生态地理学概念界定及其经典案例分析
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摘要
对生态地理学的概念进行了详细讨论和辨析,并将它与相近学科如生物地理学、生态地理区划、宏生态学等进行了比较分析,界定了生态地理学的概念。研究认为:生态地理学是生态学和地理学的交叉学科,是研究生态系统各组分关系和生态过程的地理空间分布格局或/和时间演变规律及其与地理环境耦合机制的学科。生态地理学的目的是揭示不同环境梯度下或不同时间尺度上生态系统各组分关系和生态过程的普适性规律及其成因。同时,结合国内外野外实验平台介绍,在全球变化等研究领域列举了经典案例进行分析:(1)全球不同气候带森林凋落物分解和碳汇功能的研究;(2)中国不同陆地生态系统碳通量和碳汇功能研究;(3)中国东北样带和南北样带陆地生态系统的脆弱性与适应性研究;(4)中国北方草地样带尺度的生态系统生态学研究。主要目的是在辨析生态地理学概念的基础上指出未来发展方向,推动生态地理学的发展。
Based on literature review, we clarified the concept of Eco-geography after thorough discussion and discrimination from related disciplines such as Biogeography, Eco-geographical Planning and Macroecology.We considered that Eco-geography is the interdisciplinary science between Ecology and Geography. It concerns the geospatial pattern and/or temporal change of biotic interactions and ecological processes of ecosystems and how they are coupled with geographical parameters. The aim of Eco-geography is to demonstrate the universal rules and underlying mechanisms of biotic interactions and ecological processes of ecosystems along various environmental gradients and/or at different time scale. Meanwhile, we discussed several classical ecographical studies, particularly those from field controlled experiments in global change and other areas: 1)Global litter decomposition and carbon sink at different climatic regions; 2) Carbon flux and carbon sink of major terrestrial ecosystems in China; 3) Fragility and adaptability of terrestrial ecosystems along NECT and NSTEC transects of China; 4) Ecosystem studies of temperate grassland transect in northern China. Our aim is to facilitate the development of Eco-geography by clarifying the concept and highlighting the future directions.Fur future eco-graphical study, we need to pay special attention to the following aspects: 1) To strengthen the geospatial network study on ecological processes based on field stations and facilities affiliated with National Ecosystem Research Network(NERN) of China; 2) To launch key project in support of innovative ideas with well-designed field controlled experiments along geospatial gradient; 3) To enhance the large scale application of remote sensing technology coupled with long-term monitoring of ecological processes.
Based on literature review, we clarified the concept of Eco-geography after thorough discussion and discrimination from related disciplines such as Biogeography, Eco-geographical Planning and Macroecology.We considered that Eco-geography is the interdisciplinary science between Ecology and Geography. It concerns the geospatial pattern and/or temporal change of biotic interactions and ecological processes of ecosystems and how they are coupled with geographical parameters. The aim of Eco-geography is to demonstrate the universal rules and underlying mechanisms of biotic interactions and ecological processes of ecosystems along various environmental gradients and/or at different time scale. Meanwhile, we discussed several classical ecographical studies, particularly those from field controlled experiments in global change and other areas: 1)Global litter decomposition and carbon sink at different climatic regions; 2) Carbon flux and carbon sink of major terrestrial ecosystems in China; 3) Fragility and adaptability of terrestrial ecosystems along NECT and NSTEC transects of China; 4) Ecosystem studies of temperate grassland transect in northern China. Our aim is to facilitate the development of Eco-geography by clarifying the concept and highlighting the future directions.Fur future eco-graphical study, we need to pay special attention to the following aspects: 1) To strengthen the geospatial network study on ecological processes based on field stations and facilities affiliated with National Ecosystem Research Network(NERN) of China; 2) To launch key project in support of innovative ideas with well-designed field controlled experiments along geospatial gradient; 3) To enhance the large scale application of remote sensing technology coupled with long-term monitoring of ecological processes.
引文
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[2] Tricart J, Killian J L. L'eco-geographie et l'amenagement du milieu naturel[M]. Paris:Herdote, n, especial, 1979.
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[14]程叶青,张平宇.生态地理区划研究进展[J].生态学报,2006,26(10):3424-3433.[Cheng Yeqing, Zhang Pingyu. Progrest on eco-geographical regionalization researches. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(10):3424-3433.]
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[16]王传胜,范振军,董锁成,等.生态经济区划研究——以西北6省为例[J].生态学报,2005,25(7):1804-1810.[Wang Chuansheng, Fan Zhenjun, Dong Suocheng et al. Study on the eco-economical regionalization:A case of 6 provinces in Northwest China. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2005, 25(7):1804-1810.]
[17]张素芳,马礼.浅谈中国生态地理区划研究进展[J].首都师范大学学报(自然科学版),2013,34(4):64-68.[Zhang Sufang, Ma Li. Progrest on eco-geographical regionalization researches in China. Journal of Capital Normal University(Natural Science Edition):2013, 34(4):64-68.]
[18] Lu Fen, Ming Qingzhong, Liu Hongfang. Development progress of ecogeography and its research, perspective in China[J].Scientific Journal of Earth Science, 2014, 4(2):118-124.
[19] Brown J H, Maurer B A. Body size, ecological dominance and Cope’s rule[J]. Nature, 1986, 324:248-250.
[20] Brown J M. Macroecology[M]. Chicago:Chicago University Press, 1995.
[21] Gaston K J. Global patterns in biodiversity[J]. Nature, 2000,405:220-227.
[22]胡慧建,蒋志刚,王祖望.宏生态学(Macroecology)及其研究[J].生态学报, 2003, 23(6):1192-1199.[Hu Huijian, Jiang Zhigang, Wang Zuwang. Macroecology:Concept and progresses.Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2003, 23(6):1192-1199.]
[23] Olson J S. Energy storage and the balance of producers and decomposers in ecological systems[J]. Ecology, 1963, 44:322-331.
[24] Wall D H, Bradford M A, John M G et al. Global decomposition experiment shows soil animal impacts on decomposition are climate-dependent[J]. Global Change Biology, 2008, 14:2661-2677.
[25] Pan Y D, Birdsey R A, Fang J Y et al. A large and persistent carbon sink in the world’s forests[J]. Science, 2011, 333:988.
[26] Yu G R, Fu Y L, Sun X M et al. Recent progress and future directions of ChinaFLUX[J]. Science in China Series D-Earth Sciences, 2006, 49(2):1-23.
[27]方精云,于贵瑞,任小波,等.中国陆地生态系统固碳效应——中国科学院战略性先导科技专项“应对气候变化的碳收支认证及相关问题”之生态系统固碳任务群研究进展[J].中国科学院院刊,2015,30(6):848-857.[Fang Jingyun, Yu Guirui, Ren Xiaobo et al. Carbon sequestration in China's terrestrial ecosystems under climate change:Progress on ecosystem carbon sequestration from the CAS strategic priority research program.Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2015, 30(6):848-857.]
[28] Fang J Y, Yu G R, Liu L L et al. Climate change, human impacts, and carbon sequestration in China[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2018. https://doi:org/10.1073/pnas.1700304115.
[29] Tang X L, Zhao X, Bai Y F et al. Carbon pools in China’s terrestrial ecosystems:New estimates based on an intensive field survey[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2018. https://doi:org/10.1073/pnas.1700291115.
[30] Li Y, Niu S L, Yu G R. Aggravated phosphorus limitation on biomass production under increasing nitrogen loading:A metanalysis[J]. Global Change Biology, 2016, 22:934-943.
[31] Peng S S, Piao S L, Wang T et al. Temperature sensitivity of soil respiration in different ecosystems in China[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2009, 41:1008-1014.
[32]张新时,杨奠安.中国全球变化样带的设置与研究.第四纪研究[J]. 1995, 1:43-52.[Zhang Xinshi, Yang Dianan. Allocation and study on global change transects in China. Quaternary Sciences, 1995, 1:43-52.]
[33]周广胜,何奇瑾.生态系统响应全球变化的陆地样带研究[J].地球科学进展,2012,27:563-572.[Zhou Guangsheng, He Qijin.Terrestrial transect study on the responses of ecosystems to global change. Advances in Earth Science, 2012, 27:563-572.]
[34]王淑平,周广胜,吕育财,等.中国东北样带(NECT)土壤碳、氮、磷的梯度分布及其与气候因子的关系[J].植物生态学报,2002, 26(5):513-517.[Wang Shuping, Zhou Guangsheng, Lv Yucai et al. Distribution of soil carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus along northeast China transect(NECT)and their relationships with climatic factors. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2002, 26(5):513-517.]
[35] Wang C, Wang X, Liu D et al. Aridity threshold in controlling ecosystem nitrogen cycling in arid and semi-arid grasslands[J].Nature Communications, 2014, 5:4799.
[36] Liu M Z, Wang Z W, Li S S et al. Changes in specific leaf area of dominant plants in temperate grasslands along a 2500 km transect in northern China[J]. Scientific Reports, 2017, 7:DOI:10.1038/s41598-017-11133-z.
[37] Wang C, Wei H W, Liu S W et al. Depth profiles of soil carbon isotopes along a semi-arid grassland transect in northern China[J]. Plant and Soil, 2017, 417:43-52.
[38] Qian J Q, Wang Z W, Klimesova J et al. Differences in belowground bud bank density and composition along a climatic gradient in the temperate steppe of northern China[J]. Annals of Botany, 2017, 120(5):755-761.
[2] Tricart J, Killian J L. L'eco-geographie et l'amenagement du milieu naturel[M]. Paris:Herdote, n, especial, 1979.
[3]鲁芬,明庆忠,刘宏芳.生态地理学发展历程及在中国的研究与展望[J].地球科学期刊,2014,4(2):118-124.[Lu Fen, Ming Qingzhong, Liu Hongfang. Development progress of ecogeography and research, perspective in China. Scientific Journal of Earth Science, 2014, 4(2):118-124.]
[4]胡焕庸.生态地理学简介[J].经济地理,1982,2(3):186.[Hu Huanyong. Introduction to Ecological Geography. Economic Geography, 1982,2(3):186.]
[5]胡焕庸.新兴的生态地理学[J].生态学杂志,1982,4:59-60.[Hu Huanyong. Emerging ecological geography. Economic Geography, 1982,4:59-60.]
[6]秦养民.生态地理学教学改革探索:问题与途径[J].科教文汇,2016, 372:53-54.[Qin Yangmin. Exploration on teaching reform for the course of“Ecological Geography”:Problems and approaches. The Science Education Article Collects, 2016, 372:53-54.]
[7]陈宜瑜,刘焕章.生物地理学的新进展[J].生物学通报,1995,30(6):1-4.[Chen Yiyu, Liu Huanzhang. New advances in biogeography. Bulletin of Biology,1995,30(6):1-4.]
[8]冷疏影,李新荣,李彦,等.我国生物地理学研究进展[J].地理学报, 2009, 64(9):1039-1047.[Leng Shuying, Li Xinrong, Li Yan et al. Recent progress in Biogeography in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2009, 64(9):1039-1047.]
[9]白伟宁,张大勇.植物亲缘地理学的研究现状与发展趋势[J].生命科学,2014,26(2):125-137.[Bai Weining, Zhang Dayong.Current status and future directions in plant phylogeography.Chinese Bulletin of Life Sciences, 2014, 26(2):125-137.]
[10]刘晔,吴绍洪,郑度,等.中国中温带东部生态地理区划的土壤指标选择[J].地理学报,2008,63(11):1169-1178.[Liu Ye, Wu Shaohong, Zheng Du et al. Soil indicators for eco-geographic regionalization:A case study in mid-temperate zone of eastern China. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2008, 63(11):1169-1178.]
[11]郑度,杨勤业,吴绍洪,等.中国生态地理区域系统研究[M].北京:商务印书馆,2008.[Zheng Du, Yang Qinye, Wu Shaohong et al. Eco-geographic regional system research in China.Beijing:The Commercial Press,2008.]
[12]郑度,葛全胜,张雪芹,等.中国区划工作的回顾与展望[J].地理研究,2005,24(3):330-344.[Zheng Du, Ge Quansheng, Zhang Xueqin et al. Regionalization in China:Retrospect and prospect. Geographical Research, 2005, 24(3):330-344.]
[13]韩锦涛,韩黄英,李素清.山西省生态地理区划[J].中国农业资源与区划,2008,29(1):17-21.[Han Jintao, Han Huangying,Li Suqing. Regional planning for ecological and geographic regions of Shanxi Province. Journal of China Agricultural Re- sources and Regional Planning, 2008, 29(1):17-21.]
[14]程叶青,张平宇.生态地理区划研究进展[J].生态学报,2006,26(10):3424-3433.[Cheng Yeqing, Zhang Pingyu. Progrest on eco-geographical regionalization researches. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(10):3424-3433.]
[15]韩书成,濮励杰.土地利用分区内容及与其他区划的关系[J].国土资源科技管理,2008,25(3):11-16.[Han Shucheng, Pu Lijie. Goals, tasks and systems of land use regionalization and relation with other types of regionalization. Scientific and Technological Management of Land and Resources, 2008, 25(3):11-16.]
[16]王传胜,范振军,董锁成,等.生态经济区划研究——以西北6省为例[J].生态学报,2005,25(7):1804-1810.[Wang Chuansheng, Fan Zhenjun, Dong Suocheng et al. Study on the eco-economical regionalization:A case of 6 provinces in Northwest China. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2005, 25(7):1804-1810.]
[17]张素芳,马礼.浅谈中国生态地理区划研究进展[J].首都师范大学学报(自然科学版),2013,34(4):64-68.[Zhang Sufang, Ma Li. Progrest on eco-geographical regionalization researches in China. Journal of Capital Normal University(Natural Science Edition):2013, 34(4):64-68.]
[18] Lu Fen, Ming Qingzhong, Liu Hongfang. Development progress of ecogeography and its research, perspective in China[J].Scientific Journal of Earth Science, 2014, 4(2):118-124.
[19] Brown J H, Maurer B A. Body size, ecological dominance and Cope’s rule[J]. Nature, 1986, 324:248-250.
[20] Brown J M. Macroecology[M]. Chicago:Chicago University Press, 1995.
[21] Gaston K J. Global patterns in biodiversity[J]. Nature, 2000,405:220-227.
[22]胡慧建,蒋志刚,王祖望.宏生态学(Macroecology)及其研究[J].生态学报, 2003, 23(6):1192-1199.[Hu Huijian, Jiang Zhigang, Wang Zuwang. Macroecology:Concept and progresses.Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2003, 23(6):1192-1199.]
[23] Olson J S. Energy storage and the balance of producers and decomposers in ecological systems[J]. Ecology, 1963, 44:322-331.
[24] Wall D H, Bradford M A, John M G et al. Global decomposition experiment shows soil animal impacts on decomposition are climate-dependent[J]. Global Change Biology, 2008, 14:2661-2677.
[25] Pan Y D, Birdsey R A, Fang J Y et al. A large and persistent carbon sink in the world’s forests[J]. Science, 2011, 333:988.
[26] Yu G R, Fu Y L, Sun X M et al. Recent progress and future directions of ChinaFLUX[J]. Science in China Series D-Earth Sciences, 2006, 49(2):1-23.
[27]方精云,于贵瑞,任小波,等.中国陆地生态系统固碳效应——中国科学院战略性先导科技专项“应对气候变化的碳收支认证及相关问题”之生态系统固碳任务群研究进展[J].中国科学院院刊,2015,30(6):848-857.[Fang Jingyun, Yu Guirui, Ren Xiaobo et al. Carbon sequestration in China's terrestrial ecosystems under climate change:Progress on ecosystem carbon sequestration from the CAS strategic priority research program.Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2015, 30(6):848-857.]
[28] Fang J Y, Yu G R, Liu L L et al. Climate change, human impacts, and carbon sequestration in China[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2018. https://doi:org/10.1073/pnas.1700304115.
[29] Tang X L, Zhao X, Bai Y F et al. Carbon pools in China’s terrestrial ecosystems:New estimates based on an intensive field survey[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2018. https://doi:org/10.1073/pnas.1700291115.
[30] Li Y, Niu S L, Yu G R. Aggravated phosphorus limitation on biomass production under increasing nitrogen loading:A metanalysis[J]. Global Change Biology, 2016, 22:934-943.
[31] Peng S S, Piao S L, Wang T et al. Temperature sensitivity of soil respiration in different ecosystems in China[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2009, 41:1008-1014.
[32]张新时,杨奠安.中国全球变化样带的设置与研究.第四纪研究[J]. 1995, 1:43-52.[Zhang Xinshi, Yang Dianan. Allocation and study on global change transects in China. Quaternary Sciences, 1995, 1:43-52.]
[33]周广胜,何奇瑾.生态系统响应全球变化的陆地样带研究[J].地球科学进展,2012,27:563-572.[Zhou Guangsheng, He Qijin.Terrestrial transect study on the responses of ecosystems to global change. Advances in Earth Science, 2012, 27:563-572.]
[34]王淑平,周广胜,吕育财,等.中国东北样带(NECT)土壤碳、氮、磷的梯度分布及其与气候因子的关系[J].植物生态学报,2002, 26(5):513-517.[Wang Shuping, Zhou Guangsheng, Lv Yucai et al. Distribution of soil carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus along northeast China transect(NECT)and their relationships with climatic factors. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2002, 26(5):513-517.]
[35] Wang C, Wang X, Liu D et al. Aridity threshold in controlling ecosystem nitrogen cycling in arid and semi-arid grasslands[J].Nature Communications, 2014, 5:4799.
[36] Liu M Z, Wang Z W, Li S S et al. Changes in specific leaf area of dominant plants in temperate grasslands along a 2500 km transect in northern China[J]. Scientific Reports, 2017, 7:DOI:10.1038/s41598-017-11133-z.
[37] Wang C, Wei H W, Liu S W et al. Depth profiles of soil carbon isotopes along a semi-arid grassland transect in northern China[J]. Plant and Soil, 2017, 417:43-52.
[38] Qian J Q, Wang Z W, Klimesova J et al. Differences in belowground bud bank density and composition along a climatic gradient in the temperate steppe of northern China[J]. Annals of Botany, 2017, 120(5):755-761.