从叙事手法看文学自译的翻译属性:一项基于语料库的研究
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摘要
为进一步检析文学自译的翻译属性,本文试图基于汉英自译平行语料库从人称叙事结构、转述动词、段落首句特征、程度副词的强化与弱化等叙事手法对文学自译现象进行语料库考察。文章指出:在叙事手法上,一方面自译作与其原作有着较大的相似性、延续性和稳定性,文学自译颇具文学他译的特性;另一方面,由于文学自译过程中创作主体与翻译主体合二为一,自译者的主体性比他译者更显张扬,"译"与"作"互动往往更为直接显化,译中有作,主观介入更为明显,其中"译"是主导,"作"是一种显化倾向,自译结果仍然体现为以忠实于原作为主导。
Based on Chinese English Self-Translation Parallel Corpus( CESTPC),this paper attempts to probe into literary self-translation in terms of transferring such narrative techniques as personal narrative structure,reporting verbs,topic sentence features and adverbs of degree so as to further examine the fact that literary self-translation is translation. The paper holds that,in terms of narrative techniques,self-translations,on the one hand,possess great similarity,continuity and stability as their originals,which shows that literary self-translation basically enjoys those features of the conventional translation; on the other hand,the self-translator's subjectivity is supposed to be much greater than the conventional translator's,and in self-translation,"translating"and "writing"interplay more overtly,among which "translating"is the primary mission while"writing"intervenes more intentionally. Therefore,self-translations are faithful to their original texts on the whole.
Based on Chinese English Self-Translation Parallel Corpus( CESTPC),this paper attempts to probe into literary self-translation in terms of transferring such narrative techniques as personal narrative structure,reporting verbs,topic sentence features and adverbs of degree so as to further examine the fact that literary self-translation is translation. The paper holds that,in terms of narrative techniques,self-translations,on the one hand,possess great similarity,continuity and stability as their originals,which shows that literary self-translation basically enjoys those features of the conventional translation; on the other hand,the self-translator's subjectivity is supposed to be much greater than the conventional translator's,and in self-translation,"translating"and "writing"interplay more overtly,among which "translating"is the primary mission while"writing"intervenes more intentionally. Therefore,self-translations are faithful to their original texts on the whole.
引文
[1]Bassnett,S.&A.Lefevere.Constructing Cultures—Essays on Literary Translation[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001.
[2]Ehrlich,S.Are self-translators like other translators?[J].Perspective:Studies in Translatology,2009,(4):243-255.
[3]Fitch,B.T.Beckett and Babel:An Investigation into the Status of the Bilingual Work[M].Toronto Buffalo London:University of Toronto Press,1988.
[4]Grutman,R.Auto-translation[A].In M.Baker(ed.).Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies[Z].Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2004.
[5]Hokenson,J.W.&M.Munson.The Bilingual Text:History and Theory of Literary Self-Translation[M].Manchester:St.Jerome Publishing,2007.
[6]Klein,H.Adverbs of Degree in Dutch and Related Language[M].Amsterdam:John Benjamins,1998.
[7]Munim,R.The author as self-translator:a conversation with S.M.Islam[J].World Literature Today(Special Section:Translation and World Literature),2014:66-68.
[8]Ouyang,Y.Translating myself,recreating myself[A].In Y.Ouyang(ed.).Bias:Offensively Chinese/Australian[C].Melbourne:Otherland Publishing,2007:193-208.
[9]Popovic,A.Dictionary for the Analysis of Literature Translation[Z].Edmonton:Department of Comparative Literature,The University of Alberta,1976.
[10]Whyte,C.Against self-translation[J].Translation and Literature,2002,(11):64-71.
[11]Wilson,R.The writer’s double:Translation,writing,and autobiography[J].Romance Studies,2009,(3):186-198.
[12]陈吉荣.基于自译语料的翻译理论研究——以张爱玲自译为个案[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2009.
[13]胡开宝,陶庆.记者招待会汉英口译句法操作规范研究[J].外语教学与研究,2012,(5):738-750.
[14]黎昌抱.文学自译研究:回顾与展望[J].外国语,2011,(3):89-96.
[15]黎昌抱.哲学阐释学视域下的文学自译标准策略考察[J].中国外语,2012,(5):101-106.
[16]黎昌抱.基于语料库的自译与他译比较研究[J].外国语,2015,(2):57-64.
[17]林克难.增亦翻译,减亦翻译——萧乾自译文学作品启示录[J].中国翻译,2005,(5):44-47.
[18]刘慧丹,胡开宝.基于语料库的莎士比亚戏剧汉译中强化/弱化实证研究——以程度副词为例[J].外语教学,2014,(2):94-98.
[19]刘克强.《水浒传》四英译本翻译特征多维度对比研究——基于平行语料库的研究范式[D].上海外国语大学,2013.
[20]马若飞.张爱玲翻译研究[D].北京语言大学,2007.
[21]王佐良,丁往道.英语文体学引论[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1987.
[22]夏征农.辞海·文学分册[Z].上海:上海辞书出版社,1981.
[23]夏征农.辞海(缩印本)[Z].上海:上海辞书出版社,1989.
[24]杨联芬.母语还是翻译?——谈海外华人文学的写作语言[J].华文文学,2006,(1):19-20.
[25]杨仕章.译者标记性研究:自我翻译者[J].解放军外国语学院学报,2009,(3):77-82.
[26]张谊生.现代汉语副词分析[M].上海:上海三联书店,2010.
(1)汉英自译平行语料库(Chinese English Self-Translation Parallel Corpus,简称CESTPC)是由黎昌抱主持并于2013年研制完成的汉英双向自译对应语料库。该库语料均为小说、散文和诗歌等文学文本,主要涉及白先勇、卞之琳、林语堂、刘诚之、聂华岺、萧乾、叶维廉、於梨华、余光中、张爱玲等海内外著名英汉双语作家的主要自译作品,且均为1930年到2001年间的出版物,其中75%以上是1950年以后的出版物。库容总量为6,389,469词,由汉自译英平行语料子库和英自译汉平行语料子库组成。其中“汉自译英平行语料子库”容量为3,239,619词,包括29个汉英双语文本(10部/篇小说,16篇散文和3部诗集);“英自译汉平行语料子库”容量为3,149,850词,包括36个英汉对应文本(5部/篇小说和31篇散文)。
(2)在CESTPC语料库中,汉自译英的小说体裁原作及其自译作各有10部(篇):001/张爱玲的《金锁记》(The Golden Cangue)、002/张爱玲的《桂花蒸阿小悲秋》(Shame,Amah)、003/张爱玲的《等》(Little Finger Up)、004/白先勇的《台北人》(Taipei People)、005/白先勇的《香港一九六零》(Hong Kong 1960)、006/白先勇的《谪仙记》(Li T’ung:A Chinese Girl in New York)、024/於梨华的《柳家庒上》(In Liu Village)、026/刘诚之的《从上海到纽约》(From Shanghai to New York)、028/聂华苓的《王大年的几件喜事》(The Several Blessings of Wang Ta-Nien)、029/聂华苓的《一捻红》(Camellia),它们在篇幅上约占汉自译英语料子库的70%;英自译汉的小说体裁原作及其自译作各有5部(篇):001/林语堂的Between Tears and Laughter(《啼笑皆非》)、028/张爱玲的Naked Earth(《赤地之恋》)、029/张爱玲的The Rice-Sprout Song(《秧歌》)、030/张爱玲的Stale Mates-A Short Story Set in the Time When Love Came to China(《五四遗事》)、036/萧乾的How the Tillers Win Back Their Land(《土地回老家》),它们在篇幅上约占英自译汉语料子库的85%。
(3)该表中的人称代词分为第Ⅰ人称、第Ⅱ人称、第Ⅲ人称和第Ⅲ人称中性。其中汉语第Ⅰ人称代词包括“我、我们、咱、咱们、吾、余”;第Ⅱ人称“你、你们”;第Ⅲ人称“他、他们、她、她们”;第Ⅲ人称中性代词是“它、它们”。英语第Ⅰ人称代词包括“I、we、me、my、mine、us、our、ours”;第Ⅱ人称代词“you、your、yours”;第Ⅲ人称代词“he、she、they、his、him、her、hers、their、them、theirs”;第Ⅲ人称中性代词是“it、its”。此外,英语人称代词的出现频率不仅统计其单独词频,还包括通过WordS mith Tools 6.0检索工具获取的所有与其相关的缩略词词频中的该人称代词,如“I”一词,除统计其单个“I”的出现频率外,还包括I’m、I’ll、I’d、I’ve等所有与“I”相关的缩略词词频中的“I”。
[2]Ehrlich,S.Are self-translators like other translators?[J].Perspective:Studies in Translatology,2009,(4):243-255.
[3]Fitch,B.T.Beckett and Babel:An Investigation into the Status of the Bilingual Work[M].Toronto Buffalo London:University of Toronto Press,1988.
[4]Grutman,R.Auto-translation[A].In M.Baker(ed.).Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies[Z].Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2004.
[5]Hokenson,J.W.&M.Munson.The Bilingual Text:History and Theory of Literary Self-Translation[M].Manchester:St.Jerome Publishing,2007.
[6]Klein,H.Adverbs of Degree in Dutch and Related Language[M].Amsterdam:John Benjamins,1998.
[7]Munim,R.The author as self-translator:a conversation with S.M.Islam[J].World Literature Today(Special Section:Translation and World Literature),2014:66-68.
[8]Ouyang,Y.Translating myself,recreating myself[A].In Y.Ouyang(ed.).Bias:Offensively Chinese/Australian[C].Melbourne:Otherland Publishing,2007:193-208.
[9]Popovic,A.Dictionary for the Analysis of Literature Translation[Z].Edmonton:Department of Comparative Literature,The University of Alberta,1976.
[10]Whyte,C.Against self-translation[J].Translation and Literature,2002,(11):64-71.
[11]Wilson,R.The writer’s double:Translation,writing,and autobiography[J].Romance Studies,2009,(3):186-198.
[12]陈吉荣.基于自译语料的翻译理论研究——以张爱玲自译为个案[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2009.
[13]胡开宝,陶庆.记者招待会汉英口译句法操作规范研究[J].外语教学与研究,2012,(5):738-750.
[14]黎昌抱.文学自译研究:回顾与展望[J].外国语,2011,(3):89-96.
[15]黎昌抱.哲学阐释学视域下的文学自译标准策略考察[J].中国外语,2012,(5):101-106.
[16]黎昌抱.基于语料库的自译与他译比较研究[J].外国语,2015,(2):57-64.
[17]林克难.增亦翻译,减亦翻译——萧乾自译文学作品启示录[J].中国翻译,2005,(5):44-47.
[18]刘慧丹,胡开宝.基于语料库的莎士比亚戏剧汉译中强化/弱化实证研究——以程度副词为例[J].外语教学,2014,(2):94-98.
[19]刘克强.《水浒传》四英译本翻译特征多维度对比研究——基于平行语料库的研究范式[D].上海外国语大学,2013.
[20]马若飞.张爱玲翻译研究[D].北京语言大学,2007.
[21]王佐良,丁往道.英语文体学引论[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1987.
[22]夏征农.辞海·文学分册[Z].上海:上海辞书出版社,1981.
[23]夏征农.辞海(缩印本)[Z].上海:上海辞书出版社,1989.
[24]杨联芬.母语还是翻译?——谈海外华人文学的写作语言[J].华文文学,2006,(1):19-20.
[25]杨仕章.译者标记性研究:自我翻译者[J].解放军外国语学院学报,2009,(3):77-82.
[26]张谊生.现代汉语副词分析[M].上海:上海三联书店,2010.
(1)汉英自译平行语料库(Chinese English Self-Translation Parallel Corpus,简称CESTPC)是由黎昌抱主持并于2013年研制完成的汉英双向自译对应语料库。该库语料均为小说、散文和诗歌等文学文本,主要涉及白先勇、卞之琳、林语堂、刘诚之、聂华岺、萧乾、叶维廉、於梨华、余光中、张爱玲等海内外著名英汉双语作家的主要自译作品,且均为1930年到2001年间的出版物,其中75%以上是1950年以后的出版物。库容总量为6,389,469词,由汉自译英平行语料子库和英自译汉平行语料子库组成。其中“汉自译英平行语料子库”容量为3,239,619词,包括29个汉英双语文本(10部/篇小说,16篇散文和3部诗集);“英自译汉平行语料子库”容量为3,149,850词,包括36个英汉对应文本(5部/篇小说和31篇散文)。
(2)在CESTPC语料库中,汉自译英的小说体裁原作及其自译作各有10部(篇):001/张爱玲的《金锁记》(The Golden Cangue)、002/张爱玲的《桂花蒸阿小悲秋》(Shame,Amah)、003/张爱玲的《等》(Little Finger Up)、004/白先勇的《台北人》(Taipei People)、005/白先勇的《香港一九六零》(Hong Kong 1960)、006/白先勇的《谪仙记》(Li T’ung:A Chinese Girl in New York)、024/於梨华的《柳家庒上》(In Liu Village)、026/刘诚之的《从上海到纽约》(From Shanghai to New York)、028/聂华苓的《王大年的几件喜事》(The Several Blessings of Wang Ta-Nien)、029/聂华苓的《一捻红》(Camellia),它们在篇幅上约占汉自译英语料子库的70%;英自译汉的小说体裁原作及其自译作各有5部(篇):001/林语堂的Between Tears and Laughter(《啼笑皆非》)、028/张爱玲的Naked Earth(《赤地之恋》)、029/张爱玲的The Rice-Sprout Song(《秧歌》)、030/张爱玲的Stale Mates-A Short Story Set in the Time When Love Came to China(《五四遗事》)、036/萧乾的How the Tillers Win Back Their Land(《土地回老家》),它们在篇幅上约占英自译汉语料子库的85%。
(3)该表中的人称代词分为第Ⅰ人称、第Ⅱ人称、第Ⅲ人称和第Ⅲ人称中性。其中汉语第Ⅰ人称代词包括“我、我们、咱、咱们、吾、余”;第Ⅱ人称“你、你们”;第Ⅲ人称“他、他们、她、她们”;第Ⅲ人称中性代词是“它、它们”。英语第Ⅰ人称代词包括“I、we、me、my、mine、us、our、ours”;第Ⅱ人称代词“you、your、yours”;第Ⅲ人称代词“he、she、they、his、him、her、hers、their、them、theirs”;第Ⅲ人称中性代词是“it、its”。此外,英语人称代词的出现频率不仅统计其单独词频,还包括通过WordS mith Tools 6.0检索工具获取的所有与其相关的缩略词词频中的该人称代词,如“I”一词,除统计其单个“I”的出现频率外,还包括I’m、I’ll、I’d、I’ve等所有与“I”相关的缩略词词频中的“I”。