中国农村居民教育收益及工资收入差距的分解——基于微观计量的因果关系推断
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摘要
利用中国居民收入项目调查提供的农村地区CHIP2013数据,基于工资决定方程实证测度了农村居民的教育收益率并分解了收入差距。结果发现:在纠正了样本选择偏差后,测得农村居民的教育收益率为4. 6%;条件分位数回归发现教育收益率并非随非农收入的变化线性上升或下降,而工具变量法则纠正了内生性偏估,发现学历教育收益率呈"N字型"的变动趋势,初级与次级人力资本壅塞滞阻了中等收入群体的教育收益率,夏普里回归分解发现人力资本存量差异导致了农村居非农收入的非均衡分布,而主次劳动力市场分割蕴藏于城乡二元分割的经济结构中。在此基础上,为缩小农村居民的工资收入差距,为推进以教扶贫提出相应的对策建议。
Based on the data of CHIP 2013 provided by the survey of income of residents in China,this paper adopts Mincer equation in its measurement of educational return rate and its decomposition of wage income gap. It is found that the educational return rate of rural residents is 4. 6% after correcting the sample selection bias. Analysis through quantile regression finds that the educational return rate doesn't increase or decrease linearly with the change of income and the rule of tool variable corrects the endogenous bias estimation. It is also found that the return of academic education presents an"N"shape curve and the congestion of primary and secondary human capital leads to lower return on education of middle income group. Through Shapley regression decomposition,it is found that the difference of human capital stock leads to the main imbalanced distribution of wage income in rural China,while the segmentation of primary and secondary labor markets lies in the economic structure of urban-rural dual segmentation. On this basis,the paper puts forward some countermeasures and suggestions to further reduce the income gap of rural residents as well as to promote poverty alleviation through education.
Based on the data of CHIP 2013 provided by the survey of income of residents in China,this paper adopts Mincer equation in its measurement of educational return rate and its decomposition of wage income gap. It is found that the educational return rate of rural residents is 4. 6% after correcting the sample selection bias. Analysis through quantile regression finds that the educational return rate doesn't increase or decrease linearly with the change of income and the rule of tool variable corrects the endogenous bias estimation. It is also found that the return of academic education presents an"N"shape curve and the congestion of primary and secondary human capital leads to lower return on education of middle income group. Through Shapley regression decomposition,it is found that the difference of human capital stock leads to the main imbalanced distribution of wage income in rural China,while the segmentation of primary and secondary labor markets lies in the economic structure of urban-rural dual segmentation. On this basis,the paper puts forward some countermeasures and suggestions to further reduce the income gap of rural residents as well as to promote poverty alleviation through education.
引文
方超,黄斌. 2017.中国城镇居民高等教育收益率及变动趋势实证研究[J].北京社会科学(7):79-90.
方超,黄斌. 2018.工资收入视角下的城镇居民教育回报[J].城市问题(6):93-103.
刘泽云. 2009.教育与工资不平等:中国城镇地区的经验研究[J].统计研究(4):53-59.
徐舒. 2010.技术进步、教育收益与收入不平等[J].经济研究(9):79-92.
张车伟. 2006.人力资本回报率变化与收入差距:”马太效应”及其政策含义[J].经济研究(12):59-70.
AHLUWALIE M S. 1976. Income distribution and development:Some stylized facts[J]. American EconomicReview,66(2):128-135.
FASIH T,KINGDON G,PATRINOS H,et al. 2012. Heterogeneous returns to education in the labor market[Z]. Washington,DC,World Bank.
HUETTNER F,SUNDER M. 2012. Axiomatic arguments for decomposing goodness of fit according to Shapley and Owen values[J]. Electronic Journal of Statistics,(6):1239-1250.
KNIGHT J,SABOT R. 1983. Educational expansion and the Kuznets Effect[J]. American Economic Review,73(5):1132-1136.
KOENKER R,BASSETT G. 1978. Regression quantiles[J]. Econometrica,46(1):33-50.
PATRINOS H,RIDAO-CANO C,SAKELLARIOU N. 2006. Estimating the returns to education:Accounting for heterogeneityin ability[Z]. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper.
PSACHAROPOULOS G. 1977. Return to education:A furtherinternational update and implication[J]. Journal of Human Resources,20(4):583-604.
方超,黄斌. 2018.工资收入视角下的城镇居民教育回报[J].城市问题(6):93-103.
刘泽云. 2009.教育与工资不平等:中国城镇地区的经验研究[J].统计研究(4):53-59.
徐舒. 2010.技术进步、教育收益与收入不平等[J].经济研究(9):79-92.
张车伟. 2006.人力资本回报率变化与收入差距:”马太效应”及其政策含义[J].经济研究(12):59-70.
AHLUWALIE M S. 1976. Income distribution and development:Some stylized facts[J]. American EconomicReview,66(2):128-135.
FASIH T,KINGDON G,PATRINOS H,et al. 2012. Heterogeneous returns to education in the labor market[Z]. Washington,DC,World Bank.
HUETTNER F,SUNDER M. 2012. Axiomatic arguments for decomposing goodness of fit according to Shapley and Owen values[J]. Electronic Journal of Statistics,(6):1239-1250.
KNIGHT J,SABOT R. 1983. Educational expansion and the Kuznets Effect[J]. American Economic Review,73(5):1132-1136.
KOENKER R,BASSETT G. 1978. Regression quantiles[J]. Econometrica,46(1):33-50.
PATRINOS H,RIDAO-CANO C,SAKELLARIOU N. 2006. Estimating the returns to education:Accounting for heterogeneityin ability[Z]. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper.
PSACHAROPOULOS G. 1977. Return to education:A furtherinternational update and implication[J]. Journal of Human Resources,20(4):583-604.