Modulation of equatorial Pacific westerly/easterly wind events by the Madden–Julian oscillation and convectively-coupled Rossby waves

详细信息    查看全文

• 作者：Martin Puy ; J. Vialard ; M. Lengaigne ; E. Guilyardi
• 关键词：Westerly wind events ; Easterly wind events ; ENSO ; Madden–Julian Oscillation ; Convectively ; coupled Rossby waves
• 刊名：Climate Dynamics
• 出版年：2016
• 出版时间：April 2016
• 年：2016
• 卷：46
• 期：7-8
• 页码：2155-2178
• 全文大小：12,821 KB
• 参考文献：Barnston A, Tippett MK, L’Heureux ML, Li S, DeWitt DG (2012) Skill of real-time seasonal ENSO model predictions during 2002–2011: is our capability increasing? Bull Am Meteorol Soc 93:631–651. doi:10.​1175/​BAMS-D-11-00111.​1 CrossRef
  Bergman JW, Hendon HH, Weickmann M (2001) Intraseasonal air–sea interactions at the onset of El Niño. J Clim 14:1702–1719. doi:10.​1175/​1520-0442(2001)014<1702:​IASIAT>2.​0.​CO;2 CrossRef
  Bjerknes J (1969) Atmospheric teleconnections from the equatial Pacific. Mon Weather Rev 97:163–172. doi:10.​1175/​1520-0493(1969)097<0163:​ATFTEP>2.​3.​CO;2 CrossRef
  Boulanger JP, Menkes C (1999) Long equatorial wave reflection in the Pacific Ocean from TOPEX/POSEIDON data during the 1992–1998 period. Clim Dyn 15:205–225. doi:10.​1007/​s003820050277 CrossRef
  Boulanger JP, Durand E, Duvel JP, Menkes C, Delecluse P, Imbard M, Lengaigne M, Madec G, Masson S (2001) Role of non-linear oceanic processes in the response to westerly wind events: new implications for the 1997 El Niño onset. Geophys Res Lett 28:1603–1606. doi:10.​1029/​2000GL012364 CrossRef
  Boulanger JP, Menkes C, Lengaigne M (2004) Role of high- and low-frequency winds and wave reflection in the onset, growth and termination of the 1997/1998 El Niño. Clim Dyn 22(267):280. doi:10.​1007/​s00382-003-0383-8
  Chang CP, Erickson JE, Lau KM (1979) Northeasterly cold surges and near-equatorial disturbances over the winter MONEX area during December 1974. Part I: synoptic aspects. Mon Weather Rev 107:812–829. doi:10.​1175/​1520-0493(1979)107<0812:​NCSANE>2.​0.​CO;2 CrossRef
  Chen SS, Houze RA (1997) Interannual variability of deep convection over the tropical warm pool. J Geophys Res 102:25783–25795. doi:10.​1029/​97JD02238 CrossRef
  Chen SS, Houze RA, Mapes BE (1996) Multiscale variability of deep convection in realation to large-scale circulation in TOGA COARE. J Atmos Sci 53:1380–1409. doi:10.​1175/​1520-0469(1996)053<1380:​MVODCI>2.​0.​CO;2 CrossRef
  Chiodi A, Harrison DE (2015) Equatorial Pacific easterly wind surges and the onset of La Niña Events. J Clim 28:776–792. doi:10.​1175/​JCLI-D-14-00227.​1 CrossRef
  Chiodi A, Harrison DE, Vecchi GA (2014) Subseasonal atmospheric variability and El Niño waveguide warming: observed effects of the Madden–Julian oscillation and Westerly Wind Events. J Clim 27:3619–3642. doi:10.​1175/​JCLI-D-13-00547.​1 CrossRef
  Dee DP et al (2011) The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Q J R Meteorol Soc 137(553):597. doi:10.​1002/​qj.​828
  Delcroix T, Eldin G, McPhaden MJ, Morlière A (1993) Effects of westerly wind bursts upon the Western Equatorial Pacific ocean, February–April 1991. J Geophys Res 98:16379–16385. doi:10.​1029/​93JC01261 CrossRef
  Drushka K, Bellenger H, Guilyardi E, Lengaigne M, Vialard J, Madec G (2015) Processes driving intraseasonal displacements of the eastern edge of the warm pool: the contribution of westerly wind events. Clim Dyn 44:735–755. doi:10.​1007/​s00382-014-2297-z CrossRef
  Eisenman I, Yu L, Tziperman E (2005) Westerly Wind Bursts: ENSO’s Tail Rather than the Dog? J Clim 18:5224–5238. doi:10.​1175/​JCLI3588.​1 CrossRef
  Eldin G, Delcroix T, Hénin C, Richards K, du Penhoat Y, Picaut J, Rual P (1994) Large-scale current and thermohaline structures along 156°E during the COARE intensive observation period. Geophys Res Lett 21:2681–2684. doi:10.​1029/​94GL01166 CrossRef
  Fasullo J, Webster PJ (2000) Atmospheric and surface variations during westerly wind bursts in the tropical western Pacific. Q J R Meteorol Soc 126:899–924. doi:10.​1002/​qj.​49712656407 CrossRef
  Fedorov AV (2002) The response of the coupled tropical ocean–atmosphere to westerly wind bursts. Q J R Meteorol Soc 128:1–23. doi:10.​1002/​qj.​200212857901 CrossRef
  Fedorov AV, Hu S, Lengaigne M, Guilyardi E (2015) The impact of westerly wind bursts and ocean initial state on the development, and diversity of El Niño events. Clim Dyn 44:1381–1401. doi:10.​1007/​s00382-014-2126-4 CrossRef
  Gadgil S, Joseph PV, Joshi NV (1984) Ocean–atmosphere coupling over monsoon regions. Nature 312:141–143. doi:10.​1038/​312141a0 CrossRef
  Gebbie G, Tziperman E (2009a) Incorporating a semi-stochastic model of ocean-modulated westerly wind bursts into an ENSO prediction model. Theoret Appl Climatol 97:65–73. doi:10.​1007/​s00704-008-0069-6 CrossRef
  Gebbie G, Tziperman E (2009b) Predictability of SST-modulated westerly wind bursts. J Clim 22:3894–3909. doi:10.​1175/​2009JCLI2516.​1 CrossRef
  Gebbie G, Eisenman I, Wittenberg AT, Tziperman E (2007) Modulation of Westerly Wind Bursts by sea surface temperature: a semistochastic feedback for ENSO. J Atmos Sci 64:3281–3295. doi:10.​1175/​JAS4029.​1 CrossRef
  Giese B, Harrison DE (1990) Aspects of the Kelvin wave response to episodic wind forcing. J Geophys Res 95:7289–7312. doi:10.​1029/​JC095iC05p07289 CrossRef
  Godfrey JS, Houze RA, Johnson RH, Lukas R, Redelsperger JL, Sumi A, Weller R (1998) Coupled ocean–atmosphere response experiment (COARE): an interim report. J Geophys Res 103:14395–14450. doi:10.​1029/​97JC03120 CrossRef
  Guilyardi E, Bellenger H, Collins M, Ferrett S, Cai W, Wittenberg AT (2012) A first look at ENSO in CMIP5. Clivar Exch 17:29–32
  Gutzler DS (1991) Interannual fluctuations of intraseasonal variance of near-equatorial zonal winds. J Geophys Res 96:3173–3185. doi:10.​1029/​90JD01831 CrossRef
  Harrison DE, Giese B (1991) Episodes of surface westerly winds as observed from islands in the western tropical Pacific. J Geophys Res 96:3221–3237. doi:10.​1029/​90JC01775 CrossRef
  Harrison DE, Vecchi GA (1997) Westerly Wind Events in the Tropical Pacific, 1986–1995. J Clim 10:3131–3156. doi:10.​1175/​1520-0442(1997)010<C3131:​WWEITT>2.​0.​CO;2 CrossRef
  Harrison DE, Vecchi GA (2001) El Niño and La Niña-equatorial Pacific thermocline depth and sea surface temperature anomalies, 1986–98. Geophys Res Lett 28:1051–1054. doi:10.​1029/​1999GL011307 CrossRef
  Hartten L (1996) Synoptic settings of westerly wind bursts. J Geophys Res 101:16997–17019. doi:10.​1029/​96JD00030 CrossRef
  Hendon HH, Zhang C, Glick JD (1999) Interannual variation of the Madden–Julian oscillation during austral summer. J Clim 12:2538–2550. doi:10.​1175/​1520-0442(1999)012<2538:​IVOTMJ>2.​0.​CO;2 CrossRef
  Hendon HH, Wheeler M, Zhang C (2007) Seasonal dependence of the MJO-ENSO relationship. J Clim 20:531–543. doi:10.​1175/​JCLI4003.​1 CrossRef
  Hu S, Fedorov AV, Lengaigne M, Guilyardi E (2014) The impact of westerly wind bursts on the diversity and predictability of El Niño events: an ocean energetics perspective. Geophys Res Lett 41:4654–4663. doi:10.​1002/​2014GL059573 CrossRef
  Jin FF (1997) An equatorial ocean recharge paradigm for ENSO. Part I: conceptual model Pacific. J Atmos Sci 54:811–829. doi:10.​1175/​1520-0469(1997)054<0811:​AEORPF>2.​0.​CO;2 CrossRef
  Jin FF, Lin L, Timmermann A, Zhao J (2007) Ensemble-mean dynamics of the ENSO recharge oscillator under state-dependent stochastic forcing. Geophys Res Lett 34:L03807. doi:10.​1029/​2006GL027372
  Keen RA (1982) The role of cross-equatorial tropical cyclone pairs in the southern oscillation. Mon Weather Rev 110:1405–1416. doi:10.​1175/​1520-0493(1982)110<1405:​TROCET>2.​0.​CO;2 CrossRef
  Kerr RA (1999) Does a globe-girdling disturbance Jigger El Nino? Science 285:322–323. doi:10.​1126/​science.​285.​5426.​322 CrossRef
  Kessler WS (2001) EOF representations of the Madden–Julian oscillation and its connection with ENSO. J Clim 14:3055–3061. doi:10.​1175/​1520-0442(2001)014<3055:​EROTMJ>2.​0.​CO;2 CrossRef
  Kessler WS, Kleeman R (2000) Rectification of the Madden–Julian Oscillation into the ENSO cycle. J Clim 13:3560–3575. doi:10.​1175/​1520-0442(2000)013<3560:​ROTMJO>2.​0.​CO;2 CrossRef
  Kessler WS, McPhaden MJ, Weickmann KM (1995) Forcing of intraseasonal Kelvin waves in the equatorial Pacific. J Geophys Res 100:10613–10631. doi:10.​1029/​95JC00382 CrossRef
  Kleeman R, Moore AM (1999) A new method for determining the reliability of dynamical ENSO predictions. Mon Weather Rev 127:694–705. doi:10.​1175/​1520-0493(1999)127<0694:​ANMFDT>2.​0.​CO;2 CrossRef
  Lander MA (1990) Evolution of the Cloud Pattern during the formation of tropical cyclone twins symmetrical with respect to the Equator. Mon Wea Rev 118:1194–1202. doi:10.​1175/​1520-0493(1990)118<1194:​EOTCPD>2.​0.​CO;2 CrossRef
  Lau KM, Peng L, Nakazawa T, Sui CH (1989) Dynamics of super cloud clusters, westerly wind bursts, 30–60 day oscillations and ENSO-An unified view. J Meteorol Soc Jpn 67:205–219
  Lengaigne M, Boulanger JP, Menkes C, Masson S, Madec G, Delecluse P (2002) Ocean response to the March 1997 Westerly Wind Event. J Geophys Res 107:8015. doi:10.​1029/​2001JC000841 CrossRef
  Lengaigne M, Boulanger JP, Menkes C, Madec G, Delecluse P, Guilyardi E, Slingo JM (2003) The March 1997 westerly wind event and the onset of the 1997/98 El Niño: understanding the role of the atmospheric response. J Clim 16:3330–3343. doi:10.​1175/​1520-0442(2003)016<3330:​TMWWEA>2.​0.​CO;2 CrossRef
  Lengaigne M, Boulanger JP, Delecluse P, Menkes C, Guilyardi E, Slingo JM (2004a) Westerly wind events in the Tropical Pacific and their influence on the coupled ocean-atmosphere system: a review. In: Wang C, Xie SP, Carton JA (eds) Earth’s climate. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC. doi:10.​1029/​147GM03
  Lengaigne M, Guilyardi E, Boulanger JP, Menkes C, Delecluse P, Inness P, Cole J, Slingo JM (2004b) Triggering of El Niño by Westerly Wind Events in a coupled general circulation model. Clim Dyn 23:601–620. doi:10.​1007/​s00382-004-0457-2 CrossRef
  Lengaigne M, Boulanger JP, Menkes C, Spencer H (2006) Influence of the seasonal cycle on the termination of El Niño events in a coupled general circulation model. J Clim 19:1850–1868. doi:10.​1175/​JCLI3706.​1 CrossRef
  Lian T, Chen D, Tang Y, Wu Q (2014) Effects of westerly wind bursts on El Niño: a new perspective. Geophys Res Lett 41:3522–3527. doi:10.​1002/​2014GL059989 CrossRef
  Lin X, Johnson RH (1996) Kinematic and thermodynamic characteristics of the flow over the Western Pacific Warm Pool during TOGA COARE. J Atmos Sci 53:695–715. doi:10.​1175/​1520-0469(1996)053<0695:​KATCOT>2.​0.​CO;2 CrossRef
  Livezey RE, Chen WY (1983) Statistical field significance and its determination by Monte Carlo techniques. Mon Weather Rev 111:46–59. doi:10.​1175/​1520-0493(1983)111<0046:​SFSAID>2.​0.​CO;2 CrossRef
  Lopez H, Kirtman BP, Tziperman E, Gebbie G (2013) Impact of interactive westerly wind bursts on CCSM3. Dyn Atmos Oceans 59:4–51. doi:10.​1016/​j.​dynatmoce.​2012.​11.​001 CrossRef
  Love G (1985) Cross-equatorial interactions during tropical cyclogenesis. Mon Weather Rev 113:1499–1509. doi:10.​1175/​1520-0493(1985)113<1499:​CEIDTC>2.​0.​CO;2 CrossRef
  Luther DS, Harrison DE, Knox RA (1983) Zonal winds in the central equatorial pacific and El Niño. Science 222:327–330. doi:10.​1126/​science.​222.​4621.​327 CrossRef
  Madden RA, Julian PR (1971) Detection of a 40–50 day oscillation in the zonal wind in the Tropical Pacific. J Atmos Sci 28:702–708. doi:10.​1175/​1520-0469(1971)028<0702:​DOADOI>2.​0.​CO;2 CrossRef
  Madden RA, Julian PR (1972) Description of global-scale circulation cells in the tropics with a 40–50 day period. J Atmos Sci 29:1109–1123. doi:10.​1175/​1520-0469(1972)029<1109:​DOGSCC>2.​0.​CO;2 CrossRef
  Madden RA, Julian PR (1994) Observations of the 40–50-day tropical oscillation—a review. Mon Weather Rev 122:814–837. doi:10.​1175/​1520-0493(1994)122<0814:​OOTDTO>2.​0.​CO;2 CrossRef
  McPhaden MJ (1999) Genesis and evolution of the 1997–1998 El Niño. Science 283:950–954. doi:10.​1126/​science.​283.​5404.​950 CrossRef
  McPhaden MJ (2002) Mixed layer temperature balance on intraseasonal timescales in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. J Clim 15:2632–2647. doi:10.​1175/​1520-0442(2002)015<2632:​MLTBOI>2.​0.​CO;2 CrossRef
  McPhaden MJ (2004) Evolution of the 2002/03 El Niño. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 85:677–695. doi:10.​1175/​BAMS-85-5-677 CrossRef
  McPhaden MJ, Taft BA (1988) Dynamics of seasonal and intraseasonal variability in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific. J Phys Oceanogr 18:1713–1732. doi:10.​1175/​1520-0485(1988)018<1713:​DOSAIV>2.​0.​CO;2 CrossRef
  McPhaden MJ, Yu X (1999) Equatorial waves and the 1997–98 El Niño. Geophys Res Lett 26:2961–2964. doi:10.​1029/​1999GL004901 CrossRef
  McPhaden MJ, Zebiak SE, Glantz MH (2006a) ENSO as an integrating concept in earth science. Science 314:1740–1745. doi:10.​1126/​science.​1132588 CrossRef
  McPhaden MJ, Zhang X, Hendon HH, Wheeler M (2006b) Large scale dynamics and MJO forcing of ENSO variability. Geophys Res Lett 33:L16702. doi:10.​1029/​2006GL026786 CrossRef
  Meinen C, McPhaden MJ (2000) Observations of warm water volume changes in the equatorial Pacific and their relationship to El Niño and La Niña. J Clim 13:3551–3559. doi:10.​1175/​1520-0442(2000)013<3551:​Oowwvc>2.​0.​Co;2 CrossRef
  Menkes C, Lengaigne M, Vialard J, Puy M, Marchesiello P, Cravatte S, Cambon G (2014) About the role of Westerly Wind Events in the possible development of an El Niño in 2014. Geophys Res Lett 41(6476):6483. doi:10.​1002/​2014GL061186
  Nitta T (1989) Development of a twin cyclone and westerly bursts during the initial phase of the 1986–1987 El Niño. J Meteorol Soc Japan 67:677–681
  Perez CL, Moore AM, Zavala-Garay J, Kleeman R (2005) A comparison of the influence of additive and multiplicative stochastic forcing on a coupled model of ENSO. J Clim 18:5066–5085. doi:10.​1175/​JCLI3596.​1 CrossRef
  Perigaud C, Cassou C (2000) Importance of oceanic decadal trends and westerly wind bursts for forecasting El Niño. Geophys Res Lett 27:389–392. doi:10.​1029/​1999GL010781 CrossRef
  Praveen Kumar B, Vialard J, Lengaigne M, Murty VSN, McPhaden MJ, Cronin MF, Pinsard F, Gopala Reddy K (2012) TropFlux wind stresses over the tropical oceans: evaluation and comparison with other products. Clim Dyn 40:2049–2071. doi:10.​1007/​s00382-012-1455-4 CrossRef
  Rashid HA, Hendon HH, Wheeler M, Alves O (2010) Prediction of the Madden–Julian oscillation with the POAMA dynamical prediction system. Clim Dyn 36:649–661. doi:10.​1007/​s00382-010-0754-x CrossRef
  Roulston MS, Neelin JD (2000) The response of an ENSO model to climate noise, weather noise and intraseasonal forcing. Geophys Res Lett 27:3723–3726. doi:10.​1029/​2000GL011941 CrossRef
  Rui H, Wang B (1990) Development characteristics and dynamic structure of tropical intraseasonal convection anomalies. J Atmos Sci 47:357–379. doi:10.​1175/​1520-0469(1990)047<0357:​DCADSO>2.​0.​CO;2 CrossRef
  Seiki A, Takayabu YN (2007a) Westerly wind bursts and their relationship with intraseasonal variations and ENSO. Part I: statistics. Mon Weather Rev 135:3325–3345. doi:10.​1175/​MWR3477.​1 CrossRef
  Seiki A, Takayabu YN (2007b) Westerly wind bursts and their relationship with intraseasonal variations and ENSO. Part II: energetics over the Western and Central Pacific. Mon Wea Rev 135:3346–3361. doi:10.​1175/​MWR3477.​1 CrossRef
  Shi L, Alves O, Hendon HH (2009) The role of stochastic forcing in ensemble forecasts of the 1997/98 El Nino. J Clim 22:2526–2540. doi:10.​1175/​2008JCLI2469.​1 CrossRef
  Sui CH, Lau KM (1992) Multiscale phenomena in the Tropical Atmosphere over the Western Pacific. Mon Weather Rev 120:407–430. doi:10.​1175/​1520-0493(1992)120<0407:​MPITTA>2.​0.​CO;2 CrossRef
  Trenberth KE, Large WG, Olson JG (1989) The effective drag coefficient for evaluating wind stress over the oceans. J Clim 2:1507–1516. doi:10.​1175/​1520-0442(1989)002<1507:​TEDCFE>2.​0.​CO;2 CrossRef
  Trenberth KE, Branstator GW, Karoly D, Kuma A, Lau KM, Ropelewski C (1998) Progress during TOGA in understanding and modeling global teleconnections associated with tropical sea surface temperatures. J Geophys Res 103:14291. doi:10.​1029/​97JC01444 CrossRef
  Tziperman E, Yu L (2007) Quantifying the dependence of westerly wind bursts on the large-scale tropical pacific SST. J Clim 20:2760–2768. doi:10.​1175/​JCLI4138a.​1 CrossRef
  Van Oldenborgh GJ (2000) What caused the onset of the 1997–98 El Niño? Mon Weather Rev 128:2601–2607. doi:10.​1175/​1520-0493(2000)128<2601:​WCTOOT>2.​0.​CO;2 CrossRef
  Vecchi GA, Harrison DE (2000) Tropical Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies, El Niño, and equatorial westerly wind events. J Clim 13:1814–1830. doi:10.​1175/​1520-0442(2000)013<1814:​TPSSTA>2.​0.​CO;2 CrossRef
  Vecchi GA, Wittenberg AT (2010) El Niño and our future climate: where do we stand? Wiley Interdiscip Rev Clim Change 1:260–270. doi:10.​1002/​wcc.​33
  Vecchi GA, Wittenberg AT, Rosati A (2006) Reassessing the role of stochastic forcing in the 1997–1998 El Niño. Geophys Res Lett 33:L01706. doi:10.​1029/​2005GL024738 CrossRef
  Verbickas S (1998) Westerly wind bursts in the tropical Pacific. Weather 53:282–284. doi:10.​1002/​j.​1477-8696.​1998.​tb06401.​x CrossRef
  Wang W, Chen M, Kumar A, Xue Y (2011) How important is intraseasonal surface wind variability to real-time ENSO prediction? Geophys Res Lett 38:L13705. doi:10.​1029/​2011GL047684
  Wheeler M, Hendon HH (2004) An All-season real-time multivariate MJO Index: development of an Index for monitoring and prediction. Mon Weather Rev 132:1917–1932. doi:10.​1175/​1520-0493(2004)132<1917:​AARMMI>2.​0.​CO;2 CrossRef
  Wheeler M, Kiladis GN (1999) Convectively coupled equatorial waves: analysis of clouds and temperature in the wavenumber-frequency domain. J Atmos Sci 56:374–399. doi:10.​1175/​1520-0469(1999)056<0374:​CCEWAO>2.​0.​CO;2 CrossRef
  Yang GY, Hoskins B, Slingo JM (2007) Convectively coupled equatorial waves. Part I: horizontal and vertical structures. J Atmos Sci 64:3406–3423. doi:10.​1175/​JAS4017.​1 CrossRef
  Yu X, McPhaden MJ (1999) Seasonal variability in the Equatorial Pacific. J Phys Oceanogr 29:925–947. doi:10.​1175/​1520-0485(1999)029<0925:​SVITEP>2.​0.​CO;2 CrossRef
  Yu L, Rienecker MM (1998) Evidence of an extratropical atmospheric influence during the onset of the 1997–98 El Niño. Geophys Res Lett 25(18):3537–3540. doi:10.​1029/​98GL02628 CrossRef
  Zavala-Garay J, Zhang C, Moore AM, Kleeman R (2005) The linear response of ENSO to the Madden–Julian oscillation. J Clim 18:2441–2459. doi:10.​1175/​JCLI3408.​1 CrossRef
  Zhang C (1996) Atmospheric intraseasonal variability at the surface in the Tropical Western Pacific Ocean. J Atmos Sci 53:739–758. doi:10.​1175/​1520-0469(1996)053<0739:​AIVATS>2.​0.​CO;2 CrossRef
  Zhang C (2005) Madden–Julian oscillation. Rev Geophys 43:RG2003. doi:10.​1029/​2004RG000158
  Zhang C, Gottschalck J (2002) SST anomalies of ENSO and the Madden–Julian oscillation in the equatorial Pacific. J Clim 15:2429–2445. doi:10.​1175/​1520-0442(2002)015<2429:​SAOEAT>2.​0.​CO;2 CrossRef
  
• 作者单位：Martin Puy (1)
  J. Vialard (1)
  M. Lengaigne (1) (2)
  E. Guilyardi (1) (3)
  
  1. LOCEAN/IPSL, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, Univ Paris 06-CNRS-IRD-MNHN, Paris, France
  2. Indo-French Cell for Water Sciences, IISc-NIO-IITM–IRD Joint International Laboratory, NIO, Goa, India
  3. NCAS-Climate, University of Reading, Reading, UK
  
• 刊物类别：Earth and Environmental Science
• 刊物主题：Earth sciences
  Geophysics and Geodesy
  Meteorology and Climatology
  Oceanography
  
• 出版者：Springer Berlin / Heidelberg
• ISSN：1432-0894

文摘

Synoptic wind events in the equatorial Pacific strongly influence the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) evolution. This paper characterizes the spatio-temporal distribution of Easterly (EWEs) and Westerly Wind Events (WWEs) and quantifies their relationship with intraseasonal and interannual large-scale climate variability. We unambiguously demonstrate that the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) and Convectively-coupled Rossby Waves (CRW) modulate both WWEs and EWEs occurrence probability. 86 % of WWEs occur within convective MJO and/or CRW phases and 83 % of EWEs occur within the suppressed phase of MJO and/or CRW. 41 % of WWEs and 26 % of EWEs are in particular associated with the combined occurrence of a CRW/MJO, far more than what would be expected from a random distribution (3 %). Wind events embedded within MJO phases also have a stronger impact on the ocean, due to a tendency to have a larger amplitude, zonal extent and longer duration. These findings are robust irrespective of the wind events and MJO/CRW detection methods. While WWEs and EWEs behave rather symmetrically with respect to MJO/CRW activity, the impact of ENSO on wind events is asymmetrical. The WWEs occurrence probability indeed increases when the warm pool is displaced eastward during El Niño events, an increase that can partly be related to interannual modulation of the MJO/CRW activity in the western Pacific. On the other hand, the EWEs modulation by ENSO is less robust, and strongly depends on the wind event detection method. The consequences of these results for ENSO predictability are discussed.