Temperament, Gender, and Cultural Differences in Maternal Emotion Socialization of Anxiety, Somatization, and Anger

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• 作者：Deepti Gupta Karkhanis ; Adam Winsler
• 关键词：Culture ; Emotion socialization ; Anxiety ; Gender ; Temperament
• 刊名：Psychological Studies
• 出版年：2016
• 出版时间：September 2016
• 年：2016
• 卷：61
• 期：3
• 页码：137-158
• 全文大小：675 KB
• 刊物主题：Psychology, general; General Psychology; Personality and Social Psychology;
• 出版者：Springer India
• ISSN：0974-9861
• 卷排序：61

文摘

Individual differences exist in emotional experiences, and cultural context is believed to play an important role in emotion socialization. How parental meta-emotion philosophy (MEP) is related to children’s anxiety, somatization, and anger was examined cross-culturally. Cultural group and child’s gender as moderators to parental MEP and emotional outcomes were also examined. Adolescents (9–13 years, M_age = 11.8) and mothers from three groups [Caucasians (n = 40), Indian Americans in U.S.A. (n = 32), Indians (n = 64)] completed measures on temperament [negative affect (NA) and effortful control (EC)], MEP (emotion coaching and emotion dismissing), and emotional outcomes (anxiety, somatic complaints, and anger). Data were analyzed using t tests, ANOVA, and multiple regressions. NA was positively associated with emotional outcomes. EC was not significantly related to emotional outcomes. Children with low EC reported fewer somatic complaints and less anger when mothers used emotion coaching. Emotion dismissing was positively associated with anxiety. Maternal emotion coaching was found to be a buffer for somatization in children with high NA. Indian children were significantly more anxious, and higher on NA than their counterparts. Indian mothers engaged in more emotion dismissing and less emotion coaching compared to the other groups. Implications for parenting and intervention are discussed.