梨园常规施药与土壤重金属潜在污染风险评价
|
摘要
【目的】了解常规施药(每年8~10次)梨园土壤重金属污染程度。【方法】分别测定了北京平谷、大兴、密云、顺义、房山5个郊区46个常规施药梨园0~20 cm、20~40 cm和40~60 cm土层的镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、铅(Pb)、砷(As)、汞(Hg)的含量,采用单因子和内梅罗综合(多因子)污染指数及单污染物与多污染物潜在生态风险指数对梨园土壤重金属潜在污染程度及风险进行分析和评价。【结果】各取样梨园的各土层Cd含量均超北京市土壤背景值(0.12 mg·kg-1),大部分地区超出国家土壤环境质量标准(0.6 mg·kg-1);Cr与Hg超北京市土壤背景值,但未超出国家土壤环境质量标准;其余检测元素均未超标。Cd在46个梨园的3个土层(除大兴40~60 cm土层外)的单因子污染指数均大于1,已造成了污染,其余检测元素均未造成污染。顺义区梨园40~60 cm土层的内梅罗综合(多因子)污染指数为重度污染水平,多污染物潜在生态风险指数(471.57)为重度风险水平,Cd的潜在生态风险指数(459.41)达到了严重风险水平;密云区梨园0~20 cm土层的多因子污染指数也为重度污染,多污染物潜在生态风险指数(202.5)为中度风险水平,Cd的潜在生态风险指数(184.56)达重度风险水平。大兴区20~40 cm土层、顺义区20~40 cm及0~20 cm土层的Cd潜在生态风险指数依次为157.50、93.76、89.66,处于较重风险水平;其他区梨园的Cd则为中低度风险水平。其余郊区、土层的其他单、多污染物潜在生态风险指数均为低度风险水平。【结论】顺义、密云地区测试梨园土壤已发生Cd污染。建议梨园减少含磷化肥农药使用,种植Cd超富集植物牛膝菊、碎米芥等。
【Objective】The pollution of heavy metals in soil is becoming a more and more concerned issue in pear orchards. It has huge impact on pear yield and fruit and environment safety. To investigate the contamination of heavy metals in soils of pear orchard with conventional chemical application(8-10 times a year), this study was conducted in order to guide reasonable pesticide application and reduce the risk of heavy metal pollution in pear orchards and thus to ensure orchard sustainability.【Methods】Forty six pear orchards with conventional pesticide application were investigated for heavy metal contamination evaluation. These orchards were located in 5 suburb counties of Beijing, namely Pinggu, Daxing,Miyun, Shunyi and Fangshan. Fifteen trees in each pear orchard were randomly selected. Three soil samples at the depths of 0-20 cm, 20-40 cm and 40-60 cm were taken 0.5-0.6 m away from the trunk of each tree with a 4 cm diameter earth drill. The soil samples of each layer from 5 trees(15 sampling points) were pooled and about 1 kg of the pooled sample was put into a plastic bag as one replication.Three replications were designed in this study. All the samples were collected and carried to LEN laboratory at the same day. In the laboratory, the collected soil samples were put into a ventilated and cool place for air-drying. The totally dried soil samples were crushed in a mortar and sieved with 80 Nylon meshes. The atomic absorption spectrophotometer(single pass) in Vegetable Research Center of Beijing Agriculture and Forestry Academy was used to measure the contents of cadmium(Cd), chromium(Cr),lead(Pb), srsenic(As) and mercury(Hg) in the soil samples. Single factor, Nemerow multi-factor pollution index, single pollutant and multiple pollutant potential ecological risk index were used for analysis and evaluation of the potential pollution degree and the risk of heavy metals in pear orchard soils.【Results】The contents of Cd in the 3 layers of soil in all pear orchards were higher than the soil background value of Beijing(0.12 mg· kg-1), most of which were beyond the quality standard of national soil environmental(0.6 mg· kg-1), and thus the soils had been polluted. Among them, the highest content of Cd was found in the soil layer of 40-60 cm in pear orchards in Shunyi district(6.88 mg · kg-1). The contents of Cr and Hg were beyond the background values of Beijing soil, but no higher than the national standards of soil environmental quality. It showed that the accumulation of Cr and Hg occurred in Beijing.The other elements were in the normal levels. The single factor pollution indexes of Cd in the three soil layers of 46 pear orchards(except 40-60 cm soil layer in Daxing district) were higher than one, which could be regarded as being polluted. Others were not. The Nemerow multi-factor pollution indexes(multifactorial) in the five suburb counties were Shunyi> Miyun> Daxing> Pinggu> Fangshan. The 40-60 cm soil layer in the pear orchards in Shunyi district and 0-20 cm soil layer in pear orchards of Miyun district were both severely polluted. The potential ecological risk index of multiple pollutant RI(471.57) was at a serious level, and the potential ecological risk index of Cd reached the severe level(459.41). The Nemerow multi-factor pollution index of the 0-20 cm soil layer in pear orchards in Miyun district showed that the soil was severely polluted too. The potential ecological risk index of multiple pollutant RI was in the medium level(202.5). In addition, the potential ecological risk index of Cd reached the serious level(184.56). Other heavy metal elements were all in the low risk level. The potential ecological risk indexes of Cd in 20-40 cm soil layer of Daxing and 20-40 cm and 0-20 cm soil layer in Shunyi were 157.50, 93.76 and 89.66, respectively. All of them were at the severe level. Others were at the low level. The potential ecological risks of single and multiple pollutants in the remaining suburb counties and in the other soil layers were all in the low level.【Conclusion】The results indicated that some pear orchards in Shunyi and Miyun regions might have Cd pollution, possibly due to the orchards located in a high Cd content area. The use of phosphorus fertilizers and pesticides should be reduced,and Cd hyperaccumulation plants such as Galinsoga parviflora, Cardamine hirsuta Linn. are recommended to be planted in the pear orchards.
【Objective】The pollution of heavy metals in soil is becoming a more and more concerned issue in pear orchards. It has huge impact on pear yield and fruit and environment safety. To investigate the contamination of heavy metals in soils of pear orchard with conventional chemical application(8-10 times a year), this study was conducted in order to guide reasonable pesticide application and reduce the risk of heavy metal pollution in pear orchards and thus to ensure orchard sustainability.【Methods】Forty six pear orchards with conventional pesticide application were investigated for heavy metal contamination evaluation. These orchards were located in 5 suburb counties of Beijing, namely Pinggu, Daxing,Miyun, Shunyi and Fangshan. Fifteen trees in each pear orchard were randomly selected. Three soil samples at the depths of 0-20 cm, 20-40 cm and 40-60 cm were taken 0.5-0.6 m away from the trunk of each tree with a 4 cm diameter earth drill. The soil samples of each layer from 5 trees(15 sampling points) were pooled and about 1 kg of the pooled sample was put into a plastic bag as one replication.Three replications were designed in this study. All the samples were collected and carried to LEN laboratory at the same day. In the laboratory, the collected soil samples were put into a ventilated and cool place for air-drying. The totally dried soil samples were crushed in a mortar and sieved with 80 Nylon meshes. The atomic absorption spectrophotometer(single pass) in Vegetable Research Center of Beijing Agriculture and Forestry Academy was used to measure the contents of cadmium(Cd), chromium(Cr),lead(Pb), srsenic(As) and mercury(Hg) in the soil samples. Single factor, Nemerow multi-factor pollution index, single pollutant and multiple pollutant potential ecological risk index were used for analysis and evaluation of the potential pollution degree and the risk of heavy metals in pear orchard soils.【Results】The contents of Cd in the 3 layers of soil in all pear orchards were higher than the soil background value of Beijing(0.12 mg· kg-1), most of which were beyond the quality standard of national soil environmental(0.6 mg· kg-1), and thus the soils had been polluted. Among them, the highest content of Cd was found in the soil layer of 40-60 cm in pear orchards in Shunyi district(6.88 mg · kg-1). The contents of Cr and Hg were beyond the background values of Beijing soil, but no higher than the national standards of soil environmental quality. It showed that the accumulation of Cr and Hg occurred in Beijing.The other elements were in the normal levels. The single factor pollution indexes of Cd in the three soil layers of 46 pear orchards(except 40-60 cm soil layer in Daxing district) were higher than one, which could be regarded as being polluted. Others were not. The Nemerow multi-factor pollution indexes(multifactorial) in the five suburb counties were Shunyi> Miyun> Daxing> Pinggu> Fangshan. The 40-60 cm soil layer in the pear orchards in Shunyi district and 0-20 cm soil layer in pear orchards of Miyun district were both severely polluted. The potential ecological risk index of multiple pollutant RI(471.57) was at a serious level, and the potential ecological risk index of Cd reached the severe level(459.41). The Nemerow multi-factor pollution index of the 0-20 cm soil layer in pear orchards in Miyun district showed that the soil was severely polluted too. The potential ecological risk index of multiple pollutant RI was in the medium level(202.5). In addition, the potential ecological risk index of Cd reached the serious level(184.56). Other heavy metal elements were all in the low risk level. The potential ecological risk indexes of Cd in 20-40 cm soil layer of Daxing and 20-40 cm and 0-20 cm soil layer in Shunyi were 157.50, 93.76 and 89.66, respectively. All of them were at the severe level. Others were at the low level. The potential ecological risks of single and multiple pollutants in the remaining suburb counties and in the other soil layers were all in the low level.【Conclusion】The results indicated that some pear orchards in Shunyi and Miyun regions might have Cd pollution, possibly due to the orchards located in a high Cd content area. The use of phosphorus fertilizers and pesticides should be reduced,and Cd hyperaccumulation plants such as Galinsoga parviflora, Cardamine hirsuta Linn. are recommended to be planted in the pear orchards.
引文
[1]路超,王金政.山东省苹果园梨园土壤肥力状况及改良技术措施[J].落叶果树,2008,40(2):24-28.LU Chao,WANG Jinzheng.Fertility status in apple and pear orchard soils in Shandong province and improving measures[J].Deciduous Fruits,2008,40(2):24-28.
[2]庞奖励,黄春长,孙根年.西安污灌区土壤重金属含量及对西红柿影响研究[J].土壤与环境,2001,10(2):94-97.PANG Jiangli,HUANG Chunchang,SUN Gennian.Heavy metal content of sewage irrigated soil in Xi’an and its influence to tomato[J].Soil and Environmental Sciences,2001,10(2):94-97.
[3]WONG C S,WU S C,DUZGOREN-AYDIN N S,AYDIN A,MING H W.Trace metal contamination of sediments in an ewaste processing village in China[J].Environmental Pollution,2007,145(2):434-442.
[4]杨景辉.土壤污染与防治[M].北京:科学出版社,1995.YANG Jinghui.Soil pollution and control[M].Beijing:Science Press,1995.
[5]曹正亚.大棚黄瓜中多次施用代森锰锌后对土壤中锰、锌累积的影响[D].杭州:浙江大学,2013.CAO Zhengya.Accumulation of manganese and zinc in cucumber planted soil with the successive applications of Maneozeb[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2013.
[6]单正军,王连生,蔡道基,朱忠林,石利利,果园土壤铜污染状况及其对作物生长的影响[J].农业环境保护,2002,21(2):119-121.SHAN Zhengjun,WANG Liansheng,CAI Daoji,SONG Zhonglin,SHI Lili.Pollution of Copper in orchard soil and its effects on plant growth[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2002,21(2):119-121.
[7]北京市统计局,国家统计局北京调查总队.北京统计年鉴[2017][M].北京:中国统计出版社,2017.Beijing Municipal Bureau of Statistics and NBS Survey Office in Beijing.Statistical yearbook of Beijing[2017][M].Beijing:China Statistics Press,2017.
[8]刘奇志,付占芳,王玉柱,张丽娟,李振茹,亓丽萍,陈梅香.中国北方有机果园害虫防治建议[J].中国农学通报,2008,24(6):296-300.LIU Qizhi,FU Zhanfang,WANG Yuzhu,ZHANG Lijuan,LI Zhenru,QI Liping,CHEN Meixiang,Suggestion on insect pest control of organic orchards in northern China[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2008,24(6):296-300.
[9]张婷,刘奇志,郭黄萍,王洁雯,张晓伟.物候温度与梨园梨木虱出蛰及发育关系研究[J].北方园艺,2015(20):102-104.ZHANG Ting,LIU Qizhi,GUO Huangping,WANG Jiewen,ZHANG Xiaowei.Research on the relation between development and post-hibernant of Cacopsylla chinensis and phenology temperature[J].Northern Horticulture,2015(20):102-104.
[10]路晓楠,刘奇志,乐文全,王洁雯,徐金涛.梨树树形与梨木虱种群发生关系研究[J].北方园艺,2015(4):116-118.LU Xiaonan,LIU Qizhi,LE Wenquan,WANG Jiewen,XU Jintao.Study on the relationship between pear trees structure and population of Cacopsylla chinensis[J].Northern Horticulture,2015(4):116-118.
[11]刘艳斌,刘奇志,石旺鹏,李红旭,白鹏华,赵明新,刘志龙,周海鹰,王玮,王玉玲.梨园根际土壤线虫对土壤养分及叶片黄化的响应[J].果树学报,2013,30(6):998-1004.LIU Yanbin,LIU Qizhi,SHI Wangpeng,LI Hongxu,BAI Penghua,ZHAO Mingxin,LIU Zhilong,ZHOU Haiying,WANG Wei,WANG Yuling.Response of nematodes to soil nutrient and leaf yellowing in pear trees[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2013,30(6):998-1004.
[12]TIAN B L,LIU Q Z,LIU Z L,LI P,WANG J W.Insecticidal potential of clove essential oil and its constituents on Cacopsylla chinensis(Hemiptera:Psyllidae)in laboratory and field[J].Journal of Economic Entomology,2015,108(3):957-961.
[13]刘奇志,张丽娟,王玉柱,李振茹,杜小引,陈梅香.从德国有机农业看我国有机果园的病虫防治[J].北方园艺,2010(7):230-231.LIU Qizhi,ZHANG Lijuan,WANG Yuzhu,LI Zhenru,DU Xiaoyin,CHEN Meixiang.From German organic agriculture considering China organic orchard in pest control[J].Northern Horticulture,2010(7):230-231.
[14]王洁雯,刘奇志,郭黄萍,张晓伟.梨园物候及温度与中国梨喀木虱发生期关系研究[J].北方园艺,2015(14):118-121.WANG Jiewen,LIU Qizhi,GUO Huangping,ZHANG Xiaowei.Research on the relation between the occurrence dynamic of Cacopsylla chinensis(Hemiptera:Psyllidae)and phenology and temperature[J].Northern Horticulture,2015(14):118-121.
[15]刘奇志,张丽娟,杜小引,李振茹,亓丽萍,谢娜,梁林琳.梨园地被植物与天敌的种类及其数量关系[J].中国农学通报,2010,26(12):209-215.LIU Qizhi,ZHANG Lijuan,DU Xiaoyin,LI Zhenru,QI Liping,XIE Na,LIANG Linlin,The relationship between groundcover plants and natural enemies of species and quantity in a pear orchard[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2010,26(12):209-215.
[16]王洁雯,郭黄萍,刘奇志,石旺鹏,郝国伟,刘志龙,周海鹰.黑麦草对梨园梨木虱种群数量影响初探[J].中国果树,2013(4):54-56.WANG Jiewen,GUO Huangping,LIU Qizhi,SHI Wangpeng,HAO Guowei,LIU Zhilong,ZHOU Haiying,Effect of ryegrass on the number of pear Psylla groups[J].China Fruits,2013(4):54-56.
[17]张航,刘奇志,石旺鹏,刘志龙,周海鹰.北京地区梨园土壤线虫群落组成与多样性研究[J].中国果树,2013(2):20-24.ZHANG Hang,LIU Qizhi,SHI Wangpeng,LIU Zhilong,ZHOU Haiying.Composition and diversity of soil nematode community in pear orchards in Beijing[J].China Fruits,2013(2):20-24.
[18]刘奇志,张丽娟,王玉柱,杜小康,孙浩元,Zdeneck Mrá(c)ek.昆虫病原线虫(Steinernema longicaudum BPS品系)生物学测定[J].中国农学通报,2009,25(2):236-239.LIU Qizhi,ZHANG Lijuan,WANG Yuzhu,DU Xiaokang,SUN Haoyuan,Zdeneck Mrá(c)ek.Bio-analysis on EPNs of Steinernema longicaudum BPS strain[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2009,25(2):236-239.
[19]刘军,刘松忠,鲁韧强,魏钦平,王小伟.北京地区梨园土壤养分状况调查与分析[J].山东农业科学,2014(1):73-75.LIU Jun,LIU Songzhong,LU Renqiang,WEI Qinping,WANG Xiaowei.Investigation and analysis of soil nutrient in pear orchards in Beijing area[J].Shandong Agricultural Sciences,2014(1):73-75.
[20]白鹏华,刘奇志,李红旭,刘艳斌,石旺鹏,王玮,刘志龙,周海鹰,赵明新.梨树叶片黄化与根际土壤微生物及养分关系[J].浙江农业学报,2013,25(6):1332-1336.BAI Penghua,LIU Qizhi,LI Hongxu,LIU Yanbin,SHI Wangpeng,WANG Wei,LIU Zhilong,ZHOU Haiying,ZHAO Mingxin.Relationships between leaf yellowing and soil microorganisms/nutrients in pear orchards[J].Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis,2013,25(6):1332-1336.
[21]张林森,梁俊,武春林,段敏,王西玲,赵政阳,赵锁劳.陕西苹果园土壤重金属含量水平及其评价[J].果树学报,2004,21(2):103-105.ZHANG Linsen,LIANG Jun,WU Chunlin,DUAN Min,WANG Xiling,ZHAO Zhengyang,ZHAO Suolao.Evaluation and concentration of soil heavy metals in appleorchards of Shaanxi province[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2004,21(2):103-105.
[22]范拴喜,甘卓亭,李美娟,张掌权,周旗.土壤重金属污染评价方法进展[J].中国农学通报,2010,26(17):310-315.FAN Shuanxi,GAN Zhuoting,LI Meijuan,ZHANG Zhangquan,ZHOU Qi.Progress of assessment methods of heavy metal pollution in soil[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2010,26(17):310-315.
[23]方晓波,史坚,廖欣峰,楼中,周侣艳,余海霞,姚林,孙立苹.临安市雷竹林土壤重金属污染特征及生态风险评价[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(6):1883-1891.FANG Xiaobo,SHI Jian,LIAO Xinfeng,LOU Zhong,ZHOU Lüyan,YU Haixia,YAO Lin,SUN Liping.Heavy metal pollution characteristics and ecological risk analysis for soil in Phyllostachys praecox stands of Lin’an[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2015,26(6):1883-1891.
[24]樊新刚,米文宝,马振宁,王婷玉.宁夏石嘴山河滨工业园区表层土壤重金属污染的时空特征[J].环境科学,2013,34(5):1887-1894.FAN Xingang,MI Wenbao,MA Zhenning,WANG Tingyu.Spatial and temporal characteristics of heavy metal concentration of surface soil in Hebin Industrial Park in Shizuishan northwest China[J].Environmental Science,2013,34(5):1887-1894.
[25]郭伟,孙文惠,赵仁鑫,赵文静,付瑞英,张君.呼和浩特市不同功能区土壤重金属污染特征及评价[J].环境科学,2013,34(4):1561-1567.GUO Wei,SUN Wenhui,ZHAO Renxin,ZHAO Wenjing,FU Ruiying,ZHANG Jun.Characteristic and evaluation of soil pollution by heavy metal in different functional zones of Hohhot[J].Environmental Science,2013,34(4):1561-1567.
[26]刘春早,黄益宗,雷鸣,郝晓伟,李希,铁柏清,谢建治.湘江流域土壤重金属污染及其生态环境风险评价[J].环境科学,2012,33(1):260-265.LIU Chunzao,HUANG Yizong,LEI Ming,HAO Xiaowei,LI Xi,TIE Baiqing,XIE Jianzhi.Soil contamination and assessment of heavy metals of Xiangjiang River Basin[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Science,2012,33(1):260-265.
[27]乔晓芳,刘奇志,刘军,刘松忠.施药次数与梨园土壤重金属污染程度及潜在风险的关系[J].果树学报,2016,33(增刊):196-202.QIAO Xiaofang,LIU Qizhi,LIU Jun,LIU Songzhong.The relations of application frequency of pesticides to heavy metal pollution in soils of pear orchards and potential risk evaluation[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2016,33(suppl.):196-202.
[28]郭笑笑,刘丛强,朱兆洲,王中良,李军.土壤重金属污染评价方法[J].生态学杂志,2011,30(5):889-896.GUO Xiaoxiao,LIU Congqiang,ZHU Zhaozho,WANG Zhongliang,LI Jun.Evaluation methods for soil heavy metals contamination:A review[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2011,30(5):889-896.
[29]HAKANSON L.An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control,a sedimentological approach[J].Water Research,1980,14(8):975-1001.
[30]穆克热木·阿布利孜.浅谈作物土壤中6种重金属元素来源及检测[J].中国计量,2015(12):85-87.Mukeremu Abulizi.The source of 6 kinds of heavy metal elements in crop soil and the detection methods[J].China Metrology,2015(12):85-87.
[31]王真辉,林位夫.农田土壤重金属污染及其生物修复技术[J].海南大学学报(自然科学版),2002,20(4):386-393.WANG Zhenhui,LIN Weifu.Heavy metal pollution in farmland soil and the technology of its bioremediation[J].Natural Science Journal of Hainan University,2002,20(4):386-393.
[32]BELON E,BOISSON M,DEPORTES I Z.An inventory of trace elements inputs to French agricultural soils[J].Science of the Total Environment,2012,439(15):87-95.
[33]马耀华,刘树应.环境土壤学[M].西安:陕西科学技术出版社,1998:178-207.MA Yaohua,LIU Shuying.Environmental soil science[M].Xi’an:Shaanxi Science&Technology Press,1998:178-207.
[34]TAYLOR M D.Accumulation of cadmium derived from fertilizers in New Zealand[J].Science of the Total Environment,1997,208(1/2):123-126.
[35]国家环境保护局.土壤环境质量标准:GB15618—1995[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1995.National Environmental Protection Agency.Soil environmental quality standard:GB15618—1995[S].Beijing:Standards Press of China,1995.
[36]秦天才,吴玉树,王焕校.镉铅及相互作用对小白菜生理生化特性的影响[J].生态学报,1994,14(1):46-49.QIN Tiancai,WU Yushu,WANG Huanxiao.Effect of cadmium,lead and their interactions on the physioloigicical and biochemical characteristics of brassica chinensis[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,1994,14(1):46-49.
[37]KAHLE H.Response of roots of trees to heavy metals[J].Environ&mental&Experimental Botany,1993,33(1):99-119.
[38]喻凤莲,周成明,邓锐.水稻籽实及其根系土壤中镉含量的相关性研究——以几个金土地工程土地整理区为例[J].四川地质学报,2012(4):468-471.YU Fenglian,ZHOU Chengming,DENG Rui.Study of correlation of Cd contents of rice grain and root soil[J].Acta Geologica Sichuan,2012(4):468-471.
[39]曾希柏,徐建明,黄巧云,唐世荣,李永涛,李芳柏,周东美,武志杰.中国农田重金属问题的若干思考[J].土壤学报,2013,50(1):186-194.ZENG Xibo,XU Jianming,HUANG Qiaoyun,TANG Shirong,LI Yongtao,LI Fangbo,ZHOU Dongmei,WU Zhijie.Some deliberations on the issues of heavy metals in farmlands of China[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2013,50(1):186-194.
[40]韩平,王纪华,冯晓元,马智宏,陆安祥,魏荔,闫连波.北京顺义区土壤重金属污染生态风险评估研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2015,34(1):103-109.HAN Ping,WANG Jihua,FENG Xiaoyuan,MA Zhihong,LU Anxiang,WEI Li,YAN Lianbo.Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in soils in Shunyi,Beijing[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2015,34(1):103-109.
[41]黄兴星,朱先芳,唐磊,季宏兵.北京市密云水库上游金铁矿区土壤重金属污染特征及对比研究[J].环境科学学报,2012,32(6):1520-1528.HUANG Xingxing,ZHU Xianfang,TANG Lei,JI Hongbing.Pollution characteristics and their comparative study of heavy metals in the gold and iron mine soil of the upstream area of Miyun Reservoir,Beijing[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2012,32(6):1520-1528.
[42]姜菲菲,孙丹峰,李红,周连第.北京市农业土壤重金属污染环境风险等级评价[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(8):330-337.JIANG Feifei,SUN Danfeng,LI Hong,ZHOU Liandi.Risk grade assessment for farmland pollution of heavy metals in Beijing[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2011,27(8):330-337.
[43]崔德杰,张玉龙.土壤重金属污染现状与修复技术研究进展[J].土壤通报,2004,35(3):366-370.CUI Dejie,ZHANG Yulong.Current situation of soil contamination by heavy metals and research advances on the remediation techniques[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2004,35(3):366-370.
[44]迟清华.汞在地壳、岩石和疏松沉积物中的分布[J].地球化学,2004,33(6):641-648.CHI Qinghua.Abundance of mercury in crust,rocks and loose sediments[J].Geochimica,2004,33(6):641-648.
[45]金立坚,李向龙,印悦,秦岭,刘睿聪.2011年四川省农村土壤中铅和镉含量调查[J].环境与健康杂志,2012,29(12):1112-1115.JIN Lijian,LI Xianglong,YIN Yue,QIN Ling,LIU Ruicong.Investigation of soil lead and cadmium content in rural areas of Sichuan in 2011[J].Journal of Environment and Health,2012,29(12):1112-1115.
[46]马智宏,王纪华,陆安祥,潘瑜春,王北洪,闵顺耕.京郊不同剖面土壤重金属的分布与迁移[J].河北农业大学学报,2007,30(6):11-15.MA Zhihong,WANG Jihua,LU Anxiang,PAN Yuchun,WANG Beihong,MIN Shungeng.Distribution and transfer of main heavy metals in different soil section in Beijing suburb[J].Journal of Agricultural University of Hebei,2007,30(6):11-15.
[47]王海燕,叶芳,王登芝,吴京科.北京市土壤重金属污染研究[J].城市环境与城市生态,2005(6):34-36.WANG Haiyan,YE Fang,WANG Dengzhi,WU Jingke.Soil heavy metal pollution in Beijing City[J].Urban Environment and Urban Ecology,2005(6):34-36.
[48]LIN L,JIN Q,LIU Y,NING B,LIAO M,LUO L.Screening of a new cadmium hyperaccumulator,Galinsoga parviflora,from winter farmland weeds using the artificially high soil cadmium concentration method[J].Environmental Toxicology&Chemistry,2014,33(11):2422-2428.
[49]LIN L,SHI J,LIU Q,LIAO M,MEI L.Cadmium accumulation characteristics of the winter farmland weeds Cardamine hirsuta Linn.and Gnaphalium affine D.Don.[J].Environmental Monitoring&Assessment,2014,186(7):4051-4056.
[50]MCGRATH S P,ZHAO F J,LOMBI E.Phytoremediation of metals,metalloids,and radionuclides[J].Advances in Agronomy,2002,75(2):1-56.
[51]韦朝阳,陈同斌.重金属超富集植物及植物修复技术研究进展[J].生态学报,2001,21(7):1196-1203.WEI Zhaoyang,CHEN Tongbin.Hyperaccumulators and phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil:a review of studies in China and abroad[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2001,21(7):1196-1203.
[2]庞奖励,黄春长,孙根年.西安污灌区土壤重金属含量及对西红柿影响研究[J].土壤与环境,2001,10(2):94-97.PANG Jiangli,HUANG Chunchang,SUN Gennian.Heavy metal content of sewage irrigated soil in Xi’an and its influence to tomato[J].Soil and Environmental Sciences,2001,10(2):94-97.
[3]WONG C S,WU S C,DUZGOREN-AYDIN N S,AYDIN A,MING H W.Trace metal contamination of sediments in an ewaste processing village in China[J].Environmental Pollution,2007,145(2):434-442.
[4]杨景辉.土壤污染与防治[M].北京:科学出版社,1995.YANG Jinghui.Soil pollution and control[M].Beijing:Science Press,1995.
[5]曹正亚.大棚黄瓜中多次施用代森锰锌后对土壤中锰、锌累积的影响[D].杭州:浙江大学,2013.CAO Zhengya.Accumulation of manganese and zinc in cucumber planted soil with the successive applications of Maneozeb[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2013.
[6]单正军,王连生,蔡道基,朱忠林,石利利,果园土壤铜污染状况及其对作物生长的影响[J].农业环境保护,2002,21(2):119-121.SHAN Zhengjun,WANG Liansheng,CAI Daoji,SONG Zhonglin,SHI Lili.Pollution of Copper in orchard soil and its effects on plant growth[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2002,21(2):119-121.
[7]北京市统计局,国家统计局北京调查总队.北京统计年鉴[2017][M].北京:中国统计出版社,2017.Beijing Municipal Bureau of Statistics and NBS Survey Office in Beijing.Statistical yearbook of Beijing[2017][M].Beijing:China Statistics Press,2017.
[8]刘奇志,付占芳,王玉柱,张丽娟,李振茹,亓丽萍,陈梅香.中国北方有机果园害虫防治建议[J].中国农学通报,2008,24(6):296-300.LIU Qizhi,FU Zhanfang,WANG Yuzhu,ZHANG Lijuan,LI Zhenru,QI Liping,CHEN Meixiang,Suggestion on insect pest control of organic orchards in northern China[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2008,24(6):296-300.
[9]张婷,刘奇志,郭黄萍,王洁雯,张晓伟.物候温度与梨园梨木虱出蛰及发育关系研究[J].北方园艺,2015(20):102-104.ZHANG Ting,LIU Qizhi,GUO Huangping,WANG Jiewen,ZHANG Xiaowei.Research on the relation between development and post-hibernant of Cacopsylla chinensis and phenology temperature[J].Northern Horticulture,2015(20):102-104.
[10]路晓楠,刘奇志,乐文全,王洁雯,徐金涛.梨树树形与梨木虱种群发生关系研究[J].北方园艺,2015(4):116-118.LU Xiaonan,LIU Qizhi,LE Wenquan,WANG Jiewen,XU Jintao.Study on the relationship between pear trees structure and population of Cacopsylla chinensis[J].Northern Horticulture,2015(4):116-118.
[11]刘艳斌,刘奇志,石旺鹏,李红旭,白鹏华,赵明新,刘志龙,周海鹰,王玮,王玉玲.梨园根际土壤线虫对土壤养分及叶片黄化的响应[J].果树学报,2013,30(6):998-1004.LIU Yanbin,LIU Qizhi,SHI Wangpeng,LI Hongxu,BAI Penghua,ZHAO Mingxin,LIU Zhilong,ZHOU Haiying,WANG Wei,WANG Yuling.Response of nematodes to soil nutrient and leaf yellowing in pear trees[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2013,30(6):998-1004.
[12]TIAN B L,LIU Q Z,LIU Z L,LI P,WANG J W.Insecticidal potential of clove essential oil and its constituents on Cacopsylla chinensis(Hemiptera:Psyllidae)in laboratory and field[J].Journal of Economic Entomology,2015,108(3):957-961.
[13]刘奇志,张丽娟,王玉柱,李振茹,杜小引,陈梅香.从德国有机农业看我国有机果园的病虫防治[J].北方园艺,2010(7):230-231.LIU Qizhi,ZHANG Lijuan,WANG Yuzhu,LI Zhenru,DU Xiaoyin,CHEN Meixiang.From German organic agriculture considering China organic orchard in pest control[J].Northern Horticulture,2010(7):230-231.
[14]王洁雯,刘奇志,郭黄萍,张晓伟.梨园物候及温度与中国梨喀木虱发生期关系研究[J].北方园艺,2015(14):118-121.WANG Jiewen,LIU Qizhi,GUO Huangping,ZHANG Xiaowei.Research on the relation between the occurrence dynamic of Cacopsylla chinensis(Hemiptera:Psyllidae)and phenology and temperature[J].Northern Horticulture,2015(14):118-121.
[15]刘奇志,张丽娟,杜小引,李振茹,亓丽萍,谢娜,梁林琳.梨园地被植物与天敌的种类及其数量关系[J].中国农学通报,2010,26(12):209-215.LIU Qizhi,ZHANG Lijuan,DU Xiaoyin,LI Zhenru,QI Liping,XIE Na,LIANG Linlin,The relationship between groundcover plants and natural enemies of species and quantity in a pear orchard[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2010,26(12):209-215.
[16]王洁雯,郭黄萍,刘奇志,石旺鹏,郝国伟,刘志龙,周海鹰.黑麦草对梨园梨木虱种群数量影响初探[J].中国果树,2013(4):54-56.WANG Jiewen,GUO Huangping,LIU Qizhi,SHI Wangpeng,HAO Guowei,LIU Zhilong,ZHOU Haiying,Effect of ryegrass on the number of pear Psylla groups[J].China Fruits,2013(4):54-56.
[17]张航,刘奇志,石旺鹏,刘志龙,周海鹰.北京地区梨园土壤线虫群落组成与多样性研究[J].中国果树,2013(2):20-24.ZHANG Hang,LIU Qizhi,SHI Wangpeng,LIU Zhilong,ZHOU Haiying.Composition and diversity of soil nematode community in pear orchards in Beijing[J].China Fruits,2013(2):20-24.
[18]刘奇志,张丽娟,王玉柱,杜小康,孙浩元,Zdeneck Mrá(c)ek.昆虫病原线虫(Steinernema longicaudum BPS品系)生物学测定[J].中国农学通报,2009,25(2):236-239.LIU Qizhi,ZHANG Lijuan,WANG Yuzhu,DU Xiaokang,SUN Haoyuan,Zdeneck Mrá(c)ek.Bio-analysis on EPNs of Steinernema longicaudum BPS strain[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2009,25(2):236-239.
[19]刘军,刘松忠,鲁韧强,魏钦平,王小伟.北京地区梨园土壤养分状况调查与分析[J].山东农业科学,2014(1):73-75.LIU Jun,LIU Songzhong,LU Renqiang,WEI Qinping,WANG Xiaowei.Investigation and analysis of soil nutrient in pear orchards in Beijing area[J].Shandong Agricultural Sciences,2014(1):73-75.
[20]白鹏华,刘奇志,李红旭,刘艳斌,石旺鹏,王玮,刘志龙,周海鹰,赵明新.梨树叶片黄化与根际土壤微生物及养分关系[J].浙江农业学报,2013,25(6):1332-1336.BAI Penghua,LIU Qizhi,LI Hongxu,LIU Yanbin,SHI Wangpeng,WANG Wei,LIU Zhilong,ZHOU Haiying,ZHAO Mingxin.Relationships between leaf yellowing and soil microorganisms/nutrients in pear orchards[J].Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis,2013,25(6):1332-1336.
[21]张林森,梁俊,武春林,段敏,王西玲,赵政阳,赵锁劳.陕西苹果园土壤重金属含量水平及其评价[J].果树学报,2004,21(2):103-105.ZHANG Linsen,LIANG Jun,WU Chunlin,DUAN Min,WANG Xiling,ZHAO Zhengyang,ZHAO Suolao.Evaluation and concentration of soil heavy metals in appleorchards of Shaanxi province[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2004,21(2):103-105.
[22]范拴喜,甘卓亭,李美娟,张掌权,周旗.土壤重金属污染评价方法进展[J].中国农学通报,2010,26(17):310-315.FAN Shuanxi,GAN Zhuoting,LI Meijuan,ZHANG Zhangquan,ZHOU Qi.Progress of assessment methods of heavy metal pollution in soil[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2010,26(17):310-315.
[23]方晓波,史坚,廖欣峰,楼中,周侣艳,余海霞,姚林,孙立苹.临安市雷竹林土壤重金属污染特征及生态风险评价[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(6):1883-1891.FANG Xiaobo,SHI Jian,LIAO Xinfeng,LOU Zhong,ZHOU Lüyan,YU Haixia,YAO Lin,SUN Liping.Heavy metal pollution characteristics and ecological risk analysis for soil in Phyllostachys praecox stands of Lin’an[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2015,26(6):1883-1891.
[24]樊新刚,米文宝,马振宁,王婷玉.宁夏石嘴山河滨工业园区表层土壤重金属污染的时空特征[J].环境科学,2013,34(5):1887-1894.FAN Xingang,MI Wenbao,MA Zhenning,WANG Tingyu.Spatial and temporal characteristics of heavy metal concentration of surface soil in Hebin Industrial Park in Shizuishan northwest China[J].Environmental Science,2013,34(5):1887-1894.
[25]郭伟,孙文惠,赵仁鑫,赵文静,付瑞英,张君.呼和浩特市不同功能区土壤重金属污染特征及评价[J].环境科学,2013,34(4):1561-1567.GUO Wei,SUN Wenhui,ZHAO Renxin,ZHAO Wenjing,FU Ruiying,ZHANG Jun.Characteristic and evaluation of soil pollution by heavy metal in different functional zones of Hohhot[J].Environmental Science,2013,34(4):1561-1567.
[26]刘春早,黄益宗,雷鸣,郝晓伟,李希,铁柏清,谢建治.湘江流域土壤重金属污染及其生态环境风险评价[J].环境科学,2012,33(1):260-265.LIU Chunzao,HUANG Yizong,LEI Ming,HAO Xiaowei,LI Xi,TIE Baiqing,XIE Jianzhi.Soil contamination and assessment of heavy metals of Xiangjiang River Basin[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Science,2012,33(1):260-265.
[27]乔晓芳,刘奇志,刘军,刘松忠.施药次数与梨园土壤重金属污染程度及潜在风险的关系[J].果树学报,2016,33(增刊):196-202.QIAO Xiaofang,LIU Qizhi,LIU Jun,LIU Songzhong.The relations of application frequency of pesticides to heavy metal pollution in soils of pear orchards and potential risk evaluation[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2016,33(suppl.):196-202.
[28]郭笑笑,刘丛强,朱兆洲,王中良,李军.土壤重金属污染评价方法[J].生态学杂志,2011,30(5):889-896.GUO Xiaoxiao,LIU Congqiang,ZHU Zhaozho,WANG Zhongliang,LI Jun.Evaluation methods for soil heavy metals contamination:A review[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2011,30(5):889-896.
[29]HAKANSON L.An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control,a sedimentological approach[J].Water Research,1980,14(8):975-1001.
[30]穆克热木·阿布利孜.浅谈作物土壤中6种重金属元素来源及检测[J].中国计量,2015(12):85-87.Mukeremu Abulizi.The source of 6 kinds of heavy metal elements in crop soil and the detection methods[J].China Metrology,2015(12):85-87.
[31]王真辉,林位夫.农田土壤重金属污染及其生物修复技术[J].海南大学学报(自然科学版),2002,20(4):386-393.WANG Zhenhui,LIN Weifu.Heavy metal pollution in farmland soil and the technology of its bioremediation[J].Natural Science Journal of Hainan University,2002,20(4):386-393.
[32]BELON E,BOISSON M,DEPORTES I Z.An inventory of trace elements inputs to French agricultural soils[J].Science of the Total Environment,2012,439(15):87-95.
[33]马耀华,刘树应.环境土壤学[M].西安:陕西科学技术出版社,1998:178-207.MA Yaohua,LIU Shuying.Environmental soil science[M].Xi’an:Shaanxi Science&Technology Press,1998:178-207.
[34]TAYLOR M D.Accumulation of cadmium derived from fertilizers in New Zealand[J].Science of the Total Environment,1997,208(1/2):123-126.
[35]国家环境保护局.土壤环境质量标准:GB15618—1995[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1995.National Environmental Protection Agency.Soil environmental quality standard:GB15618—1995[S].Beijing:Standards Press of China,1995.
[36]秦天才,吴玉树,王焕校.镉铅及相互作用对小白菜生理生化特性的影响[J].生态学报,1994,14(1):46-49.QIN Tiancai,WU Yushu,WANG Huanxiao.Effect of cadmium,lead and their interactions on the physioloigicical and biochemical characteristics of brassica chinensis[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,1994,14(1):46-49.
[37]KAHLE H.Response of roots of trees to heavy metals[J].Environ&mental&Experimental Botany,1993,33(1):99-119.
[38]喻凤莲,周成明,邓锐.水稻籽实及其根系土壤中镉含量的相关性研究——以几个金土地工程土地整理区为例[J].四川地质学报,2012(4):468-471.YU Fenglian,ZHOU Chengming,DENG Rui.Study of correlation of Cd contents of rice grain and root soil[J].Acta Geologica Sichuan,2012(4):468-471.
[39]曾希柏,徐建明,黄巧云,唐世荣,李永涛,李芳柏,周东美,武志杰.中国农田重金属问题的若干思考[J].土壤学报,2013,50(1):186-194.ZENG Xibo,XU Jianming,HUANG Qiaoyun,TANG Shirong,LI Yongtao,LI Fangbo,ZHOU Dongmei,WU Zhijie.Some deliberations on the issues of heavy metals in farmlands of China[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2013,50(1):186-194.
[40]韩平,王纪华,冯晓元,马智宏,陆安祥,魏荔,闫连波.北京顺义区土壤重金属污染生态风险评估研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2015,34(1):103-109.HAN Ping,WANG Jihua,FENG Xiaoyuan,MA Zhihong,LU Anxiang,WEI Li,YAN Lianbo.Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in soils in Shunyi,Beijing[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2015,34(1):103-109.
[41]黄兴星,朱先芳,唐磊,季宏兵.北京市密云水库上游金铁矿区土壤重金属污染特征及对比研究[J].环境科学学报,2012,32(6):1520-1528.HUANG Xingxing,ZHU Xianfang,TANG Lei,JI Hongbing.Pollution characteristics and their comparative study of heavy metals in the gold and iron mine soil of the upstream area of Miyun Reservoir,Beijing[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2012,32(6):1520-1528.
[42]姜菲菲,孙丹峰,李红,周连第.北京市农业土壤重金属污染环境风险等级评价[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(8):330-337.JIANG Feifei,SUN Danfeng,LI Hong,ZHOU Liandi.Risk grade assessment for farmland pollution of heavy metals in Beijing[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2011,27(8):330-337.
[43]崔德杰,张玉龙.土壤重金属污染现状与修复技术研究进展[J].土壤通报,2004,35(3):366-370.CUI Dejie,ZHANG Yulong.Current situation of soil contamination by heavy metals and research advances on the remediation techniques[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2004,35(3):366-370.
[44]迟清华.汞在地壳、岩石和疏松沉积物中的分布[J].地球化学,2004,33(6):641-648.CHI Qinghua.Abundance of mercury in crust,rocks and loose sediments[J].Geochimica,2004,33(6):641-648.
[45]金立坚,李向龙,印悦,秦岭,刘睿聪.2011年四川省农村土壤中铅和镉含量调查[J].环境与健康杂志,2012,29(12):1112-1115.JIN Lijian,LI Xianglong,YIN Yue,QIN Ling,LIU Ruicong.Investigation of soil lead and cadmium content in rural areas of Sichuan in 2011[J].Journal of Environment and Health,2012,29(12):1112-1115.
[46]马智宏,王纪华,陆安祥,潘瑜春,王北洪,闵顺耕.京郊不同剖面土壤重金属的分布与迁移[J].河北农业大学学报,2007,30(6):11-15.MA Zhihong,WANG Jihua,LU Anxiang,PAN Yuchun,WANG Beihong,MIN Shungeng.Distribution and transfer of main heavy metals in different soil section in Beijing suburb[J].Journal of Agricultural University of Hebei,2007,30(6):11-15.
[47]王海燕,叶芳,王登芝,吴京科.北京市土壤重金属污染研究[J].城市环境与城市生态,2005(6):34-36.WANG Haiyan,YE Fang,WANG Dengzhi,WU Jingke.Soil heavy metal pollution in Beijing City[J].Urban Environment and Urban Ecology,2005(6):34-36.
[48]LIN L,JIN Q,LIU Y,NING B,LIAO M,LUO L.Screening of a new cadmium hyperaccumulator,Galinsoga parviflora,from winter farmland weeds using the artificially high soil cadmium concentration method[J].Environmental Toxicology&Chemistry,2014,33(11):2422-2428.
[49]LIN L,SHI J,LIU Q,LIAO M,MEI L.Cadmium accumulation characteristics of the winter farmland weeds Cardamine hirsuta Linn.and Gnaphalium affine D.Don.[J].Environmental Monitoring&Assessment,2014,186(7):4051-4056.
[50]MCGRATH S P,ZHAO F J,LOMBI E.Phytoremediation of metals,metalloids,and radionuclides[J].Advances in Agronomy,2002,75(2):1-56.
[51]韦朝阳,陈同斌.重金属超富集植物及植物修复技术研究进展[J].生态学报,2001,21(7):1196-1203.WEI Zhaoyang,CHEN Tongbin.Hyperaccumulators and phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil:a review of studies in China and abroad[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2001,21(7):1196-1203.