柚木野螟各虫态形态与发育历期观测
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摘要
柚木野螟Eutectona machaeralis Walker属鳞翅目Lepidoptera草螟科Crambidae,是危害柚木Tectona grandis的一种主要食叶害虫,目前对其生物学特性的研究仍较少。本研究主要观察了柚木野螟生长发育过程中不同虫态的形态特征,并对其虫龄进行了划分,主要研究结果如下:柚木野螟属于全变态昆虫,各个时期形态和体色均不同。卵初产时为近透明球体,后变浅黄色;幼虫体色变化为乳白色→淡绿色→黄褐色;蛹体色变化为黄绿色→茶褐色→黑褐色;雄成虫腹部细长,末端尖,静止时从背面可见腹部末端,而雌成虫腹面粗短,末端钝,静止时从背面很少看到腹部末端。观察可知,在光暗周期L∶D=14∶10、室温26℃±1℃、相对湿度75%-80%的实验室环境条件下,柚木野螟交尾后产卵前期为3.2 d,产卵期为4.4 d,孵化期为4 d;幼虫期为10-13 d。通过测量柚木野螟各龄幼虫头壳宽度并计算得到Crosby指数,可知幼虫不同阶段头壳宽度存在显著差异,并且得到的Crosby指数小于10%,所以可依据头壳宽度将柚木野螟幼虫划分为5个龄期,1龄幼虫2-3 d,2龄幼虫2 d,3龄幼虫2 d,4龄幼虫2 d,5龄幼虫3 d;预蛹期1-2 d,蛹期6 d,一个世代大约24.5 d。
As one of the most damaging pests of Tectona grandis, the biology of Eutectona machaeralis(Walker) is not well studied. We deeply observed its morphological characteristics, including the larval development, adult emergence, and made classifications for the larvae's age. The results were as followed: the pest was all-perverted, and each states' characteristics were different.Eggs during the first round of developmental stage were nearly transparent sphere, and pale yellow in late development; the newly hatched larvae were milky white, then pale green, and mature larvae were brown; early pupa were yellow-green, while the late pupa were brown, and the pre-eclosion pupa were dark brown; the abdomen of male adults was slender with sharp tip, and the end of it could be seen from the back when the pest stands still; while the abdomen of female adults was stubby with blunt tip, and the end of it could not be seen from the back when the pest stands still. Observation showed that after mating, the pre-oviposition period was about 3.2 d, the spawning period was about 4.4 d, the incubation period was about 4 d, and the larval period was 10-13 days under the environment of L ∶D=14 ∶10, room temperature 26℃±1℃ and relative humidity of 75%-80%. By measuring the head shell width of each age larvae, and calculating the Crosby index, we could see that there were significant differences in the head shell width at different stages of larvae. And the Crosby index was less than 10%, there fore the larvae could be divided into 5 age instar groups according to the width of the head shell, 1~(st) instar 2-3 d, 2~(nd) instar 2 d, 3~(rd) instar 2 d, 4~(th) instar 2 d, 5~(th) instar 3 d; pre-pupal instar 1-2 d, pupal instar 6 d, a generation about 24.5 d.
As one of the most damaging pests of Tectona grandis, the biology of Eutectona machaeralis(Walker) is not well studied. We deeply observed its morphological characteristics, including the larval development, adult emergence, and made classifications for the larvae's age. The results were as followed: the pest was all-perverted, and each states' characteristics were different.Eggs during the first round of developmental stage were nearly transparent sphere, and pale yellow in late development; the newly hatched larvae were milky white, then pale green, and mature larvae were brown; early pupa were yellow-green, while the late pupa were brown, and the pre-eclosion pupa were dark brown; the abdomen of male adults was slender with sharp tip, and the end of it could be seen from the back when the pest stands still; while the abdomen of female adults was stubby with blunt tip, and the end of it could not be seen from the back when the pest stands still. Observation showed that after mating, the pre-oviposition period was about 3.2 d, the spawning period was about 4.4 d, the incubation period was about 4 d, and the larval period was 10-13 days under the environment of L ∶D=14 ∶10, room temperature 26℃±1℃ and relative humidity of 75%-80%. By measuring the head shell width of each age larvae, and calculating the Crosby index, we could see that there were significant differences in the head shell width at different stages of larvae. And the Crosby index was less than 10%, there fore the larvae could be divided into 5 age instar groups according to the width of the head shell, 1~(st) instar 2-3 d, 2~(nd) instar 2 d, 3~(rd) instar 2 d, 4~(th) instar 2 d, 5~(th) instar 3 d; pre-pupal instar 1-2 d, pupal instar 6 d, a generation about 24.5 d.
引文
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Chen BX, Dong YZ, Chen LS, et al. Identification and biological characteristics of Thalassodes immissaria, an emerald moth infesting litchi [J]. Chinese Journal of Fruit Science, 2010, 27 (2): 261-264. [陈炳旭, 董易之, 陈刘生, 等. 荔枝粗胫翠尺蛾的鉴定及生物学特性研究 [J]. 果树学报, 2010, 27 (2): 261-264]
Chen H. Determination of larval instar of Sinitinea pyrigalla [J]. Journal of Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, 1990, 4: 30-33. [陈湖. 梨瘿华蛾幼虫龄期的确定 [J]. 河北科技师范学院学报, 1990, 4: 30-33]
China Tree Wood Editorial Board. Reforestation Technology of Major Tree Species in China (Vol.Ⅱ) [M]. Beijing: China Forestry Publishing House, 1981: 846-851. [中国树木志编委会. 中国主要树种造林技术(下册) [M]. 北京: 中国林业出版社, 1981: 846-851]
Dong YZ, Chen BX, Xu S, et al. Division of larval instars of the litchi giant looper, Ascotis selenaria(Lepidoptera: Geometridae) [J]. Journal of Environmental Entomology, 2011, 4: 552-556. [董易之, 陈炳旭, 徐淑, 等. 荔枝大造桥虫幼虫龄数的划分 [J]. 环境昆虫学报, 2011, 4: 552-556]
Fantinou AA, Tsitsipis JA, Karandinos MG. Effects of short-and-long-day photoperiods on growth and development of Sesamia nonagrioides (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) [J]. Entomol. Soc. Am., 1996, 25 (6): 1337-1343.
Got B. Determination of instar of the European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) based on a distribution model of head capsule widths [J]. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 1988, 81 (1): 91-98.
Gu MB. Discussion on the prevention and control of Pyrausta machaeralis [J]. Acta Entomologica Sinica, 1982, 1: 8. [顾茂彬. 关于柚木野螟防治问题的商榷 [J]. 昆虫学报, 1982, 1: 8]
Li Y. Biological Characteristics and Reproduction Behavior of Peridroma saucia (Hübner) [D]. Luoyang:Henan University of Science and Technology, 2017. [李杨. 疆夜蛾的生物学特性及生殖行为研究 [D]. 洛阳:河南科技大学, 2017]
Liang KN, Zhou ZZ, Ma HM, et al. Development status, countermeasures and prospects of the rare tree species teak plantations in China [J]. Fujian Forestry Science and Technology, 2011, 38 (4): 173-178. [梁坤南, 周再知, 马华明, 等. 我国珍贵树种柚木人工林发展现状、对策与展望 [J]. 福建林业科技, 2011, 38 (4): 173-178]
Loerch CR, Camerom EA. Determination of larval instars of the bronze birch borer, Agrilus anxius (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) [J]. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 1983, 76: 948-952.
Patila BV , Thontadarya TS , Yi XD. Studies on biology and parasitism of several trichogramma species in the egg stage of Pyrausta machaeralis [J]. Hunan Forestry Science and Technology, 1985, 2: 46-47. [Patila BV , Thontadarya TS , 仪向东. 柚木野螟卵期几种赤眼蜂生物学和寄生情况研究 [J]. 湖南林业科技, 1985, 2: 46-47]
Qin HG, Ye ZX, Ding J, et al. Effects of temperature on the development, survival and fecundity of Spodoptera litura Fabricius [J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology and Agriculture, 2002, 10 (3): 76-79. [秦厚国, 叶正襄, 丁建, 等. 温度对斜纹夜蛾发育、存活及繁殖的影响 [J]. 中国生态农业学报, 2002, 10 (3): 76-79]
Strand MR. Characterization of larval development in Pseudoplusia includens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) [J]. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 1990, 83 (3): 538-544.
Sun YJ, Wei JY, Yang ZD, et al. Classification on larvae instars of Buzura suppressaria [J]. Insect Knowledge, 2009, 46 (4): 892-895. [孙艳娟, 韦金英, 杨振德, 等, 油桐尺蠖幼虫龄期的划分 [J]. 昆虫知识, 2009, 46 (4): 892-895]
Wan Y, Liu TH, Wang JJ, et al. Identification of the larval instars of the Depressaria falkovitshi Lvovsky (Lepidoptera: Elachistidae: Depressariinae) [J]. Chinese Journal of Entomology, 2015, 52 (6): 1491-1495. [万喻, 刘廷辉, 王静静, 等. 法氏柴胡宽蛾幼虫龄期的划分 [J]. 应用昆虫学报, 2015, 52 (6): 1491-1495]
Wu SX, Chen ZQ, Wang TH. Preliminary studies on Pyrausta machaeralis [J]. Tropical Forestry Science and Technology, 1979, Z1: 22-31. [吴士雄, 陈芝卿, 王铁华. 柚木野螟的初步研究 [J]. 热带林业科技, 1979, Z1: 22-31]
Wei SJ, XU FL, Hua FL. A camphor insect pest-bionomics of Orthaga olivacea [J]. Journal of Insects, 2008, 45 (4): 562-565. [魏书军, 许发良, 滑福林. 香樟害虫-橄绿瘤丛螟的生物学特性 [J]. 昆虫知识, 2008, 45 (4): 562-565]
Wei SJ, Zheng HH, Huangfu WG. Division of larval instars of the citrus borer, Agrilus auriventris Saunders(Coleoptera: Buprestidae) [J]. Acta Entomologica Sinica, 2006, 49 (2): 302-309. [魏书军, 郑宏海, 皇甫伟国. 柑桔爆皮虫幼虫龄期的划分 [J]. 昆虫学报, 2006, 49 (2): 302-309]
White KJ. Teak:Some Aspects of Research and Development [M]. Yangon: San Thain Kha Press, 1991: 3.
Wang XY, Yang ZQ, Tang YL, et al. Determination of larval instar number and duration in the oak longhorn beetle, Massicus raddei (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) [J]. Acta Entomologica Sinica, 2012, 55 (5): 575-584. [王小艺, 杨忠岐, 唐艳龙, 等. 栗山天牛幼虫龄数和龄期的测定 [J]. 昆虫学报, 2012, 55 (5): 575-584]
Yan L, Yu YH, Lan JH. Determination of Gynaephora menyuanensis (C.Y.) larval instar [J]. Qinghai Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, 1994, 5: 13-15. [严林, 余英花, 兰景华. 门源草原毛虫幼虫虫龄的判别 [J]. 青海畜牧兽医杂志, 1994, 5: 13-15]
Yang MH, Zhang JT, Zong SX, et al. Determination of the larval instar number of the carpenter moth Holcocerus vicarius(Lepidoptera: Cossidae) [J]. Acta Entomologica Sinica, 2012, 55 (6): 710-718. [杨美红, 张金桐, 宗世祥, 等. 榆木蠹蛾幼虫龄数的确定 [J]. 昆虫学报, 2012, 55 (6): 710-718]
Zhou B, Zhou GY, Yang Q, et al. Biological characteristics and larval instar determination of Orvasca subnotata (Lepidoptera: Lymantriida), a defoliator of Dalbergia odorifera (Leguminosae) [J]. Acta Entomologica Sinica, 2015, 58 (11): 1253-1261. [周斌, 周国英, 杨权, 等. 降香黄檀食叶害虫棕斑澳黄毒蛾的生物学特性及幼虫虫龄判断 [J]. 昆虫学报, 2015, 58 (11): 1253-1261]
Zhou B. Analysis of theBiological Characteristics and Control of Orvasca subnotata (Lepidoptera: Lymantriida) in Hainan [D]. Changsha:Zhongnan Forestry University, 2016. [周斌. 海南棕斑澳黄毒蛾生物学特性及其防治研究 [D]. 长沙:中南林业科技大学, 2016]
Zhang HX. Preliminary studies on the control of Pyrausta machaeralis by coccidioides [J]. Tropical Forest Science and Technology, 1980, 1: 19-23. [张华轩. 利用青虫菌防治柚木野螟的初步研究 [J]. 热带林业科技, 1980, 1: 19-23]
Zhang M, Liu ZT, Wen XJ. Sex identification of Pyrausta machaeralis pupae [J]. Guangxi Forestry Science, 2014, 43 (2): 200-203. [张蒙, 刘志韬, 温秀军. 柚木野螟雌雄蛹鉴定 [J]. 广西林业科学, 2014, 43 (2): 200-203]
Zhang WY, Wang XT, Xie DT. Purification of diflubenzuron No.3 (insecticide) on Pyrausta machaeralis [J]. Tropical Forestry Science and Technology, 1987, 3: 38-43. [张维耀, 王晓通, 谢道同. 灭幼脲3号(虫敌)对柚木野螟药效试验初报 [J]. 热带林业科技, 1987, 3: 38-43]
Zhu JH, Zhang FP, Ren HG. Development and nutrition of Prodenia litura on four food plants [J]. Insect Knowledge, 2005, 42 (6): 643-646. [朱俊洪, 张方平, 任洪刚. 四种食料植物对斜纹夜蛾生长发育及营养指标的影响 [J]. 昆虫知识, 2005, 42 (6): 643-646]
Chen BX, Dong YZ, Chen LS, et al. Identification and biological characteristics of Thalassodes immissaria, an emerald moth infesting litchi [J]. Chinese Journal of Fruit Science, 2010, 27 (2): 261-264. [陈炳旭, 董易之, 陈刘生, 等. 荔枝粗胫翠尺蛾的鉴定及生物学特性研究 [J]. 果树学报, 2010, 27 (2): 261-264]
Chen H. Determination of larval instar of Sinitinea pyrigalla [J]. Journal of Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, 1990, 4: 30-33. [陈湖. 梨瘿华蛾幼虫龄期的确定 [J]. 河北科技师范学院学报, 1990, 4: 30-33]
China Tree Wood Editorial Board. Reforestation Technology of Major Tree Species in China (Vol.Ⅱ) [M]. Beijing: China Forestry Publishing House, 1981: 846-851. [中国树木志编委会. 中国主要树种造林技术(下册) [M]. 北京: 中国林业出版社, 1981: 846-851]
Dong YZ, Chen BX, Xu S, et al. Division of larval instars of the litchi giant looper, Ascotis selenaria(Lepidoptera: Geometridae) [J]. Journal of Environmental Entomology, 2011, 4: 552-556. [董易之, 陈炳旭, 徐淑, 等. 荔枝大造桥虫幼虫龄数的划分 [J]. 环境昆虫学报, 2011, 4: 552-556]
Fantinou AA, Tsitsipis JA, Karandinos MG. Effects of short-and-long-day photoperiods on growth and development of Sesamia nonagrioides (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) [J]. Entomol. Soc. Am., 1996, 25 (6): 1337-1343.
Got B. Determination of instar of the European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) based on a distribution model of head capsule widths [J]. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 1988, 81 (1): 91-98.
Gu MB. Discussion on the prevention and control of Pyrausta machaeralis [J]. Acta Entomologica Sinica, 1982, 1: 8. [顾茂彬. 关于柚木野螟防治问题的商榷 [J]. 昆虫学报, 1982, 1: 8]
Li Y. Biological Characteristics and Reproduction Behavior of Peridroma saucia (Hübner) [D]. Luoyang:Henan University of Science and Technology, 2017. [李杨. 疆夜蛾的生物学特性及生殖行为研究 [D]. 洛阳:河南科技大学, 2017]
Liang KN, Zhou ZZ, Ma HM, et al. Development status, countermeasures and prospects of the rare tree species teak plantations in China [J]. Fujian Forestry Science and Technology, 2011, 38 (4): 173-178. [梁坤南, 周再知, 马华明, 等. 我国珍贵树种柚木人工林发展现状、对策与展望 [J]. 福建林业科技, 2011, 38 (4): 173-178]
Loerch CR, Camerom EA. Determination of larval instars of the bronze birch borer, Agrilus anxius (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) [J]. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 1983, 76: 948-952.
Patila BV , Thontadarya TS , Yi XD. Studies on biology and parasitism of several trichogramma species in the egg stage of Pyrausta machaeralis [J]. Hunan Forestry Science and Technology, 1985, 2: 46-47. [Patila BV , Thontadarya TS , 仪向东. 柚木野螟卵期几种赤眼蜂生物学和寄生情况研究 [J]. 湖南林业科技, 1985, 2: 46-47]
Qin HG, Ye ZX, Ding J, et al. Effects of temperature on the development, survival and fecundity of Spodoptera litura Fabricius [J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology and Agriculture, 2002, 10 (3): 76-79. [秦厚国, 叶正襄, 丁建, 等. 温度对斜纹夜蛾发育、存活及繁殖的影响 [J]. 中国生态农业学报, 2002, 10 (3): 76-79]
Strand MR. Characterization of larval development in Pseudoplusia includens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) [J]. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 1990, 83 (3): 538-544.
Sun YJ, Wei JY, Yang ZD, et al. Classification on larvae instars of Buzura suppressaria [J]. Insect Knowledge, 2009, 46 (4): 892-895. [孙艳娟, 韦金英, 杨振德, 等, 油桐尺蠖幼虫龄期的划分 [J]. 昆虫知识, 2009, 46 (4): 892-895]
Wan Y, Liu TH, Wang JJ, et al. Identification of the larval instars of the Depressaria falkovitshi Lvovsky (Lepidoptera: Elachistidae: Depressariinae) [J]. Chinese Journal of Entomology, 2015, 52 (6): 1491-1495. [万喻, 刘廷辉, 王静静, 等. 法氏柴胡宽蛾幼虫龄期的划分 [J]. 应用昆虫学报, 2015, 52 (6): 1491-1495]
Wu SX, Chen ZQ, Wang TH. Preliminary studies on Pyrausta machaeralis [J]. Tropical Forestry Science and Technology, 1979, Z1: 22-31. [吴士雄, 陈芝卿, 王铁华. 柚木野螟的初步研究 [J]. 热带林业科技, 1979, Z1: 22-31]
Wei SJ, XU FL, Hua FL. A camphor insect pest-bionomics of Orthaga olivacea [J]. Journal of Insects, 2008, 45 (4): 562-565. [魏书军, 许发良, 滑福林. 香樟害虫-橄绿瘤丛螟的生物学特性 [J]. 昆虫知识, 2008, 45 (4): 562-565]
Wei SJ, Zheng HH, Huangfu WG. Division of larval instars of the citrus borer, Agrilus auriventris Saunders(Coleoptera: Buprestidae) [J]. Acta Entomologica Sinica, 2006, 49 (2): 302-309. [魏书军, 郑宏海, 皇甫伟国. 柑桔爆皮虫幼虫龄期的划分 [J]. 昆虫学报, 2006, 49 (2): 302-309]
White KJ. Teak:Some Aspects of Research and Development [M]. Yangon: San Thain Kha Press, 1991: 3.
Wang XY, Yang ZQ, Tang YL, et al. Determination of larval instar number and duration in the oak longhorn beetle, Massicus raddei (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) [J]. Acta Entomologica Sinica, 2012, 55 (5): 575-584. [王小艺, 杨忠岐, 唐艳龙, 等. 栗山天牛幼虫龄数和龄期的测定 [J]. 昆虫学报, 2012, 55 (5): 575-584]
Yan L, Yu YH, Lan JH. Determination of Gynaephora menyuanensis (C.Y.) larval instar [J]. Qinghai Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, 1994, 5: 13-15. [严林, 余英花, 兰景华. 门源草原毛虫幼虫虫龄的判别 [J]. 青海畜牧兽医杂志, 1994, 5: 13-15]
Yang MH, Zhang JT, Zong SX, et al. Determination of the larval instar number of the carpenter moth Holcocerus vicarius(Lepidoptera: Cossidae) [J]. Acta Entomologica Sinica, 2012, 55 (6): 710-718. [杨美红, 张金桐, 宗世祥, 等. 榆木蠹蛾幼虫龄数的确定 [J]. 昆虫学报, 2012, 55 (6): 710-718]
Zhou B, Zhou GY, Yang Q, et al. Biological characteristics and larval instar determination of Orvasca subnotata (Lepidoptera: Lymantriida), a defoliator of Dalbergia odorifera (Leguminosae) [J]. Acta Entomologica Sinica, 2015, 58 (11): 1253-1261. [周斌, 周国英, 杨权, 等. 降香黄檀食叶害虫棕斑澳黄毒蛾的生物学特性及幼虫虫龄判断 [J]. 昆虫学报, 2015, 58 (11): 1253-1261]
Zhou B. Analysis of theBiological Characteristics and Control of Orvasca subnotata (Lepidoptera: Lymantriida) in Hainan [D]. Changsha:Zhongnan Forestry University, 2016. [周斌. 海南棕斑澳黄毒蛾生物学特性及其防治研究 [D]. 长沙:中南林业科技大学, 2016]
Zhang HX. Preliminary studies on the control of Pyrausta machaeralis by coccidioides [J]. Tropical Forest Science and Technology, 1980, 1: 19-23. [张华轩. 利用青虫菌防治柚木野螟的初步研究 [J]. 热带林业科技, 1980, 1: 19-23]
Zhang M, Liu ZT, Wen XJ. Sex identification of Pyrausta machaeralis pupae [J]. Guangxi Forestry Science, 2014, 43 (2): 200-203. [张蒙, 刘志韬, 温秀军. 柚木野螟雌雄蛹鉴定 [J]. 广西林业科学, 2014, 43 (2): 200-203]
Zhang WY, Wang XT, Xie DT. Purification of diflubenzuron No.3 (insecticide) on Pyrausta machaeralis [J]. Tropical Forestry Science and Technology, 1987, 3: 38-43. [张维耀, 王晓通, 谢道同. 灭幼脲3号(虫敌)对柚木野螟药效试验初报 [J]. 热带林业科技, 1987, 3: 38-43]
Zhu JH, Zhang FP, Ren HG. Development and nutrition of Prodenia litura on four food plants [J]. Insect Knowledge, 2005, 42 (6): 643-646. [朱俊洪, 张方平, 任洪刚. 四种食料植物对斜纹夜蛾生长发育及营养指标的影响 [J]. 昆虫知识, 2005, 42 (6): 643-646]