宁波地区不同季节不同强度霾天气变化特征
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摘要
利用2014—2016年宁波市镇海地区逐时气象观测资料和大气成分监测资料,对宁波地区霾天气的变化特征进行统计分析。结果表明:2014—2016年宁波地区霾天气小时出现频率为28.8%,湿霾出现频率为61.0%。近3 a宁波地区霾天气小时出现频率呈下降趋势,秋冬季(11月至翌年1月)霾天气小时出现频率较高,夏季(6—8月)霾天气小时出现频率较低;从日变化来看,霾天气小时出现频率峰值集中出现在上午09时和夜间20—23时。宁波地区重度霾的PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)颗粒物浓度为轻微霾的2.13倍和1.92倍,干霾颗粒物浓度高于湿霾,宁波地区霾天气的颗粒物组成较稳定,PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)比重为0.7左右。宁波地区颗粒物浓度与风速和降水量的相关性较好,春季和夏季风速与PM_(2.5)浓度的相关性较高,秋季和冬季风速与PM_(10)浓度的相关性较高;降水与PM_(10)浓度的相关性高于PM_(2.5)浓度。静稳天气时地面风速小易造成细颗粒物浓度的积累增长,冬季西北偏北风和东北风是影响宁波地区PM_(2.5)浓度变化的重要输送路径,当风向为西北风时,冬季和春季PM_(10)浓度增加明显。
Characteristics of haze in Ningbo were analyzed using the hourly meteorological data and concentration of pollutants in Zhenhai from 2014 to 2016.The result shows that the hourly frequency of haze is 28.8%,and the ratio of damp haze is 61.0%.The frequency of haze has decreased during the recent three years.Haze occurred more frequently from November to January and less in summer.The diurnal variation of haze has double peaks which appear at 09:00 and 20:00-23:00 respectively.When the haze is heavy,the particulate concentrations of PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) were 2.13 times and 1.92 times as high as those during light haze days.The concentration of particulate matter of dry haze was higher than that of damp haze.The composition of particulate was relatively stable in Ningbo,and the value of PM_(2.5)/PM_(10) was around 0.7.The correlation of particle concentration with wind speed and precipitation is good.Wind speed and PM_(2.5) is higher in spring and summer,while PM_(10) is higher in autumn and winter.The correlation between precipitation and PM_(10) is higher than PM_(2.5).The low ground wind speed with stable weather can easily cause an increase in the accumulation of fine particulate matter concentrations.Wind from the northwest and northeast in winter is the main conveying path that results in the change of PM_(2.5) concentrations in the Ningbo area.When the wind direction changes to the northwest,PM_(10) concentration in winter and spring will increase significantly.
Characteristics of haze in Ningbo were analyzed using the hourly meteorological data and concentration of pollutants in Zhenhai from 2014 to 2016.The result shows that the hourly frequency of haze is 28.8%,and the ratio of damp haze is 61.0%.The frequency of haze has decreased during the recent three years.Haze occurred more frequently from November to January and less in summer.The diurnal variation of haze has double peaks which appear at 09:00 and 20:00-23:00 respectively.When the haze is heavy,the particulate concentrations of PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) were 2.13 times and 1.92 times as high as those during light haze days.The concentration of particulate matter of dry haze was higher than that of damp haze.The composition of particulate was relatively stable in Ningbo,and the value of PM_(2.5)/PM_(10) was around 0.7.The correlation of particle concentration with wind speed and precipitation is good.Wind speed and PM_(2.5) is higher in spring and summer,while PM_(10) is higher in autumn and winter.The correlation between precipitation and PM_(10) is higher than PM_(2.5).The low ground wind speed with stable weather can easily cause an increase in the accumulation of fine particulate matter concentrations.Wind from the northwest and northeast in winter is the main conveying path that results in the change of PM_(2.5) concentrations in the Ningbo area.When the wind direction changes to the northwest,PM_(10) concentration in winter and spring will increase significantly.
引文
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[2]吴兑.近十年中国灰霾天气研究综述[J].环境科学学报,2012,32(2):257-269.
[3]吴兑.关于霾与雾的区别和灰霾天气预警的讨论[J].气象,2005,31(4):3-7.
[4]吴兑.再论都市霾与雾的区别[J].气象,2006,32(4):9-15.
[5]Liu X D,Xie X N,Yin Z Y,et al.A modeling study of the effects of aerosols on clouds and precipitation over East Asia[J].Theoretical and Applied Climatology,2011,106(3/4):343-354.
[6]张小曳,孙俊英,王亚强,等.我国雾-霾成因及其治理的思考[J].科学通报,2013,58(13):1178-1187.
[7]吴兑.大城市区域霾与雾的区别和灰霾天气预警信号发布[J].环境科学与技术,2008,31(9):1-7.
[8]白志鹏,蔡斌彬,董海燕,等.灰霾的健康效应[J].环境污染与防治,2006,28(3):198-201.
[9]杨洪斌,邹旭东,汪宏宇,等.大气环境中PM2.5的研究进展与展望[J].气象与环境学报,2012,28(3):77-82.
[10]高歌.1961-2005年中国霾日气候特征及变化分析[J].地理学报,2008,63(7):761-768.
[11]吴兑,毕雪岩,邓雪娇,等.珠江三角洲大气灰霾导致能见度下降问题研究[J].气象学报,2006,64(4):510-517,538.
[12]吴兑,刘啟汉,梁延刚,等.粤港细粒子(PM2.5)污染导致能见度下降与灰霾天气形成的研究[J].环境科学学报,2012,32(11):2660-2669.
[13]翁之梅,李丽平,杨万裕,等.浙江省冬季不同霾过程的后向气流轨迹及环流特征[J].气象,2016,42(2):183-191.
[14]任阵海,苏福庆,高庆先,等.边界层内大气排放物形成重污染背景解析[J].大气科学,2005,29(1):57-63.
[15]张人禾,李强,张若楠.2013年1月中国东部持续性强雾霾天气产生的气象条件分析[J].中国科学:地球科学,2014,44(1):27-36.
[16]王珊,廖婷婷,王莉莉,等.西安一次霾重污染过程大气环境特征及气象条件影响分析[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(11):3452-3462.
[17]庄雯雯,贺千山,王军,等.基于地面微脉冲激光雷达的上海冬季霾强度及高度分析[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(3):627-635.
[18]贺千山,潘鹄,黄颖,等.上海干霾与湿霾气溶胶消光特性的比较[J].兰州大学学报:自然科学版,2013,49(4):497-503.
[19]黄思源,王界,全彩峰.2015年宁波地区两次灰霾天气过程气溶胶垂直分布特征分析[J].气象与环境学报,2017,33(3)45-51.
[20]马骁骏,耿福海,陈勇航,等.上海地区不同类和不同强度灰霾季节分布特征[J].环境科学与技术,2013,36(3):32-36.
[21]刘琼,耿福海,陈勇航,等.上海不同强度干霾期间气溶胶垂直分布特征[J].中国环境科学,2012,32(2):207-213.
[22]中国气象局.QX/T 113-2010,霾的观测和预报等级[S].北京:气象出版社,2010:1-20.
[23]俞科爱,胡晓,黄旋旋,等.宁波区域霾过程的天气分型及环流场特征[J].气象,2015,41(12):1514-1524.
[24]李小飞,张明军,王圣杰,等.中国空气污染指数变化特征及影响因素分析[J].环境科学,2012,33(6):1936-1943.
[25]姚剑,王广华,林俊,等.上海市大气颗粒物与能见度的关系[J].气象与环境学报,2010,26(4):17-21.
[26]王苑,耿福海,陈勇航,等.基于微脉冲激光雷达的上海浦东地区不同强度霾研究[J].中国环境科学,2013,33(1):21-29.
[27]杨武,罗秋红,李晓娜,等.2006-2008年秋季广州市重大气污染过程特征研究[J].热带气象学报,2012,28(1):123-133.
[28]王郁,侯青.2000-2010年北京空气持续污染特征研究[J].高原气象,2012,31(6):1675-1681.
[29]宋明,韩素芹,张敏,等.天津大气能见度与相对湿度和PM10及PM2.5的关系[J].气象与环境学报,2013,29(2):34-41.