CLM4.5冠层截留方案的敏感性试验与改进
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摘要
为探究陆气系统对于冠层截留过程敏的感性,研究基于NCAR CAM-CLM陆气耦合模式探讨了截留参数对于全球陆地蒸发、降水、径流及气温的可能影响,揭示了冠层截留与植被光合作用之间的潜在联系。通过GLEAMv3.0a陆面蒸散发数据评估了CLM4.5冠层截留方案,并指出该方案高估了低茎叶面积指数植被的冠层蒸发,而低估了高茎叶面积指数植被的冠层蒸发。在CLM4.5中引入冠层截留偏差校正方案则可在一定程度上提高了全球林区冠层蒸发和陆面蒸散发的模拟能力。
As an essential component of land evapotranspiration,canopy interception directly participates in the terrestrial w ater cycle.How ever,the significance of canopy interception on the global climate has long been underestimated.In this study,in order to explore the canopy interception's hydroclimatological effects,w e examine the sensitivity of NCAR CAM-CLM coupled model to the changes of precipitation interception input parameter and canopy storage capacity parameter.The study results articulate the fact that the variations of interception can affect the land hydrology process and global climate.The canopy interception's modification alters the amount and portioning of global evapotranspiration,runoff,and 2 m temperature.The precipitation distributions betw een tropical land and ocean,and over mid-high latitude forests,are regulated by the interception-induce atmospheric circulation adjustment.We also indicate a potential link betw een canopy interception and vegetation photosynthesis,w hich varies w ith vegetation types.Upon comparing CLM 4. 5 simulations w ith GLEAM v3. 0 a data,the model canopy interception scheme overestimates the low PAI forest's canopy evaporation and underestimates the high PAI forest's,w hich in part lead to the bias of simulated evapotranspiration.Consequently,w e induce a logic-curve interception equation into CLM 4. 5 and ameliorate the simulations of canopy evaporation and evapotranspiration over forests on the global scale.The new interception scheme reduces approximately 2%—5% of the evapotranspiration bias over Africa,the islands of Southeast Asia,the Indo-China Peninsula,eastern North America,and part of South America.It also low ers the canopy evaporation bias by 5%—30% over the forests in Africa,Southeast Asia and South America,as w ell as the boreal evergreen needle forests.
As an essential component of land evapotranspiration,canopy interception directly participates in the terrestrial w ater cycle.How ever,the significance of canopy interception on the global climate has long been underestimated.In this study,in order to explore the canopy interception's hydroclimatological effects,w e examine the sensitivity of NCAR CAM-CLM coupled model to the changes of precipitation interception input parameter and canopy storage capacity parameter.The study results articulate the fact that the variations of interception can affect the land hydrology process and global climate.The canopy interception's modification alters the amount and portioning of global evapotranspiration,runoff,and 2 m temperature.The precipitation distributions betw een tropical land and ocean,and over mid-high latitude forests,are regulated by the interception-induce atmospheric circulation adjustment.We also indicate a potential link betw een canopy interception and vegetation photosynthesis,w hich varies w ith vegetation types.Upon comparing CLM 4. 5 simulations w ith GLEAM v3. 0 a data,the model canopy interception scheme overestimates the low PAI forest's canopy evaporation and underestimates the high PAI forest's,w hich in part lead to the bias of simulated evapotranspiration.Consequently,w e induce a logic-curve interception equation into CLM 4. 5 and ameliorate the simulations of canopy evaporation and evapotranspiration over forests on the global scale.The new interception scheme reduces approximately 2%—5% of the evapotranspiration bias over Africa,the islands of Southeast Asia,the Indo-China Peninsula,eastern North America,and part of South America.It also low ers the canopy evaporation bias by 5%—30% over the forests in Africa,Southeast Asia and South America,as w ell as the boreal evergreen needle forests.
引文
Arora V K,2003.Simulating energy and carbon fluxes over winter wheat using coupled land surface and terrestrial ecosystem models[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,118(1/2):21-47.
Bonan G B,Lawrence P J,Oleson K W,et al.,2011.Improving canopy processes in the Community Land Model version 4 (CLM4) using global flux fields empirically inferred from FLUXNET data[J].J Geophys Res,116(G2).
陈海山,倪东鸿,李忠贤,等,2006.植被覆盖异常变化影响陆面状况的数值模拟[J].南京气象学院学报,29(6):725-734.Chen H S,Ni D H,Li Z X,et al.,2006.Modeling of impacts of vegetation coverage change on land surface conditions[J].J Nanjing Inst Meteor,29(6):725-734.(in Chinese).
陈晓光,李剑萍,韩颖娟,等,2007.宁夏近20年来植被覆盖度及其与气温降水的关系[J].生态学杂志,26(9):1375-1383.Chen X G,Li J P,Han Y J,et al.,2007.Vegetation coverage and its relationships with temperature and precipitation in Ningxia in 1981—2004[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,26(9):1375-1383.(in Chinese).
Davies-Barnard T,Valdes P J,Jones C D,et al.,2014.Sensitivity of a coupled climate model to canopy interception capacity[J].Clim Dyn,42(7/8):1715-1732.
董喜春,汤剑平,王元,等,2008.长江中下游地区城市化进程中地表植被变化气候效应的数值模拟[J].气象科学,28(2):147-154.Dong X C,Tang J P,Wang Y,et al.,2008.Numerical simulation of the climate effect of the urbanization course along the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River[J].Scientia Meteorologica Sinica,28(2):147-154.(in Chinese).
Gash J H C,Morton A J,1978.An application of the Rutter model to the estimation of the interception loss from Thetford Forest[J].Journal of Hydrology,38(1/2):49-58.
Gash J H C,Lloyd C R,Lachaud G,1995.Estimating sparse forest rainfall interception with an analytical model[J].Journal of Hydrology,170(1/2/3/4):79-86.
Good S P,Noone D,Bowen G,2015.Hydrologic connectivity constrains partitioning of global terrestrial water fluxes[J].Science,349(6244):175-177.
Guillod B P,Orlowsky B,Miralles D G,et al.,2015.Reconciling spatial and temporal soil moisture effects on afternoon rainfall[J].Nat Commun,6:6443.
黄珏,陈海山,俞淼,2013.1981—2008年中国陆地植被NPP对气候变化响应的敏感性试验[J].大气科学学报,36(3):316-322.Huang J,Chen H S,Yu M,2013.Sensitivity experiments on response of terrestrial net primary productivity in China to climate change during 1981—2008[J].Trans Atmos Sci,36(3):316-322.(in Chinese).
Keim R F,Skaugset A E,2004.A linear system model of dynamic throughfall rates beneath forest canopies[J].Water Resour Res,40(5):154-157.
Lawrence P J,Chase T N,2007.Representing a new MODIS consistent land surface in the Community Land Model (CLM3.0)[J].J Geophys Res,112(G1):G01023.
Lawrence P J,Chase T N,2010.Investigating the climate impacts of global land cover change in the community climate system model[J].Int J Climatol,30(13):2066-2087.
刘向培,刘烈霜,史小康,等,2015.中国东北植被动态变化及其与气候因子的关系[J].大气科学学报,38(2):222-231.Liu X P,Liu L S,Shi X K,et al.,2015.Dynamic variation of vegetation over Northeast China and its relationship with climate factors[J].Trans Atmos Sci,38(2):222-231.(in Chinese).
Mao J F,Pitman A J,Phipps S J,et al.,2011.Global and regional coupled climate sensitivity to the parameterization of rainfall interception[J].Clim Dyn,37(1/2):171-186.
Martens B,Miralles D G,Lievens H,et al.,2017.GLEAM v3:satellite-based land evaporation and root-zone soil moisture[J].Geoscientific Model Development Discussions,10(5):1903-1925.
Michel D,Jiménez C,Miralles D G,et al.,2016.The WACMOS-ET project-Part 1:tower-scale evaluation of four remote-sensing-based evapotranspiration algorithms[J].Hydrol Earth Syst Sci,20(2):803-822.
Miralles D G,Gash J H,Holmes T R H,et al.,2010.Global canopy interception from satellite observations[J].J Geophys Res,115(D16):D16122.
Miralles D G,Holmes T R H,de Jeu R A M,et al.,2011.Global land-surface evaporation estimated from satellite-based observations[J].Hydrol Earth Syst Sci,15(2):453-469.
Miralles D G,van den Berg M J,Gash J H,et al.,2014.El Niňo-La Niňa cycle and recent trends in continental evaporation[J].Nature Clim Change,4(2):122-126.
Miralles D G,Jiménez C,Jung M,et al.,2016.The WACMOS-ET project-Part 2:evaluation of global terrestrial evaporation data sets[J].Hydrol Earth Syst Sci,20(2):823-842.
Neale R B,Richter J H,Jochum M,2008.The impact of convection on ENSO:from a delayed oscillator to a series of events[J].J Climate,21(22):5904-5924.
Park S,Bretherton C S,2009.The university of washington shallow convection and moist turbulence schemes and their impact on climate simulations with the community atmosphere model[J].J Climate,22(12):3449-3469.
Savenije H H G,2004.The importance of interception and why we should delete the term evapotranspiration from our vocabulary[J].Hydrol Process,18(8):1507-1511.
Scott R,Koster R D,Entekhabi D,et al.,1995.Effect of a canopy interception reservoir on hydrological persistence in a general circulation model[J].J Climate,8(7):1917-1922.
Seneviratne S I,Lüthi D,Litschi M,et al.,2006.Land-atmosphere coupling and climate change in Europe[J].Nature,443(7108):205-209.
Sheffield J,Goteti G,Wood E F,2006.Development of a 50-year high-resolution global dataset of meteorological forcings for land surface modeling[J].J Climate,19(13):3088-3111.
Sun Y,Gu L H,Dickinson R E,2012.A numerical issue in calculating the coupled carbon and water fluxes in a climate model[J].J Geophys Res,117(D22):D22103.
van Dijk A I J M,Bruijnzeel L A,2001.Modelling rainfall interception by vegetation of variable density using an adapted analytical model.Part 1.Model description[J].Journal of Hydrology,247(3/4):230-238.
王爱娟,章文波,2009.林冠截留降雨研究综述[J].水土保持研究,16(4):55-59.Wang A J,Zhang W B,2009.Reviews of vagetation interception of rainfall[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,16(4):55-59.(in Chinese).
Wang D,Anagnostou E N,Wang G,2008.Effects of sub-grid variability of precipitation and canopy water storage on climate model simulations of water cycle in Europe[J].Advances in Geosciences,17:49-53.
Wang G L,Eltahir E A B,2000.Modeling the biosphere-atmosphere system:the impact of the subgrid variability in rainfall interception[J].J Climate,13(16):2887-2899.
尹伊,2013.NCAR_CLM系列模式对植被冠层截留的模拟、评估与改进[D].南京:南京信息工程大学.Yin Y,2013.Numerical experiment,assessment and improvement of the canopy interception from three versions of NCAR community land Model[D].Nanjing:Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology.(in Chinese).
尹伊,陈海山,2013.植被冠层截留对地表水分和能量平衡影响的数值模拟[J].气象科学,33(2):119-129.Yin Y,Chen H S,2013.Numerical experiment of impacts of canopy interception on land surface water and energy balance[J].Scientia Meteorologica Sinica,33(2):119-129.(in Chinese).
俞淼,陈海山,孙照渤,等,2010.全球植被年际尺度动态过程的数值模拟及其评估[J].大气科学学报,33(3):365-374.Yu M,Chen H S,Sun Z B,et al.,2010.Numerical simulation and assessment of interannual variation in vegetation at global scale[J].Trans Atmos Sci,33(3):365-374.(in Chinese).
Zhang C,Wang D G,Wang G L,et al.,2014.Regional differences in hydrological response to canopy interception schemes in a land surface model[J].Hydrol Process,28(4):2499-2508.
Zhang G J,McFarlane N A,1995.Sensitivity of climate simulations to the parameterization of cumulus convection in the Canadian climate centre general circulation model[J].Atmosphere-Ocean,33(3):407-446.
Zhang Y Q,Peňa-Arancibia J L,McVicar T R,et al.,2016.Multi-decadal trends in global terrestrial evapotranspiration and its components[J].Scientific Reports,6:19124.
Bonan G B,Lawrence P J,Oleson K W,et al.,2011.Improving canopy processes in the Community Land Model version 4 (CLM4) using global flux fields empirically inferred from FLUXNET data[J].J Geophys Res,116(G2).
陈海山,倪东鸿,李忠贤,等,2006.植被覆盖异常变化影响陆面状况的数值模拟[J].南京气象学院学报,29(6):725-734.Chen H S,Ni D H,Li Z X,et al.,2006.Modeling of impacts of vegetation coverage change on land surface conditions[J].J Nanjing Inst Meteor,29(6):725-734.(in Chinese).
陈晓光,李剑萍,韩颖娟,等,2007.宁夏近20年来植被覆盖度及其与气温降水的关系[J].生态学杂志,26(9):1375-1383.Chen X G,Li J P,Han Y J,et al.,2007.Vegetation coverage and its relationships with temperature and precipitation in Ningxia in 1981—2004[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,26(9):1375-1383.(in Chinese).
Davies-Barnard T,Valdes P J,Jones C D,et al.,2014.Sensitivity of a coupled climate model to canopy interception capacity[J].Clim Dyn,42(7/8):1715-1732.
董喜春,汤剑平,王元,等,2008.长江中下游地区城市化进程中地表植被变化气候效应的数值模拟[J].气象科学,28(2):147-154.Dong X C,Tang J P,Wang Y,et al.,2008.Numerical simulation of the climate effect of the urbanization course along the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River[J].Scientia Meteorologica Sinica,28(2):147-154.(in Chinese).
Gash J H C,Morton A J,1978.An application of the Rutter model to the estimation of the interception loss from Thetford Forest[J].Journal of Hydrology,38(1/2):49-58.
Gash J H C,Lloyd C R,Lachaud G,1995.Estimating sparse forest rainfall interception with an analytical model[J].Journal of Hydrology,170(1/2/3/4):79-86.
Good S P,Noone D,Bowen G,2015.Hydrologic connectivity constrains partitioning of global terrestrial water fluxes[J].Science,349(6244):175-177.
Guillod B P,Orlowsky B,Miralles D G,et al.,2015.Reconciling spatial and temporal soil moisture effects on afternoon rainfall[J].Nat Commun,6:6443.
黄珏,陈海山,俞淼,2013.1981—2008年中国陆地植被NPP对气候变化响应的敏感性试验[J].大气科学学报,36(3):316-322.Huang J,Chen H S,Yu M,2013.Sensitivity experiments on response of terrestrial net primary productivity in China to climate change during 1981—2008[J].Trans Atmos Sci,36(3):316-322.(in Chinese).
Keim R F,Skaugset A E,2004.A linear system model of dynamic throughfall rates beneath forest canopies[J].Water Resour Res,40(5):154-157.
Lawrence P J,Chase T N,2007.Representing a new MODIS consistent land surface in the Community Land Model (CLM3.0)[J].J Geophys Res,112(G1):G01023.
Lawrence P J,Chase T N,2010.Investigating the climate impacts of global land cover change in the community climate system model[J].Int J Climatol,30(13):2066-2087.
刘向培,刘烈霜,史小康,等,2015.中国东北植被动态变化及其与气候因子的关系[J].大气科学学报,38(2):222-231.Liu X P,Liu L S,Shi X K,et al.,2015.Dynamic variation of vegetation over Northeast China and its relationship with climate factors[J].Trans Atmos Sci,38(2):222-231.(in Chinese).
Mao J F,Pitman A J,Phipps S J,et al.,2011.Global and regional coupled climate sensitivity to the parameterization of rainfall interception[J].Clim Dyn,37(1/2):171-186.
Martens B,Miralles D G,Lievens H,et al.,2017.GLEAM v3:satellite-based land evaporation and root-zone soil moisture[J].Geoscientific Model Development Discussions,10(5):1903-1925.
Michel D,Jiménez C,Miralles D G,et al.,2016.The WACMOS-ET project-Part 1:tower-scale evaluation of four remote-sensing-based evapotranspiration algorithms[J].Hydrol Earth Syst Sci,20(2):803-822.
Miralles D G,Gash J H,Holmes T R H,et al.,2010.Global canopy interception from satellite observations[J].J Geophys Res,115(D16):D16122.
Miralles D G,Holmes T R H,de Jeu R A M,et al.,2011.Global land-surface evaporation estimated from satellite-based observations[J].Hydrol Earth Syst Sci,15(2):453-469.
Miralles D G,van den Berg M J,Gash J H,et al.,2014.El Niňo-La Niňa cycle and recent trends in continental evaporation[J].Nature Clim Change,4(2):122-126.
Miralles D G,Jiménez C,Jung M,et al.,2016.The WACMOS-ET project-Part 2:evaluation of global terrestrial evaporation data sets[J].Hydrol Earth Syst Sci,20(2):823-842.
Neale R B,Richter J H,Jochum M,2008.The impact of convection on ENSO:from a delayed oscillator to a series of events[J].J Climate,21(22):5904-5924.
Park S,Bretherton C S,2009.The university of washington shallow convection and moist turbulence schemes and their impact on climate simulations with the community atmosphere model[J].J Climate,22(12):3449-3469.
Savenije H H G,2004.The importance of interception and why we should delete the term evapotranspiration from our vocabulary[J].Hydrol Process,18(8):1507-1511.
Scott R,Koster R D,Entekhabi D,et al.,1995.Effect of a canopy interception reservoir on hydrological persistence in a general circulation model[J].J Climate,8(7):1917-1922.
Seneviratne S I,Lüthi D,Litschi M,et al.,2006.Land-atmosphere coupling and climate change in Europe[J].Nature,443(7108):205-209.
Sheffield J,Goteti G,Wood E F,2006.Development of a 50-year high-resolution global dataset of meteorological forcings for land surface modeling[J].J Climate,19(13):3088-3111.
Sun Y,Gu L H,Dickinson R E,2012.A numerical issue in calculating the coupled carbon and water fluxes in a climate model[J].J Geophys Res,117(D22):D22103.
van Dijk A I J M,Bruijnzeel L A,2001.Modelling rainfall interception by vegetation of variable density using an adapted analytical model.Part 1.Model description[J].Journal of Hydrology,247(3/4):230-238.
王爱娟,章文波,2009.林冠截留降雨研究综述[J].水土保持研究,16(4):55-59.Wang A J,Zhang W B,2009.Reviews of vagetation interception of rainfall[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,16(4):55-59.(in Chinese).
Wang D,Anagnostou E N,Wang G,2008.Effects of sub-grid variability of precipitation and canopy water storage on climate model simulations of water cycle in Europe[J].Advances in Geosciences,17:49-53.
Wang G L,Eltahir E A B,2000.Modeling the biosphere-atmosphere system:the impact of the subgrid variability in rainfall interception[J].J Climate,13(16):2887-2899.
尹伊,2013.NCAR_CLM系列模式对植被冠层截留的模拟、评估与改进[D].南京:南京信息工程大学.Yin Y,2013.Numerical experiment,assessment and improvement of the canopy interception from three versions of NCAR community land Model[D].Nanjing:Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology.(in Chinese).
尹伊,陈海山,2013.植被冠层截留对地表水分和能量平衡影响的数值模拟[J].气象科学,33(2):119-129.Yin Y,Chen H S,2013.Numerical experiment of impacts of canopy interception on land surface water and energy balance[J].Scientia Meteorologica Sinica,33(2):119-129.(in Chinese).
俞淼,陈海山,孙照渤,等,2010.全球植被年际尺度动态过程的数值模拟及其评估[J].大气科学学报,33(3):365-374.Yu M,Chen H S,Sun Z B,et al.,2010.Numerical simulation and assessment of interannual variation in vegetation at global scale[J].Trans Atmos Sci,33(3):365-374.(in Chinese).
Zhang C,Wang D G,Wang G L,et al.,2014.Regional differences in hydrological response to canopy interception schemes in a land surface model[J].Hydrol Process,28(4):2499-2508.
Zhang G J,McFarlane N A,1995.Sensitivity of climate simulations to the parameterization of cumulus convection in the Canadian climate centre general circulation model[J].Atmosphere-Ocean,33(3):407-446.
Zhang Y Q,Peňa-Arancibia J L,McVicar T R,et al.,2016.Multi-decadal trends in global terrestrial evapotranspiration and its components[J].Scientific Reports,6:19124.