than expensive beers.Keywords: Carbon isotope ratio; 13C; beer; adjuncts; C4; C3