“后真相”的发生机制:情绪化文本的传播效果——基于脑电技术范式的研究
|
摘要
2016年以来,以"后真相"为主题的研究已经从政治领域逐渐渗透进传播学领域,并引起了学者的广泛讨论。在"后真相"语境中,情绪化表达于受众对客观事实的认知而言起着重要作用。为考察新闻文本的情绪化表达对个体的认知活动的影响,本文选取了采用两种不同表达方式(情绪表达/中性表达)写作的同一新闻事件文本作为实验材料,运用脑电技术(EEG)记录被试阅读过程中的脑电信号。研究发现,两组被试在阅读不同新闻材料过程中,脑电信号存在差异,情绪化表达的新闻文本更易激起读者的阅读兴趣,但同时也会阻碍读者对于内容和事实本身的深入思考。因此,后真相时代的情绪化文本对于受众认知事实存在负面影响。不过,我们对待"后真相"不应过度悲观,也应更多地运用"后真相"文本易传播的特点来改进既有的新闻文本生产。
Since 2016,the research on the theme of"post-truth"has gradually penetrated into the field of communication from the political field and has attracted extensive discussion among in the academic world.In the context of"post-truth",emotional expression plays an important role in the audience's cognition of objective facts.In order to investigate the impact of emotional expression of news texts on the individual's cognitive activities,this paper selects the same news event texts written by two different expression methods(emotional expression/neutral expression)as experimental materials,and uses the EEG method to record the EEG signals in the reading process of subjects.The study found that there are differences in EEG signals between the two groups of subjects when they read different news materials.Emotionally-expressed news texts are more likely to arouse readers' interest in reading,but they also hinder readers' deep thinking about the content and facts.Therefore,the emotional text of the post-truth era has a negative impact on the audience's cognition of the facts.However,we should not be overly pessimistic about the"post-truth".We should also make more use of the characteristics of"post-truth"text to improve the production of existing news texts.
Since 2016,the research on the theme of"post-truth"has gradually penetrated into the field of communication from the political field and has attracted extensive discussion among in the academic world.In the context of"post-truth",emotional expression plays an important role in the audience's cognition of objective facts.In order to investigate the impact of emotional expression of news texts on the individual's cognitive activities,this paper selects the same news event texts written by two different expression methods(emotional expression/neutral expression)as experimental materials,and uses the EEG method to record the EEG signals in the reading process of subjects.The study found that there are differences in EEG signals between the two groups of subjects when they read different news materials.Emotionally-expressed news texts are more likely to arouse readers' interest in reading,but they also hinder readers' deep thinking about the content and facts.Therefore,the emotional text of the post-truth era has a negative impact on the audience's cognition of the facts.However,we should not be overly pessimistic about the"post-truth".We should also make more use of the characteristics of"post-truth"text to improve the production of existing news texts.
引文
[1]於红梅,潘忠党.近眺异邦:批判地审视西方关于“后真相”的学术话语[J].新闻与传播研究,2018(8):5-24.
[2]江作苏,黄欣欣.第三种现实:“后真相时代”的媒介伦理悖论[J].当代传播,2017(4):52-53.
[3]张庆园,程雯卿.回归事实与价值二分法:反思自媒体时代的后真相及其原理[J].新闻与传播研究,2018(9):51-67.
[4]KRAMER L.Learning emotional understanding and emotion regulation through sibling interaction[J].Early Education and Development,2014,25(2):160-184.
[5]HONG Y,HUANG N,BURTCH G,et al.Culture,conformity and emotional suppression in online reviews[J].Journal of the Association for Information Systems,forthcoming,2016:16-20.
[6]BERGER J,MILKMAN K L.What makes online content viral?[J].Journal of marketing research,2012,49(2):192-205.
[7]丁绪武,吴忠,夏志杰.社会媒体中情绪因素对用户转发行为影响的实证研究---以新浪微博为例[J].现代情报,2014(11):147-155.
[8]陈萌,李幼军,刘岩.脑电信号与个人情绪状态关联性分析研究[J].计算机科学与探索,2017(5):794-801.
[9]OHME R,MATUKIN M,SZCZURKO T.Neurophysiology uncovers secrets of TV commercials[J].Der Markt,2010,49(3/4):133-142.
[10]OHME R,REYKOWSKA D,WIENER D,et al.Application of frontal EEG asymmetry to advertising research[J].Journal of Economic Psychology,2010,31(5):785-793.
[11]VECCHIATO G,TOPPI J,ASTOLFI L,et al.Spectral EEG frontal asymmetries correlate with the experienced pleasantness of TV commercial advertisements[J].Medical&biological engineering&computing,2011,49(5):579-583.
[12]DAVIDSON R J.Cerebral asymmetry,emotion,and affective style[J].Massachusetts Institute of Technology,1995,12(1):361-387.
[13]SARLO M,BUODO G,POLI S,et al.Changes in EEG alpha power to different disgust elicitors:the specificity of mutilations[J].Neuroscience letters,2005,382(3):291-296.
[14]HAENSCHEL C,BALDEWEG T,CROFT R J,et al.Gamma and beta frequency oscillations in response to novel auditory stimuli:a comparison of human electroencephalogram(EEG)data with in vitro models[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2000,97(13):7645-7650.
[15]王小甜.不同情绪状态下脑电信号特征的研究[D].长春:长春理工大学,2014.
[16]BASAR E,BASAR-EROGLU C,KARAKASS,et al.Gamma,alpha,delta,and theta oscillations govern cognitive processes[J].International journal of psychophysiology,2001,39(2/3):241-248.
[17]KLADOS M A,FRANTZIDIS C,VIVAS A B,et al.A Framework Combining Delta Event-Related Oscillations(EROs)and Synchronisation Effects(ERD/ERS)to Study Emotional Processing[J].Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience,2009:1-16.
[18]GEVINS A,SMITH M E,MCEVOY L,et al.Highresolution EEG mapping of cortical activation related to working memory:effects of task difficulty,type of processing,and practice[J].Cerebral cortex,1997,7(4):374-385.
[19]RAGHAVACHARI S,KAHANA M J,RIZZUTO DS,et al.Gating of human theta oscillations by a working memory task[J].The Journal of Neuroscience,2001,21(9):3175-3183.
[20]MISSONNIER P,DEIBER M P,GOLD G,et al.Frontal theta event-related synchronization:comparison of directed attention and working memory load effects[J].Journal of Neural Transmission,2006,113(10):1477-1486.
[21]KAMARAJAN C,PORJESZ B,JONES K A,et al.The role of brain oscillations as functional correlates of cognitive systems:a study of frontal inhibitory control in alcoholism[J].International Journal of Psychophysiology,2004,51(2):155-180.
[22]HARMONY T,FERNNDEZ T,SILVA J,et al.EEG delta activity:an indicator of attention to internal processing during performance of mental tasks[J].International journal of psychophysiology,1996,24(1/2):161-171.
[23]张华.“后真相”时代的中国新闻业[J].新闻大学,2017(3):28-33.
[2]江作苏,黄欣欣.第三种现实:“后真相时代”的媒介伦理悖论[J].当代传播,2017(4):52-53.
[3]张庆园,程雯卿.回归事实与价值二分法:反思自媒体时代的后真相及其原理[J].新闻与传播研究,2018(9):51-67.
[4]KRAMER L.Learning emotional understanding and emotion regulation through sibling interaction[J].Early Education and Development,2014,25(2):160-184.
[5]HONG Y,HUANG N,BURTCH G,et al.Culture,conformity and emotional suppression in online reviews[J].Journal of the Association for Information Systems,forthcoming,2016:16-20.
[6]BERGER J,MILKMAN K L.What makes online content viral?[J].Journal of marketing research,2012,49(2):192-205.
[7]丁绪武,吴忠,夏志杰.社会媒体中情绪因素对用户转发行为影响的实证研究---以新浪微博为例[J].现代情报,2014(11):147-155.
[8]陈萌,李幼军,刘岩.脑电信号与个人情绪状态关联性分析研究[J].计算机科学与探索,2017(5):794-801.
[9]OHME R,MATUKIN M,SZCZURKO T.Neurophysiology uncovers secrets of TV commercials[J].Der Markt,2010,49(3/4):133-142.
[10]OHME R,REYKOWSKA D,WIENER D,et al.Application of frontal EEG asymmetry to advertising research[J].Journal of Economic Psychology,2010,31(5):785-793.
[11]VECCHIATO G,TOPPI J,ASTOLFI L,et al.Spectral EEG frontal asymmetries correlate with the experienced pleasantness of TV commercial advertisements[J].Medical&biological engineering&computing,2011,49(5):579-583.
[12]DAVIDSON R J.Cerebral asymmetry,emotion,and affective style[J].Massachusetts Institute of Technology,1995,12(1):361-387.
[13]SARLO M,BUODO G,POLI S,et al.Changes in EEG alpha power to different disgust elicitors:the specificity of mutilations[J].Neuroscience letters,2005,382(3):291-296.
[14]HAENSCHEL C,BALDEWEG T,CROFT R J,et al.Gamma and beta frequency oscillations in response to novel auditory stimuli:a comparison of human electroencephalogram(EEG)data with in vitro models[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2000,97(13):7645-7650.
[15]王小甜.不同情绪状态下脑电信号特征的研究[D].长春:长春理工大学,2014.
[16]BASAR E,BASAR-EROGLU C,KARAKASS,et al.Gamma,alpha,delta,and theta oscillations govern cognitive processes[J].International journal of psychophysiology,2001,39(2/3):241-248.
[17]KLADOS M A,FRANTZIDIS C,VIVAS A B,et al.A Framework Combining Delta Event-Related Oscillations(EROs)and Synchronisation Effects(ERD/ERS)to Study Emotional Processing[J].Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience,2009:1-16.
[18]GEVINS A,SMITH M E,MCEVOY L,et al.Highresolution EEG mapping of cortical activation related to working memory:effects of task difficulty,type of processing,and practice[J].Cerebral cortex,1997,7(4):374-385.
[19]RAGHAVACHARI S,KAHANA M J,RIZZUTO DS,et al.Gating of human theta oscillations by a working memory task[J].The Journal of Neuroscience,2001,21(9):3175-3183.
[20]MISSONNIER P,DEIBER M P,GOLD G,et al.Frontal theta event-related synchronization:comparison of directed attention and working memory load effects[J].Journal of Neural Transmission,2006,113(10):1477-1486.
[21]KAMARAJAN C,PORJESZ B,JONES K A,et al.The role of brain oscillations as functional correlates of cognitive systems:a study of frontal inhibitory control in alcoholism[J].International Journal of Psychophysiology,2004,51(2):155-180.
[22]HARMONY T,FERNNDEZ T,SILVA J,et al.EEG delta activity:an indicator of attention to internal processing during performance of mental tasks[J].International journal of psychophysiology,1996,24(1/2):161-171.
[23]张华.“后真相”时代的中国新闻业[J].新闻大学,2017(3):28-33.