成都平原不同种植模式下重金属镉污染风险和经济效益评价
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摘要
为了评估成都平原常规粮油种植模式下的重金属镉污染风险和经济效益,寻求稳定、高产且利于推广的安全种植模式。选取成都平原最常见的6种粮油作物,设置了小麦-玉米轮作、油菜-玉米轮作、小麦-红苕轮作、油菜-红苕轮作、小麦-大豆轮作、油菜-大豆轮作、小麦-水稻轮作、油菜-水稻轮作8种种植模式,在轻中度污染农田开展了两年田间试验,对各个种植模式的产量、经济产出,以及收获物、秸秆和土壤的重金属镉含量进行测定。结果表明,当前试验区最广泛使用的小麦-水稻种植模式下的小麦和水稻籽粒镉含量均超标,存在极大的生产风险。玉米-油菜种植模式的籽粒镉含量最低,均未超标,能够实现安全生产,但经济产出较小麦-水稻轮作模式显著降低。油菜-水稻轮作模式的农田产出效益最大。相比种植小麦,种植油菜后,后茬水稻对应的重金属镉含量降低70.2%。综合生产和环境效益,将小麦-水稻种植模式更换为油菜-水稻模式是目前既能保证农民收益又能有效降低重金属镉污染风险的最佳措施。
The economic benefits and cadmium pollution risk in different cropping system in Chengdu Plain were evaluated, in order to obtain some stable, economical and farmer easily accepted and heavy metal cadmium security cropping system. Six common food and oil crops were selected, and eight rotation systems including wheat-maize rotation, oilseed rape-maize rotation, wheat-sweet potato rotation,oilseed rape-sweet potato rotation, wheat-soybean rotation, oilseed rape-soybean rotation, wheat-rice rotation and oilseed rape-rice rotation were set in this trial. The yield and economic benefit, the cadmium concentration of the kernel, straw and soil in each cropping system were measured. The results of two years field trial showed that both the wheat and rice kernel cadmium concentration were above the national standard in wheat-rice rotation system which was widely applied in experimental region. The kernel cadmium concentration was below the national standard in maize-oilseed rape rotation system; however, the economic benefit of this rotation system was greatly decreased compared with wheat-rice rotation system. The oilseed rape-rice rotation system had the highest economic benefit in all of eight rotation systems. The kernel cadmium concentration of the rice which was planted after oilseed rape was decreased by 70.2% compared with the kernel cadmium concentration of the rice which was planted after wheat. Generally, the oilseed rape-rice rotation was the best cropping system to alternate the wheat-rice rotation system which could ensure the income of the famers and decrease the cadmium pollution risk in ag ricultural production.
The economic benefits and cadmium pollution risk in different cropping system in Chengdu Plain were evaluated, in order to obtain some stable, economical and farmer easily accepted and heavy metal cadmium security cropping system. Six common food and oil crops were selected, and eight rotation systems including wheat-maize rotation, oilseed rape-maize rotation, wheat-sweet potato rotation,oilseed rape-sweet potato rotation, wheat-soybean rotation, oilseed rape-soybean rotation, wheat-rice rotation and oilseed rape-rice rotation were set in this trial. The yield and economic benefit, the cadmium concentration of the kernel, straw and soil in each cropping system were measured. The results of two years field trial showed that both the wheat and rice kernel cadmium concentration were above the national standard in wheat-rice rotation system which was widely applied in experimental region. The kernel cadmium concentration was below the national standard in maize-oilseed rape rotation system; however, the economic benefit of this rotation system was greatly decreased compared with wheat-rice rotation system. The oilseed rape-rice rotation system had the highest economic benefit in all of eight rotation systems. The kernel cadmium concentration of the rice which was planted after oilseed rape was decreased by 70.2% compared with the kernel cadmium concentration of the rice which was planted after wheat. Generally, the oilseed rape-rice rotation was the best cropping system to alternate the wheat-rice rotation system which could ensure the income of the famers and decrease the cadmium pollution risk in ag ricultural production.
引文
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[2]李冰,王昌全,谭婷,等.成都平原土壤重金属区域分布特征及其污染评价[J].核农学报,2009,23(2):308-315.LI Bing,WANG Chang-quan,TAN Ting,et al.Regional distribution and pollution evaluation of heavy metal pollution in topsoils of the Chengdu Plain[J].Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences,2009,23(2):308-315.
[3]谢运河,纪雄辉,吴家梅,等.不同有机肥对土壤镉锌生物有效性的影响[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(3):826-832.XIE Yun-he,JI Xiong-hui,WU Jia-mei,et al.Effect of different organic fertilizers on bioavailability of soil Cd and Zn[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2015,26(3):826-832.
[4]代允超,吕家珑,刁展,等.改良剂对不同性质镉污染土壤中有效镉和小白菜镉吸收的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2015,34(1):80-86.DAI Yun-chao,LüJia-long,DIAO Zhan,et al.Effects of soil amendments on Cd bioavailability to and uptake by Brassia chinensis in different Cd-contaminated soils[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2015,34(1):80-86.
[5]李丹,李俊华,何婷,等.不同改良剂对石灰性镉污染土壤的镉形态和小白菜镉吸收的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2015,34(9):1679-1685.LI Dan,LI Jun-hua,HE Ting,et al.Effects of different amendments on soil Cd forms and Cd uptake by Chinese cabbage in Cd-contaminated calcareous soils[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2015,34(9):1679-1685.
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[7]赵小蓉,杨谢,陈光辉,等.成都平原区不同蔬菜品种对重金属富集能力研究[J].西南农业学报,2010,23(4):1142-1146.ZHAO Xiao-rong,YANG Xie,CHEN Guang-hui,et al.Assessment of heavy metal enrichment in vegetables of Chengdu Plain[J].Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2010,23(4):1142-1146.
[8]田效琴,李卓,刘永红.成都平原农田镉污染情况及油菜镉吸收特征[J].农业环境科学学报,2017,36(3):496-506.TIAN Xiao-qin,LI Zhuo,LIU Yong-hong.Characteristics of cadmium uptake by rape(B.junica)grown in cadmium contaminated farmland on Chengdu Plain[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2017,36(3):496-506.
[9]向丹,焦卫平,苏德纯.不同吸镉能力油菜各器官累积镉的差异[J].中国油料作物学报,2009,31(1):29-33.XIANG Dan,JIAO Wei-ping,SU De-chun.Cd accumulation characteristics in rapeseed varieties with different Cd uptake ability[J].Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences,2009,31(1):29-33.
[10]熊孜,李菊梅,赵会薇,等.不同小麦品种对大田中低量镉富集及转运研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2018,37(1):36-44.XIONG Zi,LI Ju-mei,ZHAO Hui-wei,et al.Accumulation and translocation of cadmium in different wheat cultivars in farmland[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2018,37(1):36-44.
[11]陈江民,杨永杰,黄奇娜,等.持续淹水对水稻镉吸收的影响及其调控机理[J].中国农业科学,2017,50(17):3300-3310.CHEN Jiang-min,YANG Yong-jie,HUANG Qi-na,et al.Effects of continuous flooding on cadmium absorption and its regulation mechanisms in rice[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2017,50(17):3300-3310.
[12]崔孝强,阮震,刘丹,等.耕作方式对稻-油轮作系统土壤理化性质及重金属有效性的影响[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(5):73-77.CUI Xiao-qiang,RUAN Zhen,LIU Dan,et al.Effects of tillage methods on physicochemical properties and heavy metal availability of soils in rice-rape rotation systems[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,26(5):73-77.
[13]常同举,崔孝强,阮震,等.长期不同耕作方式对紫色水稻土重金属含量及有效性的影响[J].环境科学,2014,35(6):2381-2391.CHANG Tong-ju,CUI Xiao-qiang,RUAN Zhen,et al.Long-term effects of tillage methods on heavy metal accumulation and availability in purple paddy soil[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(6):2381-2391.
[14]赵冰,沈丽波,程苗苗,等.麦季间作伴矿景天对不同土壤小麦-水稻生长及锌镉吸收性的影响[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(10):2725-2731.ZHAO Bing,SHEN Li-bo,CHENG Miao-miao,et al.Effects of intercropping Sedum plumbizincicola in wheat growth season under wheatrice rotation on the crops growth and their heavy metals uptake from different soil types[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2011,22(10):2725-2731.
[15]陈磷涵,曾红远,葛一陈,等.2种轮作模式对镉污染土壤修复潜力的比较[J].环境工程学报,2017,11(6):3873-3878.CHEN Lin-han,ZENG Hong-yuan,GE Yi-chen,et al.Comparison of remediation potential for two crop rotation patterns on Cd contaminated soils[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2017,11(6):3873-3878.
[16]于玲玲,朱俊艳,黄青青,等.油菜-水稻轮作对作物吸收累积镉的影响[J].环境科学与技术,2014,37(1):1-6.YU Ling-ling,ZHU Jun-yan,HUANG Qing-qing,et al.Bioavailability of cadmium in the rotation system of oilseed rape and rice grown in Cd-contaminated soil[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2014,37(1):1-6.
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