碳酸盐岩台内滩储层沉积特征、分布规律及主控因素研究:以阿姆河盆地台内滩气田为例
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摘要
近年来,台内滩成为碳酸盐岩油气勘探的重点领域,并取得了一系列重大进展。本文以阿姆河盆地右岸地区中上侏罗统碳酸盐岩台内滩气田为例,在地震、测井、录井、岩心、薄片及分析化验等资料详细研究的基础上,对台内滩类型、沉积特征及储层特征进行了分析,并重点研究了影响台内滩储层发育及分布的控制因素。结果表明:(1)研究区台内滩主要包括生屑滩、内碎屑滩、球粒滩、藻粒滩和鲕粒滩等5种类型。(2)剩余原生粒间孔,次生的粒间、粒内溶孔及溶蚀孔洞为主要储集空间,形成以孔隙型和孔洞型为主的两类台内滩储层。(3)储层发育及分布明显受古地貌、相对海平面变化及溶蚀作用等多种因素控制:(1)古地貌是台内滩发育的重要基础,在基底古隆起发育的古地貌高部位滩体连片分布,形成规模型台内滩储集体;(2)相对海平面变化对台内滩储层的发育层位及滩体类型具有重要的控制作用,台内滩储层主要发育于高位域准层序组中上部,由下至上呈现出厚度增大、物性变好等特征,海平面高频震荡导致台内滩垂向上多期叠置;(3)包括同生期淡水淋滤及埋藏期溶蚀等多期次、多类型溶蚀作用是台内滩储层形成的关键,次生溶蚀孔隙、孔洞成为台内滩重要的储集空间,最终形成优质的孔隙(洞)型台内滩储层。
In recent years the intra-platform shoals have become key fields of carbonate hydrocarbon exploration where great progress has been made.Based on the study of seismic,well logging,geological logging,thin sections,cores,and analysis assay data of the Middle-Upper Jurassic intra-platform shoal gas fields in the right bank area of the Amu Darya,the types,sedimentary and reservoir characteristics of the intra-platform shoals were analyzed,and the controlling factors on the development and distribution of the intra-platform shoal reservoirs were emphatically studied.The results are as follows:(1)Five main types of bioclastic,intraclastic,spherulitic,algal and oolitic shoals were developed in the study area;(2)The primary intergranular pores,secondary intergranular,intragranular dissolved pores and vugs served as the important reservoir spaces to form porous and vuggy intra-platform shoal reservoirs;and(3)The development and distribution of the reservoirs were controlled by sedimentary paleogeomorphic forms,relative sea level changes and dissolutions as describe below:(1) The paleogeomorphy played an important role in the development of the intra-platform shoals which distributed continuously in the high lands of the basement paleo-uplift to form large-scale intraplatform shoal reservoirs;(2) The relative sea level changes had important controlling effects on the reservoir development positions and shoal types,and the reservoirs were mainly developed in the middle and upper parts of the parasequence sets in the highstand system tracts,where the monolayer thickness and petrophysical conditions improved from the bottom to the top,and the high-frequency sea level fluctuation resulted in an upward multi-stage superposition of intra-platform shoal reservoirs;and(3) The multiple stages and various dissolutions,including fresh water leaching in the syndiagenetic and dissolutions in the burial diagenetic stages,were the key factors in reservoir development;whilst the secondary dissolved pores and vugs were the dominate reservoir spaces,eventually forming quality porous and vuggy intra-platform shoal reservoirs.
In recent years the intra-platform shoals have become key fields of carbonate hydrocarbon exploration where great progress has been made.Based on the study of seismic,well logging,geological logging,thin sections,cores,and analysis assay data of the Middle-Upper Jurassic intra-platform shoal gas fields in the right bank area of the Amu Darya,the types,sedimentary and reservoir characteristics of the intra-platform shoals were analyzed,and the controlling factors on the development and distribution of the intra-platform shoal reservoirs were emphatically studied.The results are as follows:(1)Five main types of bioclastic,intraclastic,spherulitic,algal and oolitic shoals were developed in the study area;(2)The primary intergranular pores,secondary intergranular,intragranular dissolved pores and vugs served as the important reservoir spaces to form porous and vuggy intra-platform shoal reservoirs;and(3)The development and distribution of the reservoirs were controlled by sedimentary paleogeomorphic forms,relative sea level changes and dissolutions as describe below:(1) The paleogeomorphy played an important role in the development of the intra-platform shoals which distributed continuously in the high lands of the basement paleo-uplift to form large-scale intraplatform shoal reservoirs;(2) The relative sea level changes had important controlling effects on the reservoir development positions and shoal types,and the reservoirs were mainly developed in the middle and upper parts of the parasequence sets in the highstand system tracts,where the monolayer thickness and petrophysical conditions improved from the bottom to the top,and the high-frequency sea level fluctuation resulted in an upward multi-stage superposition of intra-platform shoal reservoirs;and(3) The multiple stages and various dissolutions,including fresh water leaching in the syndiagenetic and dissolutions in the burial diagenetic stages,were the key factors in reservoir development;whilst the secondary dissolved pores and vugs were the dominate reservoir spaces,eventually forming quality porous and vuggy intra-platform shoal reservoirs.
引文
[1]杜金虎,邹才能,徐春春,等.川中古隆起龙王庙组特大型气田战略发现与理论技术创新[J].石油勘探与开发,2014,1(3):268-277.
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[5]VERWER K,PORTA G D,MERINO-TOMO,et al.Controls and predictability of carbonate facies architecture in a Lower Jurassic three-dimensional barrier-shoal complex(Djebel Bou Dahar,High Atlas,Morocco)[J].Sedimentology,2009,56(6):1801-1831.
[6]AL-AWWAD S F,COLLINS L B.Carbonate-platform scale correlation of stacked high-frequency sequences in the Arab-D reservoir,Saudi Arabia[J].Sedimentary Geology,2013,294(3):205-218.
[7]GROTZINGER J,AL-RAWAHI Z.Depositional facies and platform architecture of microbialite-dominated carbonate reservoirs,Ediacaran-Cambrian Ara Group,Sultanate of Oman[J].AAPG Bulletin,2014,98(8):1453-1494.
[8]任影,钟大康,高崇龙,等.川东及其周缘地区下寒武统龙王庙组沉积相[J].古地理学报,2015,17(3):335-346.
[9]刘忠宝,高山林,刘士林,等.塔里木盆地巴楚—麦盖提地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩沉积特征及模式[J].中南大学学报(自然科学版),2015,46(11):4155-4173.
[10]丁熊,陈景山,谭秀成,等.川中—川南过渡带雷口坡组台内滩组合特征[J].石油勘探与开发,2012,39(4):444-451.
[11]胡晓兰,樊太亮,高志前,等.塔里木盆地奥陶系碳酸盐岩颗粒滩沉积组合及展布特征[J].沉积学报,2014,32(3):418-428.
[12]赵爱卫,谭秀成,李凌,等.四川盆地及其周缘地区寒武系洗象池群颗粒滩特征及分布[J].古地理学报,2015,17(1):21-32.
[13]马腾,谭秀成,李凌,等.四川盆地及邻区下寒武统龙王庙组颗粒滩沉积特征与空间分布[J].古地理学报,2015,17(2):213-228.
[14]RONCHI P,ORTENZI A,BORROMEO O,et al.Depositional setting and diagenetic processes and their impact on the reservoir quality in the late Visean-Bashkirian Kashagan carbonate platform(Pre-Caspian Basin,Kazakhstan)[J].AAPG Bulletin,2010,94(9):1313-1348.
[15]TAN X C,ZHAO L Z,LUO B,et al.Comparison of basic features and origins of oolitic shoal reservoirs between carbonate platform interior and platform margin locations in the Lower Triassic Feixianguan Formation of the Sichuan Basin,southwest China[J].Petroleum Science,2012,9(4):417-428.
[16]BORGOMANO J,MASSE J P,FENERCI-MASSE M,et al.Petrophysics of Lower Cretaceous platform carbonate outcrops in Provence(S E France):implications for carbonate reservoir characterisation[J].Journal of Petroleum Geology,2013,36(1):5-41.
[17]MEHRABI H,RAHIMPOUR-BONAB H,ENAYATI-BIDGOLI A H,et al.Impact of contrasting paleoclimate on carbonate reservoir architecture:cases from arid Permo-Triassic and humid Cretaceous platforms in the south and southwestern Iran[J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2015,126:262-283.
[18]钱一雄,沙旭光,李慧莉,等.塔里木盆地塔中西部加里东中、晚期构造-层序结构与奥陶系碳酸盐岩储集体分布[J].地学前缘,2013,20(1):260-274.
[19]赵文智,沈安江,周进高,等.礁滩储集层类型、特征、成因及勘探意义:以塔里木和四川盆地为例[J].石油勘探与开发,2014,41(3):257-267.
[20]GAO Z Q,DING Q,HU X L.Characteristics and controlling factors of carbonate intra-platform shoals in the Tarim Basin,NW China[J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2015,127:20-34.
[21]胡晓兰,樊太亮,于炳松,等.塔里木盆地柯坪地区奥陶系鹰山组台内滩储层地层特征对比研究:以石灰窑和大湾沟剖面为例[J].地学前缘,2011,18(3):339-346.
[22]金民东,谭秀成,李凌,等.四川盆地磨溪—高石梯地区下寒武统龙王庙组颗粒滩特征及分布规律[J].古地理学报,2015,17(3):347-357.
[23]罗平,张静,刘伟,等.中国海相碳酸盐岩油气储层基本特征[J].地学前缘,2008,15(1):36-50.
[24]侯加根,马晓强,刘钰铭,等.缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层多类多尺度建模方法研究:以塔河油田四区奥陶系油藏为例[J].地学前缘,2012,19(2):55-66.
[25]赵文智,沈安江,潘文庆,等.碳酸盐岩岩溶储层类型研究及对勘探的指导意义:以塔里木盆地岩溶储层为例[J].岩石学报,2013,29(9):3213-3222.
[26]田雨,张兴阳,朱国维,等.阿姆河盆地右岸地区膏盐岩分布及其对盐下礁滩成藏的影响分析[J].科学技术与工程,2016,16(12):220-227.
[27]田雨,张兴阳,朱国维,等.古地貌对台内滩储层分布及气藏特征的控制作用:以阿姆河盆地台内滩气田为例[J].天然气地球科学,2016,27(2):320-329.
[28]郑荣才,赵灿,刘合年,等.阿姆河盆地卡洛夫—牛津阶碳酸盐岩阴极发光性及其研究意义[J].成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),2010,37(4):377-385.
[29]郑荣才,刘合年,吴蕾,等.阿姆河盆地卡洛夫—牛津阶碳酸盐岩储层地球化学特征和成岩流体分析[J].岩石学报,2012,28(3):961-970.
[30]朱光有,张水昌,梁英波,等.四川盆地高含H2S天然气的分布与TSR成因证据[J].地质学报,2006,80(8):1208-1218.
[31]邓燕,王强,程绪彬,等.阿姆河右岸区块碳酸盐岩气藏H2S成因与分布规律[J].天然气工业,2011,31(4):21-23.
[32]朱光有,张水昌,马永生,等.TSR(H2S)对石油天然气工业的积极性研究:H2S的形成过程促进储层次生孔隙的发育[J].地学前缘,2006,13(3):142-149.
[2]韩剑发,韩杰,江杰,等.中国海相油气田勘探实例之十五:塔里木盆地塔中北斜坡鹰山组凝析气田的发现与勘探[J].海相油气地质,2013,18(3):70-78.
[3]吕功训,刘合年,邓民敏,等.阿姆河右岸盐下碳酸盐岩大型气田勘探与开发[M].北京:科学出版社,2014:1-378.
[4]HAMON Y,MERZERAUD G.Facies architecture and cyclicity in a mosaic carbonate platform:effects of fault-block tectonics(Lower Lias,Causses platform,south-east France)[J].Sedimentology,2008,55(1):155-178.
[5]VERWER K,PORTA G D,MERINO-TOMO,et al.Controls and predictability of carbonate facies architecture in a Lower Jurassic three-dimensional barrier-shoal complex(Djebel Bou Dahar,High Atlas,Morocco)[J].Sedimentology,2009,56(6):1801-1831.
[6]AL-AWWAD S F,COLLINS L B.Carbonate-platform scale correlation of stacked high-frequency sequences in the Arab-D reservoir,Saudi Arabia[J].Sedimentary Geology,2013,294(3):205-218.
[7]GROTZINGER J,AL-RAWAHI Z.Depositional facies and platform architecture of microbialite-dominated carbonate reservoirs,Ediacaran-Cambrian Ara Group,Sultanate of Oman[J].AAPG Bulletin,2014,98(8):1453-1494.
[8]任影,钟大康,高崇龙,等.川东及其周缘地区下寒武统龙王庙组沉积相[J].古地理学报,2015,17(3):335-346.
[9]刘忠宝,高山林,刘士林,等.塔里木盆地巴楚—麦盖提地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩沉积特征及模式[J].中南大学学报(自然科学版),2015,46(11):4155-4173.
[10]丁熊,陈景山,谭秀成,等.川中—川南过渡带雷口坡组台内滩组合特征[J].石油勘探与开发,2012,39(4):444-451.
[11]胡晓兰,樊太亮,高志前,等.塔里木盆地奥陶系碳酸盐岩颗粒滩沉积组合及展布特征[J].沉积学报,2014,32(3):418-428.
[12]赵爱卫,谭秀成,李凌,等.四川盆地及其周缘地区寒武系洗象池群颗粒滩特征及分布[J].古地理学报,2015,17(1):21-32.
[13]马腾,谭秀成,李凌,等.四川盆地及邻区下寒武统龙王庙组颗粒滩沉积特征与空间分布[J].古地理学报,2015,17(2):213-228.
[14]RONCHI P,ORTENZI A,BORROMEO O,et al.Depositional setting and diagenetic processes and their impact on the reservoir quality in the late Visean-Bashkirian Kashagan carbonate platform(Pre-Caspian Basin,Kazakhstan)[J].AAPG Bulletin,2010,94(9):1313-1348.
[15]TAN X C,ZHAO L Z,LUO B,et al.Comparison of basic features and origins of oolitic shoal reservoirs between carbonate platform interior and platform margin locations in the Lower Triassic Feixianguan Formation of the Sichuan Basin,southwest China[J].Petroleum Science,2012,9(4):417-428.
[16]BORGOMANO J,MASSE J P,FENERCI-MASSE M,et al.Petrophysics of Lower Cretaceous platform carbonate outcrops in Provence(S E France):implications for carbonate reservoir characterisation[J].Journal of Petroleum Geology,2013,36(1):5-41.
[17]MEHRABI H,RAHIMPOUR-BONAB H,ENAYATI-BIDGOLI A H,et al.Impact of contrasting paleoclimate on carbonate reservoir architecture:cases from arid Permo-Triassic and humid Cretaceous platforms in the south and southwestern Iran[J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2015,126:262-283.
[18]钱一雄,沙旭光,李慧莉,等.塔里木盆地塔中西部加里东中、晚期构造-层序结构与奥陶系碳酸盐岩储集体分布[J].地学前缘,2013,20(1):260-274.
[19]赵文智,沈安江,周进高,等.礁滩储集层类型、特征、成因及勘探意义:以塔里木和四川盆地为例[J].石油勘探与开发,2014,41(3):257-267.
[20]GAO Z Q,DING Q,HU X L.Characteristics and controlling factors of carbonate intra-platform shoals in the Tarim Basin,NW China[J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2015,127:20-34.
[21]胡晓兰,樊太亮,于炳松,等.塔里木盆地柯坪地区奥陶系鹰山组台内滩储层地层特征对比研究:以石灰窑和大湾沟剖面为例[J].地学前缘,2011,18(3):339-346.
[22]金民东,谭秀成,李凌,等.四川盆地磨溪—高石梯地区下寒武统龙王庙组颗粒滩特征及分布规律[J].古地理学报,2015,17(3):347-357.
[23]罗平,张静,刘伟,等.中国海相碳酸盐岩油气储层基本特征[J].地学前缘,2008,15(1):36-50.
[24]侯加根,马晓强,刘钰铭,等.缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层多类多尺度建模方法研究:以塔河油田四区奥陶系油藏为例[J].地学前缘,2012,19(2):55-66.
[25]赵文智,沈安江,潘文庆,等.碳酸盐岩岩溶储层类型研究及对勘探的指导意义:以塔里木盆地岩溶储层为例[J].岩石学报,2013,29(9):3213-3222.
[26]田雨,张兴阳,朱国维,等.阿姆河盆地右岸地区膏盐岩分布及其对盐下礁滩成藏的影响分析[J].科学技术与工程,2016,16(12):220-227.
[27]田雨,张兴阳,朱国维,等.古地貌对台内滩储层分布及气藏特征的控制作用:以阿姆河盆地台内滩气田为例[J].天然气地球科学,2016,27(2):320-329.
[28]郑荣才,赵灿,刘合年,等.阿姆河盆地卡洛夫—牛津阶碳酸盐岩阴极发光性及其研究意义[J].成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),2010,37(4):377-385.
[29]郑荣才,刘合年,吴蕾,等.阿姆河盆地卡洛夫—牛津阶碳酸盐岩储层地球化学特征和成岩流体分析[J].岩石学报,2012,28(3):961-970.
[30]朱光有,张水昌,梁英波,等.四川盆地高含H2S天然气的分布与TSR成因证据[J].地质学报,2006,80(8):1208-1218.
[31]邓燕,王强,程绪彬,等.阿姆河右岸区块碳酸盐岩气藏H2S成因与分布规律[J].天然气工业,2011,31(4):21-23.
[32]朱光有,张水昌,马永生,等.TSR(H2S)对石油天然气工业的积极性研究:H2S的形成过程促进储层次生孔隙的发育[J].地学前缘,2006,13(3):142-149.