桂西大型岩溶地下河系统离子来源及碳稳定同位素信息——以坡心地下河流域为例
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摘要
为探讨坡心地下河系统内地表和地下水体的水化学离子特征、来源及其控制因素,无机碳来源及其稳定性。运用水化学计量法和同位素法对采自坡心地下河流域的38个采样点的水化学和碳稳定同位素样品数据进行分析。结果表明,地下河干流沿程受到局部岩性和支流稀释作用的影响明显,各水化学离子均有所变化。化学离子比例分析发现:大气降水对部分泉水的Cl~-和Na~+影响较大;碳酸盐岩溶解类型主要以灰岩溶解为主,地表水和地下河天窗的Mg~(2+)/Ca~(2+)摩尔比值与HCO_3~-呈负相关,说明在宏观上灰岩溶解程度越强烈,HCO_3~-值就越高,并且H_2SO_4和HNO_3积极参与流域内碳酸盐岩风化。硅酸盐岩的风化对地表和地下水体的Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Na~+、K~+有一定的贡献。此外,人为采矿活动和农业活动对SO_4~(2-)和NO_3~-的产生有较大的影响。质量平衡正推模型结果显示:受到区域岩性和水文条件的影响,地表和地下河天窗水体主要受碳酸盐岩溶解影响,硅酸盐岩溶解和大气输入也有一定的贡献,三大来源的相对比例在空间上变化较大。水体内的可溶性无机碳(DIC)主要来源于碳酸盐岩的溶解和土壤内CO_2的贡献。地表水和地下水的DIC浓度和δ~(13)C_(DIC)值差别较大,DIC值与δ~(13)C_(DIC)呈反相关关系,这说明来自土壤CO_2贡献的DIC越多,其对碳酸盐岩矿物的溶解能力越强。根据本研究区的数据与前人在西江干流的上、中、下游进行对比,结果表明碳酸盐岩风化产生的DIC可以被西江干流的水生植物利用,从而形成稳定的碳汇。
To explore the characteristics, sources and main controlling factors of water chemical ions in surface or groundwater of Poxin underground river system and the implications of carbon stable isotope, the authors collected hydrochemical and carbon stable isotopic data from 38 water sites in the Poxin underground river basin and did analysis with stoichiometry and isotopic method. The results show that spatially, the chemical ions in the mainstream of underground river vary significantly due to the effect of the regional rock types and the dilution of the tributaries. Ion proportional analysis shows that the precipitation has great influence on Cland Na+in some springs, and the main type of carbonate dissolution seems to be limestone in the study area. The Mg~(2+)/Ca~(2+) molar ratios of surface water and water in ground river skylight are negatively correlated with HCO_3~-, indicating that,at the macroscopic scale, the dissolution will become more intense with the higher HCO_3~- value, and H_2SO_4 and HNO_3 will participate during the weathering of carbonate rocks actively. Silicate rocks weathering has contributed to Ca~(2+), Mg~(2+), Na~+ and K~+ of surface water and groundwater. Mining activities and agricultural activities have a great impact on the generation of SO_4~(2-) and NO_3~-. The forward model of mass balance shows that, owing to regional rock types and hydrological conditions, water in surface and underground river skylights is mainly dominated by carbonate dissolution, whereas silicate dissolution and atmospheric input also contribute some components, and hence the ratios of three sources vary greatly spatially. The dissolved inorganic carbon(DIC) in the water is mainly derived from the dissolution of carbonate rocks and the soil CO_2. DIC and the δ~(13)C_(DIC) values are obviously different between surface water and groundwater, and are negatively correlated with δ~(13)C_(DIC), implying that the more DIC from the soil CO_2, the more intense the dissolution capacity of the carbonate minerals. Based on the data from this study area and previous study in upper, middle and lower reaches of Xijiang River, the authors detected that both of data support the argument that the aquatic algae can apply DIC transport to organic carbon, and forms a stable carbon sink.
To explore the characteristics, sources and main controlling factors of water chemical ions in surface or groundwater of Poxin underground river system and the implications of carbon stable isotope, the authors collected hydrochemical and carbon stable isotopic data from 38 water sites in the Poxin underground river basin and did analysis with stoichiometry and isotopic method. The results show that spatially, the chemical ions in the mainstream of underground river vary significantly due to the effect of the regional rock types and the dilution of the tributaries. Ion proportional analysis shows that the precipitation has great influence on Cland Na+in some springs, and the main type of carbonate dissolution seems to be limestone in the study area. The Mg~(2+)/Ca~(2+) molar ratios of surface water and water in ground river skylight are negatively correlated with HCO_3~-, indicating that,at the macroscopic scale, the dissolution will become more intense with the higher HCO_3~- value, and H_2SO_4 and HNO_3 will participate during the weathering of carbonate rocks actively. Silicate rocks weathering has contributed to Ca~(2+), Mg~(2+), Na~+ and K~+ of surface water and groundwater. Mining activities and agricultural activities have a great impact on the generation of SO_4~(2-) and NO_3~-. The forward model of mass balance shows that, owing to regional rock types and hydrological conditions, water in surface and underground river skylights is mainly dominated by carbonate dissolution, whereas silicate dissolution and atmospheric input also contribute some components, and hence the ratios of three sources vary greatly spatially. The dissolved inorganic carbon(DIC) in the water is mainly derived from the dissolution of carbonate rocks and the soil CO_2. DIC and the δ~(13)C_(DIC) values are obviously different between surface water and groundwater, and are negatively correlated with δ~(13)C_(DIC), implying that the more DIC from the soil CO_2, the more intense the dissolution capacity of the carbonate minerals. Based on the data from this study area and previous study in upper, middle and lower reaches of Xijiang River, the authors detected that both of data support the argument that the aquatic algae can apply DIC transport to organic carbon, and forms a stable carbon sink.
引文
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Gao Q,Wang Z.2015.Dissolved inorganic carbon in the Xijiang River:Concentration and stable isotopic composition[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,73(1):253-266.
Górka M,Sauer P E,Lewicka-Szczebak D,J?drysek M O.2011.Carbon isotope signature of dissolved inorganic carbon(DIC)in precipitation and atmospheric CO2[J].Environmental Pollution,159(1):294-301.
Han G,Liu C Q.2004.Water geochemistry controlled by carbonate dissolution:A study of the river waters draining karst-dominated terrain,Guizhou Province,China[J].Chemical Geology,204(1):1-21.
Han Guilin,Liu Congqiang.2005.Strontium isotope and major ion chemistry of the rainwater from Guiyang,Guizhou Province,China[J].Environmental Chemistry,23(2):213-218(in Chinese with English abstract).
Hu Zebin,2007.Geology disaster statistic analysis and forcast method in Fengshan county[J].Journal of Meteorological Research and Application,28(2):60-61(in chinese).
Huang Xiufeng.2014.Causes of and countermeasures for karst waterlogging in Poxin underground river basin[J].Safety and Environmental Engineering,21(6):42-46(in Chinese with English abstract).
Jia Zhiqiang,Wu Hong,Xing Lixin.2012.Remote sensing inversion and dynamic analysis of localized habitat index in karst peak cluster area:a case study of 6 Guangxi area[C].China Remote Sensing Conference.
Kaushal S S,Duan S,Doody T R,Haq Shahan,Smith R M,Newcomer Johnson T A,Newcomb K D,Gorman J,Bowman N,Mayer P M,Wood K L,Belt K T,Stack W P.2017.Human-accelerated weathering increases salinization,major ions,and alkalinization in fresh water across land use[J].Applied Geochemitery,83:121-135.
Lei Yanbin,Li Junli,Yao Tandong,Zhang Enlou,Shen Yongwei,Li Junli,Wang Xiang.2011.Characteristics ofδ13C=value in lakes on Qiangtang Plateau and its affected factors[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,23(5):673-680.
Levin B I,Kromer B,And D W.2010.Carbon isotope measurements of atmospheric CO2at a coastal station in Antarctica[J].Tellus,39B(1/2):89-95.
Li Jun,Liu Congqiang,Li Longbo,Li Siliang,Wang Baoli,Chetelat B.2010.The impacts of chemical weathering of carbonate rock by sulfuric acid on the cycling of dissolved inorganic carbon in Changjiang River water[J].Geochimica,39(4):305-313(in Chinese with English abstract).
Li Ke,Jiang Guanghui,Xia Qing.2007.Resources,environment and development ways of poxin underground river basin in Fengshan County[J].Journal of Agricultural Resources and Environment,24(2):6-9(in Chinese).
Li Siliang,Liu Congqiang,Tao Faxiang,Lang Yunchao,Han Guilin.2004.Chemical and stable carbon isotopic compositions of the ground waters of Guilin City:Implications for biogeochemical cycle of carbon and contamination[J].Geochimica,33(2):165-170(in Chinese with English abstract).
Li X D,Liu C Q,Liu X L,Bao L R.2011.Identification of dissolved sulfate sources and the role of sulfuric acid in carbonate weathering using dual-isotopic data from the Jialing River,Southwest China[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,42(3):370-380.
Liao Fengqin.2017.Distribution characteristics of main agro meteorological disasters in Fengshan[J].Global Human Geography,16:153(in Chinese).
Liu Congqiang.2007.Biogeochemical Processes and Cycling of Nutrients in the Earth’s Surface[M].The Science Publishing Company,P4(in Chinese).
Liu Z,Dreybrodt W,Wang H.2010.A new direction in effective accounting for the atmospheric CO2budget:Considering the combined action of carbonate dissolution,the global water cycle and photosynthetic uptake of DIC by aquatic organisms[J].Earth Science Reviews,99(3/4):162-172.
Long X,Sun Z,Zhou A,Liu D.2015.Hydrogeochemical and isotopic evidence for flow paths of karst waters collected in the Heshang Cave,central China[J].Journal of Earth Science,26(1):149-156.
Martin J B.2016.Carbonate minerals in the global carbon cycle[J].Chemical Geology,449(2017):58-72.
Meybeck M.1987.Global chemical-weathering of surficial rocks estimated from river dissolved loads[J].American Journal of Science,287(5):401-428.
Mook W G,Bommerson J C,Staverman W H.1974.Carbon isotope fractionation between dissolved bicarbonate and gaseous carbon dioxide[J].Earth&Planetary Science Letters,22(2):169-176.
Ollivier P,Hamelin B,Radakovitc O.2010.Seasonal variations of physical and chemical erosion:A three-year survey of the Rhone River(France)[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,74(3):907-27.
Probst J L,Brunet F.2005.δ13C tracing of dissolved inorganic carbon sources in major world rivers[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,69(10):3321-3344.
Romanek C S,Grossman E L,Morse J W.1992.Carbon isotopic fractionation in synthetic aragonite and calcite:Effects of temperature and precipitation rate[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,56(1):419-430.
Roy S,Gaillardet J,Aaa Gre C J.1999.Geochemistry of dissolved and suspended loads of the Seine River,France:Anthropogenic impact,carbonate and silicate weathering[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,63(9):1277-1292.
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