先进成像技术在全固态锂电池关键问题研究中的应用
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摘要
全固态锂电池因其高能量密度和安全性良好而备受关注.然而,要提高其充放电效率和延长其使用寿命需要其在固态电极、固态电解质及两者间的界面实现快速离子传导.另外,全固态锂电池中的固态电解质隔膜需要限制锂枝晶的生长,从而使得应用高能量密度的锂金属负极变为可能.本文基于上述全固态锂电池中的重要问题,讨论了电子显微镜、扫描探针显微镜、X射线断层摄影术、磁共振成像和光学显微镜五种先进成像技术在其中的应用.
All-solid-state lithium batteries have attracted much attention for their high energy density and good safety. To increase their efficiency and prolong their service life, it is necessary to achieve high ion conductivity at the electrode/electrolyte interface and in the electrolyte, as well as to eliminate dendrites growth in the battery. Based on the critical requirements outlined above, this paper discusses the applications of advanced imaging technologies in relevant studies. Recent progresses in investigations of all-solid-state lithium batteries by imaging techniques including electron microscopy, scanning probe microscopy,X-ray tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and optical microscopy are summarized.
All-solid-state lithium batteries have attracted much attention for their high energy density and good safety. To increase their efficiency and prolong their service life, it is necessary to achieve high ion conductivity at the electrode/electrolyte interface and in the electrolyte, as well as to eliminate dendrites growth in the battery. Based on the critical requirements outlined above, this paper discusses the applications of advanced imaging technologies in relevant studies. Recent progresses in investigations of all-solid-state lithium batteries by imaging techniques including electron microscopy, scanning probe microscopy,X-ray tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and optical microscopy are summarized.
引文
[1]Goodenough J B,Kim Y.Challenges for rechargeable Li batteries[J].Chemistry of Materials,2015,22(3):587-603.
[2]Monroe C,Newman J.The impact of elasctic deformation on deposition kinetics at lithium/polymer interfaces[J].Journal of The Electrochemical Society,2005,152(2):A396-A404.
[3]Ren Y Y,Shen Y,Lin Y H,et al.Direct observation of lithium dendrites inside garnet-type lithium-ion solid electrolyte[J].Electrochemistry Communications,2015,57:27-30.
[4]Aboulaich A,Bouchet R,Delaizir G,et al.A new approach to develop safe all-inorganic monolithic Li-ion batteries[J].Advanced Energy Materials,2011,1(2):179-183.
[5]Ito Y,Yamakawa S,Hayashi A,et al.Effects of the microstructure of solid-electrolyte-coated Li CoO2on its discharge properties in all-solid-state lithium batteries[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry A,,2017,5(21):10658-10668.
[6]Trevey J E,Stoldt C R,Lee S H.High power nanocomposite Ti S2cathodes for all-solid-state lithium batteries[J].Journal of The Electrochemical Society,2011,158(12):A1282-A1289.
[7]Nam Y J,Oh D Y,Jung S H,et al.Toward practical all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries with high energy density and safety:Comparative study for electrodes fabricated by dry-and slurry-mixing processes[J].Journal of Power Sources,2018,375:93-101.
[8]Bai P,Li J,Brushett F R,et al.Transition of lithium growth mechanisms in liquid electrolytes[J].Energy and Environmental Science,2016,9(10):3221-3229.
[9]Zhang W Q,Nie J H,Li F,et al.A durable and safe solid-state lithium battery with a hybrid electrolyte membrane[J].Nano Energy,2018,45:413-419.
[10]Cheng L,Chen W,Kunz M,et al.Effect of surface microstructure on electrochemical performance of garnet solid electrolyte[J].ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces,2015,7(3):2073-2081.
[11]Wang B,Bates J B,Hart F X,et al.Characterization of thin-film rechargeable lithium batteries with lithium cobalt oxide cathodes[J].Cheminform,1997,28(6):3203-3213.
[12]Hovington P,Lagace M,Guerfi A,et al.New lithium metal polymer solid state battery for an ultrahigh energy:nano C-Li FePO4versus nano Li1.2V3O8[J].Nano Letters,2015,15(4):2671-2678.
[13]Li D Z,Ma Z G,Xu J,et al.High temperature property of all-solid-state thin film lithium battery using Li PON electrolyte[J].Materials Letters,2014,134(7):237-239.
[14]Iriyama Y,Yada C,Abe T,et al.A new kind of all-solid-state thin-film-type lithium-ion battery developed by applying a D.C.high voltage[J].Electrochemistry Communications,2016,8(8):1287-1291.
[15]Bate J B,Dudney N J,Neudecker B,et al.Thin-film lithium and lithium-ion batteries[J].Solid State Ionics,2000,135:33-45.
[16]Li Y T,Zhou W D,Chen X,et al.Mastering the interface for advanced all-solid-state lithium rechargeable batteries[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Science,2016,113(47):13313-13317.
[17]Fu K K,Gong Y H,Liu B Y,et al.Toward garnet electrolyte-based Li metal batteries:An ultrathin,highly effective,artificial solid-state electrolyte/metallic Li interface[J].Science Advances,2017,3(4):e1601659.
[18]Brissot C,Rosso M,Chazalviel J N,et al.In situ study of dendritic growth in lithium PEO-salt lithium cells[J].Electrochimica Acta,1998,43(10-11):1569-1574.
[19]Duan H,Yin Y X,Shi Y,et al.Dendrite-free Li-metal battery enabled by a thin asymmetric solid electrolyte with engineered layers[J].Journal of the American Chemical Society,2018,140(1):82-85.
[20]Wang C W,Gong Y H,Dai J Q,et al.In situ neutron depth profiling of lithium metal-garnet interfaces for solid state batteries[J].Journal of the American Chemical Society,2017,139(40):14257-14264.
[21]Eshetu G G,Judez X,Li C,et al.Lithium azide as an electrolyte additive for all-solid-state lithium-sulfur batteries[J].Angewandte Chemie International Edition,2017,56(48):15368-15372.
[22]Ren Y Y,Shen Y,Lin Y H,et al.Direct observation of lithium dendrites inside garnet-type lithium-ion solid electrolyte[J].Electrochemistry Communications,2015,57:27-30.
[23]Sagane F,Shimokawa R,Sano H,et al.In-situ scanning electron microscopy observation of Li plating and stripping reactions at the lithium phosphorus oxynitride glass elec trolyte/Cu interface[J].Journal of Power Sources,2013,225:245-250.
[24]Nagao M,Hayashi A,Tatsumisago M,et al.In situ SEMstudy of a lithium deposition and dissolution mechanism in a bulk-type solid-state cell with a Li2S-P2S5solid electrolyte[J].Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics,2013,15(42):18600-18606.
[25]Dolle M,Sannier L,Beaudoin B,Trentin M,et al.Live scanning electron microscope observation of dendritic growth in lithium/polymer cells[J].Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters,2002,5(12):A286-A289.
[26]Li L,Basu S,Wang Y P,et al.Self-heating-induced healing of lithium dendrites[J].Science,2018,359(6383):1513-1516.
[27]Wang Z Y,Santhanagopalan D,Zhang W,et al.In situ STEM-EELS observation of nanoscale interfacial phenomena in all-solid-state batteries[J].Nano Letters,2016,16(6):3760-3767.
[28]Santhanagopalan D,Qian D,McGilvray T,et al.Interface limited lithium transport in solid-state batteries[J].Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters,2014,5(2):298-303.
[29]Brazier A,Dupont L,Dantras-Laffont L,et al.First crosssection observation of an all solid-state lithium-ion“nano battery”by transmission electron microscopy[J].Chemistry of Materials,2008,20(6):2352-2359.
[30]Ihlefeld J F,Clem P G,Doyle B L,et al.Fast lithium-ion conducting thin-film electrolytes integrated directly on flexible substrates for high-power solid-state batteries[J].Advanced Materials,2011,23(47):5663-5667.
[31]Wang Z,Lee J Z,Xin H L,et al.Effects of cathode electrolyte interfacial(CEI)layer on long term cycling of allsolid-state thin-film batteries[J].Journal of Power Sources,2016,324:342-348.
[32]Liu S Y,Xie J,Su Q M,et al.Understanding Li-storage mechanism and performance of MnFe2O4by in situ TEMobservation on its electrochemical process in nano lithium battery[J].Nano Energy,2014,8(6):84-94.
[33]Zhang Y,Lai J Y,Gong Y D,et al.A safe high-performance all-solid-state lithium-vanadium battery with a freestanding V2O5nanowire composite paper cathode[J].Journal of American Chemistry Society:Applied Materials&Interfaces,2016,8(50):34309-34316.
[34]Hayashi A,Nishio Y,Kitaura H,et al.Novel technique to form electrode-electrolyte nanointerface in all-solid-state rechargeable lithium batteries[J].Electrochemistry Communications,2008,10(12):1860-1863.
[35]Sun C W,Liu J,Gong Y D,et al.Recent advances in all-solid-state rechargeable lithium batteries[J].Nano Energy,2017,33:363-386.
[36]Kitaura H,Hayashi A,Ohtomo T,et al.Fabrication of electrode-electrolyte interfaces in all-solid-state rechargeable lithium batteries by using a supercooled liquid state of the glassy electrolytes[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry,2011,21(1):118-124.
[37]Zhu J,Feng J K,Lu L,et al.In situ study of topography,phase and volume changes of titanium dioxide anode in all-solid-state thin film lithium-ion battery by biased scanning probe[J].Journal of Power Sources,2012,197(1):224-230.
[38]Masuda H,Ishida N,Ogata Y,et al.Internal potential mapping of charged solid-state-lithium ion batteries using in situ Kelvin probe force microscopy[J].Nanoscale,2017,9(2):893-898.
[39]Harry K J,Hallinan D T,Parkinson D Y,et al.Detection of subsurface structures underneath dendrites formed on cycled lithium metal electrodes[J].Nature Materials,2014,13(1):69-73.
[40]Chien P H,Feng X Y,Tang M X,et al.Li distribution heterogeneity in solid electrolyte Li10GeP2S12upon electrochemical cycling probed by7Li MRI[J].Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters,2018,9(8):1990-1998.
[41]Romanenko K,Jin L Y,Howlett P,et al.In situ MRI of operating solid-state lithium metal cells based on ionic plastic crystal electrolytes[J].Chemistry of Materials,2016,28(8):2844-2851.
[42]Brissot C,Rosso M,Chazalviel J N,et al.Dendritic growth mechanisms in lithium polymer cells[J].Journal of Power Sources,1999,81:925-929.
[43]Porz L,Swamy T,Sheldon B W,et al.Mechanism of lithium metal penetration through inorganic solid electrolytes[J].Advanced Energy Materials,2017,7(20):1701003.
[44]Zhang J X,Zhao N,Zhang M,et al.Flexible and ion-conducting membrane electrolytes for solid-state lithium batteries:Dispersion of garnet nanoparticles in insulating polyethylene oxide[J].Nano Energy,2016,28:447-454.
[45]Kim K H,Iriyama Y,Yamamoto K,et al.Characterization of the interface between Li CoO2and Li7La3Zr2O12in an all-solid-state rechargeable lithium battery[J].Journal of Power Sources,2011,196(2):764-767.
[46]Hsieh A G,Bhadra S,Hertzberg B J,et al.Electrochemical-acoustic time of flight:In operando correlation of physical dynamics with battery charge and health[J].Environment and Environmental Science,2015,8(5):1569-1577.
[47]Bai P,Li J,Brushett F R,et al.Transition of lithium growth mechanisms in liquid electrolytes[J].Energy and Environmental Science,2016,9(10):3221-3229.
[2]Monroe C,Newman J.The impact of elasctic deformation on deposition kinetics at lithium/polymer interfaces[J].Journal of The Electrochemical Society,2005,152(2):A396-A404.
[3]Ren Y Y,Shen Y,Lin Y H,et al.Direct observation of lithium dendrites inside garnet-type lithium-ion solid electrolyte[J].Electrochemistry Communications,2015,57:27-30.
[4]Aboulaich A,Bouchet R,Delaizir G,et al.A new approach to develop safe all-inorganic monolithic Li-ion batteries[J].Advanced Energy Materials,2011,1(2):179-183.
[5]Ito Y,Yamakawa S,Hayashi A,et al.Effects of the microstructure of solid-electrolyte-coated Li CoO2on its discharge properties in all-solid-state lithium batteries[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry A,,2017,5(21):10658-10668.
[6]Trevey J E,Stoldt C R,Lee S H.High power nanocomposite Ti S2cathodes for all-solid-state lithium batteries[J].Journal of The Electrochemical Society,2011,158(12):A1282-A1289.
[7]Nam Y J,Oh D Y,Jung S H,et al.Toward practical all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries with high energy density and safety:Comparative study for electrodes fabricated by dry-and slurry-mixing processes[J].Journal of Power Sources,2018,375:93-101.
[8]Bai P,Li J,Brushett F R,et al.Transition of lithium growth mechanisms in liquid electrolytes[J].Energy and Environmental Science,2016,9(10):3221-3229.
[9]Zhang W Q,Nie J H,Li F,et al.A durable and safe solid-state lithium battery with a hybrid electrolyte membrane[J].Nano Energy,2018,45:413-419.
[10]Cheng L,Chen W,Kunz M,et al.Effect of surface microstructure on electrochemical performance of garnet solid electrolyte[J].ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces,2015,7(3):2073-2081.
[11]Wang B,Bates J B,Hart F X,et al.Characterization of thin-film rechargeable lithium batteries with lithium cobalt oxide cathodes[J].Cheminform,1997,28(6):3203-3213.
[12]Hovington P,Lagace M,Guerfi A,et al.New lithium metal polymer solid state battery for an ultrahigh energy:nano C-Li FePO4versus nano Li1.2V3O8[J].Nano Letters,2015,15(4):2671-2678.
[13]Li D Z,Ma Z G,Xu J,et al.High temperature property of all-solid-state thin film lithium battery using Li PON electrolyte[J].Materials Letters,2014,134(7):237-239.
[14]Iriyama Y,Yada C,Abe T,et al.A new kind of all-solid-state thin-film-type lithium-ion battery developed by applying a D.C.high voltage[J].Electrochemistry Communications,2016,8(8):1287-1291.
[15]Bate J B,Dudney N J,Neudecker B,et al.Thin-film lithium and lithium-ion batteries[J].Solid State Ionics,2000,135:33-45.
[16]Li Y T,Zhou W D,Chen X,et al.Mastering the interface for advanced all-solid-state lithium rechargeable batteries[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Science,2016,113(47):13313-13317.
[17]Fu K K,Gong Y H,Liu B Y,et al.Toward garnet electrolyte-based Li metal batteries:An ultrathin,highly effective,artificial solid-state electrolyte/metallic Li interface[J].Science Advances,2017,3(4):e1601659.
[18]Brissot C,Rosso M,Chazalviel J N,et al.In situ study of dendritic growth in lithium PEO-salt lithium cells[J].Electrochimica Acta,1998,43(10-11):1569-1574.
[19]Duan H,Yin Y X,Shi Y,et al.Dendrite-free Li-metal battery enabled by a thin asymmetric solid electrolyte with engineered layers[J].Journal of the American Chemical Society,2018,140(1):82-85.
[20]Wang C W,Gong Y H,Dai J Q,et al.In situ neutron depth profiling of lithium metal-garnet interfaces for solid state batteries[J].Journal of the American Chemical Society,2017,139(40):14257-14264.
[21]Eshetu G G,Judez X,Li C,et al.Lithium azide as an electrolyte additive for all-solid-state lithium-sulfur batteries[J].Angewandte Chemie International Edition,2017,56(48):15368-15372.
[22]Ren Y Y,Shen Y,Lin Y H,et al.Direct observation of lithium dendrites inside garnet-type lithium-ion solid electrolyte[J].Electrochemistry Communications,2015,57:27-30.
[23]Sagane F,Shimokawa R,Sano H,et al.In-situ scanning electron microscopy observation of Li plating and stripping reactions at the lithium phosphorus oxynitride glass elec trolyte/Cu interface[J].Journal of Power Sources,2013,225:245-250.
[24]Nagao M,Hayashi A,Tatsumisago M,et al.In situ SEMstudy of a lithium deposition and dissolution mechanism in a bulk-type solid-state cell with a Li2S-P2S5solid electrolyte[J].Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics,2013,15(42):18600-18606.
[25]Dolle M,Sannier L,Beaudoin B,Trentin M,et al.Live scanning electron microscope observation of dendritic growth in lithium/polymer cells[J].Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters,2002,5(12):A286-A289.
[26]Li L,Basu S,Wang Y P,et al.Self-heating-induced healing of lithium dendrites[J].Science,2018,359(6383):1513-1516.
[27]Wang Z Y,Santhanagopalan D,Zhang W,et al.In situ STEM-EELS observation of nanoscale interfacial phenomena in all-solid-state batteries[J].Nano Letters,2016,16(6):3760-3767.
[28]Santhanagopalan D,Qian D,McGilvray T,et al.Interface limited lithium transport in solid-state batteries[J].Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters,2014,5(2):298-303.
[29]Brazier A,Dupont L,Dantras-Laffont L,et al.First crosssection observation of an all solid-state lithium-ion“nano battery”by transmission electron microscopy[J].Chemistry of Materials,2008,20(6):2352-2359.
[30]Ihlefeld J F,Clem P G,Doyle B L,et al.Fast lithium-ion conducting thin-film electrolytes integrated directly on flexible substrates for high-power solid-state batteries[J].Advanced Materials,2011,23(47):5663-5667.
[31]Wang Z,Lee J Z,Xin H L,et al.Effects of cathode electrolyte interfacial(CEI)layer on long term cycling of allsolid-state thin-film batteries[J].Journal of Power Sources,2016,324:342-348.
[32]Liu S Y,Xie J,Su Q M,et al.Understanding Li-storage mechanism and performance of MnFe2O4by in situ TEMobservation on its electrochemical process in nano lithium battery[J].Nano Energy,2014,8(6):84-94.
[33]Zhang Y,Lai J Y,Gong Y D,et al.A safe high-performance all-solid-state lithium-vanadium battery with a freestanding V2O5nanowire composite paper cathode[J].Journal of American Chemistry Society:Applied Materials&Interfaces,2016,8(50):34309-34316.
[34]Hayashi A,Nishio Y,Kitaura H,et al.Novel technique to form electrode-electrolyte nanointerface in all-solid-state rechargeable lithium batteries[J].Electrochemistry Communications,2008,10(12):1860-1863.
[35]Sun C W,Liu J,Gong Y D,et al.Recent advances in all-solid-state rechargeable lithium batteries[J].Nano Energy,2017,33:363-386.
[36]Kitaura H,Hayashi A,Ohtomo T,et al.Fabrication of electrode-electrolyte interfaces in all-solid-state rechargeable lithium batteries by using a supercooled liquid state of the glassy electrolytes[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry,2011,21(1):118-124.
[37]Zhu J,Feng J K,Lu L,et al.In situ study of topography,phase and volume changes of titanium dioxide anode in all-solid-state thin film lithium-ion battery by biased scanning probe[J].Journal of Power Sources,2012,197(1):224-230.
[38]Masuda H,Ishida N,Ogata Y,et al.Internal potential mapping of charged solid-state-lithium ion batteries using in situ Kelvin probe force microscopy[J].Nanoscale,2017,9(2):893-898.
[39]Harry K J,Hallinan D T,Parkinson D Y,et al.Detection of subsurface structures underneath dendrites formed on cycled lithium metal electrodes[J].Nature Materials,2014,13(1):69-73.
[40]Chien P H,Feng X Y,Tang M X,et al.Li distribution heterogeneity in solid electrolyte Li10GeP2S12upon electrochemical cycling probed by7Li MRI[J].Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters,2018,9(8):1990-1998.
[41]Romanenko K,Jin L Y,Howlett P,et al.In situ MRI of operating solid-state lithium metal cells based on ionic plastic crystal electrolytes[J].Chemistry of Materials,2016,28(8):2844-2851.
[42]Brissot C,Rosso M,Chazalviel J N,et al.Dendritic growth mechanisms in lithium polymer cells[J].Journal of Power Sources,1999,81:925-929.
[43]Porz L,Swamy T,Sheldon B W,et al.Mechanism of lithium metal penetration through inorganic solid electrolytes[J].Advanced Energy Materials,2017,7(20):1701003.
[44]Zhang J X,Zhao N,Zhang M,et al.Flexible and ion-conducting membrane electrolytes for solid-state lithium batteries:Dispersion of garnet nanoparticles in insulating polyethylene oxide[J].Nano Energy,2016,28:447-454.
[45]Kim K H,Iriyama Y,Yamamoto K,et al.Characterization of the interface between Li CoO2and Li7La3Zr2O12in an all-solid-state rechargeable lithium battery[J].Journal of Power Sources,2011,196(2):764-767.
[46]Hsieh A G,Bhadra S,Hertzberg B J,et al.Electrochemical-acoustic time of flight:In operando correlation of physical dynamics with battery charge and health[J].Environment and Environmental Science,2015,8(5):1569-1577.
[47]Bai P,Li J,Brushett F R,et al.Transition of lithium growth mechanisms in liquid electrolytes[J].Energy and Environmental Science,2016,9(10):3221-3229.