体况评分在奶牛生产中的研究进展
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摘要
奶牛体况评分(BCS)是反映奶牛能量蓄积程度、营养状况和营养管理水平的实用工具。目前,国内外奶牛生产现场以触摸和目测的人工方法测量BCS,这些方法主观性强,虽然最新的研究利用折叠量角器可以有效测量BCS,但总体上,仍然具有稳定性和准确性差的缺点。现在,最新研究由超声波成像技术和图像信息系统替代人工方法。超声波测定显示,BCS每增加1分,奶牛尻部厚度就会增加10 mm;而图像信息系统在奶牛BCS方面有较好的应用,不同相机类型可以满足多种生产需求,可见光相机以分析动物轮廓为主要依据,热成像相机通过接收和测量物体表面的红外辐射作为BCS的判断依据,而深度相机可以提取奶牛背部更多细节信息从而提高准确率。在奶牛生产中,应该更加关注奶牛泌乳后期及干奶期的BCS,该时期的BCS过高会增加疾病和繁殖障碍的风险,BCS过低则会使奶牛泌乳初期处于能量负平衡状态。因此,合理的方法加上科学的管理,可以使BCS成为奶牛生产中不可缺少的实用工具。
Body condition score( BCS) is a practical tool to monitor energy accumulation,nutritional status and nutritional management level of dairy cows. At present,BCS is measured by artificial methods of touch and visual observation in domestic and foreign,which have strong subjectivity. In the latest studies,the folding ruler is used to effectively measure BCS,while,in general,the artificial methods still have the disadvantage of poor stability and accuracy. Now,the latest researches reported that artificial methods could be replaced of by reflectorscope and image information system. The results of reflectorscope showed that for each score increase of BCS,gluteal thickness of dairy cows would increase by 10 mm. Image information system has good application in BCS for dairy cows,and different camera types can meet various production needs. Visible light camera is mainly based on the analysis of animal profile; thermal imaging camera uses receiving and measuring infrared radiation on the surface of objects as the BCS judgment basis; depth camera can extract more details about the back of dairy cows to improve accuracy. In dairy cowproduction,more attention should be paid to BCS of cows during late lactation and dry-milk periods,excessive BCS during the periods can increase the risk of disease and reproductive disorders,and lowBCS results in a negative energy balance in the early stage of lactation. Therefore,reasonable method and scientific management can make BCS become an indispensable practical tool in dairy cowproduction.
Body condition score( BCS) is a practical tool to monitor energy accumulation,nutritional status and nutritional management level of dairy cows. At present,BCS is measured by artificial methods of touch and visual observation in domestic and foreign,which have strong subjectivity. In the latest studies,the folding ruler is used to effectively measure BCS,while,in general,the artificial methods still have the disadvantage of poor stability and accuracy. Now,the latest researches reported that artificial methods could be replaced of by reflectorscope and image information system. The results of reflectorscope showed that for each score increase of BCS,gluteal thickness of dairy cows would increase by 10 mm. Image information system has good application in BCS for dairy cows,and different camera types can meet various production needs. Visible light camera is mainly based on the analysis of animal profile; thermal imaging camera uses receiving and measuring infrared radiation on the surface of objects as the BCS judgment basis; depth camera can extract more details about the back of dairy cows to improve accuracy. In dairy cowproduction,more attention should be paid to BCS of cows during late lactation and dry-milk periods,excessive BCS during the periods can increase the risk of disease and reproductive disorders,and lowBCS results in a negative energy balance in the early stage of lactation. Therefore,reasonable method and scientific management can make BCS become an indispensable practical tool in dairy cowproduction.
引文
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[2]朱莹琳,常瑶,李源韬,等.体况评分与步态评分对奶牛生产性能的影响[J].中国畜牧杂志,2018,54(1):125-131.
[3]MORIN P A,CHORFI Y,DUBUC J,et al.Short comm unication:an observational study investigating interobserver agreem ent for variation over tim e of body condition score in dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2017,100(4):3086-3090.
[4]ROCHE J R,FRIGGENS N C,KAY J K,et al.Invited review:body condition score and its association with dairy cowproductivity,health,and welfare[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2009,92(12):5769-5801.
[5]何东健,刘冬,赵凯旋.精准畜牧业中动物信息智能感知与行为检测研究进展[J].农业机械学报,2016,47(5):231-244.
[6]HUSSEIN H A,WESTPHAL A,STAUFENBIEL R.Relationship between body condition score and ultrasound m easurem ent of backfat thickness in m ultiparous Holstein dairy cows at different production phases[J].Australian Veterinary Journal,2013,91(5):185-189.
[7]STENGRDE L,TRVN M,EMANUELSON U,et al.Metabolic profiles in five high-producing Swedish dairy herds with a history of abom asal displacem ent and ketosis[J].Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica,2008,50(1):31.
[8]LASSEN J,HANSEN M,SRENSEN MK,et al.Genetic analysis of body condition score in first-parity Danish Holstein cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2003,86(12):4123-4128.
[9]VASSEUR E,GIBBONS J,RUSHEN J,et al.Developm ent and im plem entation of a training program to ensure high repeatability of body condition scoring of dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2013,96(7):4725-4737.
[10]PFEIFER L F M,CASTRO N A,NEVES P MA,et al.Developm ent and validation of an objective m ethod for the assessm ent of body condition scores and selection of beef cows for tim ed artificial insem ination[J].Livestock Science,2017,197:82-87.
[11]PRYCE J E,WALES W J,DE HAAS Y,et al.Genom ic selection for feed efficiency in dairy cattle[J].Anim al,2014,8(1):1-10.
[12]SCHRDER U J,STAUFENBIEL R.Invited review:m ethods to determ ine body fat reserves in the dairy cowwith special regard to ultrasonographic m easurem ent of backfat thickness[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2006,89(1):1-14.
[13]FISCHER A,LUGINBHL T,DELATTRE L,et al.Rear shape in 3 dim ensions sum m arized by principal com ponent analysis is a good predictor of body condition score in Holstein dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2015,98(7):4465-4476.
[14]BERCOVICH A,EDAN Y,ALCHANATIS V,et al.Developm ent of an autom atic cowbody condition scoring using body shape signature and Fourier descriptors[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2013,96(12):8047-8059.
[15]WEBER A,SALAU J,HAAS J H,et al.Estimation of backfat thickness using extracted traits from an autom atic 3D optical system in lactating Holstein-Friesian cows[J].Livestock Science,2014,165:129-137.
[16]FERGUSON J D,AZZARO G,LICITRA G.Body condition assessm ent using digital im ages[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2006,89(10):3833-3841.
[17]AZZARO G,CACCAMO M,FERGUSON J D,et al.Objective estim ation of body condition score by m odeling cowbody shape from digital im ages[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2011,94(4):2126-2137.
[18]JAMES C A,RICHARDSON A J,WATT P W,et al.Reliability and validity of skin tem perature m easurem ent by telem etry therm istors and a therm al cam era during exercise in the heat[J].Journal of Therm al Biology,2014,45:141-149.
[19]MATZNER S,CULLINAN V I,DUBERSTEIN C A.Two-dim ensional therm al video analysis of offshore bird and bat flight[J].Ecological Inform atics,2015,30:20-28.
[20]SHEEHY MR,FAHEY A G,AUNGIER S P M,et al.A com parison of serum m etabolic and production profiles of dairy cows that m aintained or lost body condition 15 days before calving[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2017,100(1):536-547.
[21]VZQUEZ-ARELLANO M,GRIEPENTROG H W,DAVID R,et al.3-D im aging system s for agricultural applications-a review[J].Sensors,2016,16(5):618.
[22]NASIRAHMADI A,EDWARDS S A,STURMB.Implem entation of m achine vision for detecting behaviour of cattle and pigs[J].Livestock Science,2017,202:25-38.
[23]GILLUND P,REKSEN O,GRHN Y T,et al.Body condition related to ketosis and reproductive performance in Norwegian dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2001,84(6):1390-1396.
[24]SPOLIANSKY R,EDAN Y,PARMET Y,et al.Developm ent of autom atic body condition scoring using a low-cost 3-dim ensional Kinect cam era[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2016,99(9):7714-7725.
[25]DALE A J,PURCELL P J,WYLIE A R G,et al.Effects of dry period length and concentrate protein content in late lactation on body condition score change and subsequent lactation perform ance of thin high genetic m erit dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2017,100(3):1795-1811.
[26]VRIES MJ D,VEERKAMP R F.Energy balance of dairy cattle in relation to m ilk production variables and fertility[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2000,83(1):62-69.
[27]RATHBUN F M,PRALLE R S,BERTICS S J,et al.Relationships between body condition score change,prior m id-lactation phenotypic residual feed intake,and hyperketonem ia onset in transition dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2017,100(5):3685-3696.
[28]李吉楠,孙鹏,覃春富,等.体况评分在奶牛饲养管理上应用的研究进展[J].中国畜牧兽医,2013,40(10):115-119.
[29]AL IBRAHIMR M,KELLY A K,O’GRADY L,et al.The effect of body condition score at calving and supplem entation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae on m ilk production,m etabolic status,and rum en ferm entation of dairy cows in early lactation[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2010,93(11):5318-5328.
[30]DUFFIELD T F,SANDALS D,LESLIE K E,et al.Efficacy of m onensin for the prevention of subclinical ketosis in lactating dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1998,81(11):2866-2873.
[31]BARLETTA R V,FILHO MM,CARVALHO P D,et al.Association of changes am ong body condition score during the transition period with NEFA and BHBA concentrations,m ilk production,fertility,and health of Holstein cows[J].Theriogenology,2017,104:30-36.
[32]DE KOSTER J,URH C,HOSTENS M,et al.Relationship between serum adiponectin concentration,body condition score,and peripheral tissue insulin response of dairy cows during the dry period[J].Dom estic Anim al Endocrinology,2017,59:100-104.
[33]PREZ-HERNNDEZ P,GARCA-WINDER M,GALLEGOS-SNCHEZ J.Postpartum anoestrus is reduced by increasing the within-day m ilking to suckling interval in dual purpose cows[J].Anim al Reproduction Science,2002,73(3/4):159-168.
[34]朱小瑞,邢世宇,张成龙,等.中国荷斯坦奶牛体况评分对繁殖性能的影响[J].家畜生态学报,2015,36(8):45-49.
[35]BUTLER W R.Energy balance relationships with follicular developm ent,ovulation and fertility in postpartum dairy cows[J].Livestock Production Science,2003,83(2/3):211-218.
[2]朱莹琳,常瑶,李源韬,等.体况评分与步态评分对奶牛生产性能的影响[J].中国畜牧杂志,2018,54(1):125-131.
[3]MORIN P A,CHORFI Y,DUBUC J,et al.Short comm unication:an observational study investigating interobserver agreem ent for variation over tim e of body condition score in dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2017,100(4):3086-3090.
[4]ROCHE J R,FRIGGENS N C,KAY J K,et al.Invited review:body condition score and its association with dairy cowproductivity,health,and welfare[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2009,92(12):5769-5801.
[5]何东健,刘冬,赵凯旋.精准畜牧业中动物信息智能感知与行为检测研究进展[J].农业机械学报,2016,47(5):231-244.
[6]HUSSEIN H A,WESTPHAL A,STAUFENBIEL R.Relationship between body condition score and ultrasound m easurem ent of backfat thickness in m ultiparous Holstein dairy cows at different production phases[J].Australian Veterinary Journal,2013,91(5):185-189.
[7]STENGRDE L,TRVN M,EMANUELSON U,et al.Metabolic profiles in five high-producing Swedish dairy herds with a history of abom asal displacem ent and ketosis[J].Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica,2008,50(1):31.
[8]LASSEN J,HANSEN M,SRENSEN MK,et al.Genetic analysis of body condition score in first-parity Danish Holstein cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2003,86(12):4123-4128.
[9]VASSEUR E,GIBBONS J,RUSHEN J,et al.Developm ent and im plem entation of a training program to ensure high repeatability of body condition scoring of dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2013,96(7):4725-4737.
[10]PFEIFER L F M,CASTRO N A,NEVES P MA,et al.Developm ent and validation of an objective m ethod for the assessm ent of body condition scores and selection of beef cows for tim ed artificial insem ination[J].Livestock Science,2017,197:82-87.
[11]PRYCE J E,WALES W J,DE HAAS Y,et al.Genom ic selection for feed efficiency in dairy cattle[J].Anim al,2014,8(1):1-10.
[12]SCHRDER U J,STAUFENBIEL R.Invited review:m ethods to determ ine body fat reserves in the dairy cowwith special regard to ultrasonographic m easurem ent of backfat thickness[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2006,89(1):1-14.
[13]FISCHER A,LUGINBHL T,DELATTRE L,et al.Rear shape in 3 dim ensions sum m arized by principal com ponent analysis is a good predictor of body condition score in Holstein dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2015,98(7):4465-4476.
[14]BERCOVICH A,EDAN Y,ALCHANATIS V,et al.Developm ent of an autom atic cowbody condition scoring using body shape signature and Fourier descriptors[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2013,96(12):8047-8059.
[15]WEBER A,SALAU J,HAAS J H,et al.Estimation of backfat thickness using extracted traits from an autom atic 3D optical system in lactating Holstein-Friesian cows[J].Livestock Science,2014,165:129-137.
[16]FERGUSON J D,AZZARO G,LICITRA G.Body condition assessm ent using digital im ages[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2006,89(10):3833-3841.
[17]AZZARO G,CACCAMO M,FERGUSON J D,et al.Objective estim ation of body condition score by m odeling cowbody shape from digital im ages[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2011,94(4):2126-2137.
[18]JAMES C A,RICHARDSON A J,WATT P W,et al.Reliability and validity of skin tem perature m easurem ent by telem etry therm istors and a therm al cam era during exercise in the heat[J].Journal of Therm al Biology,2014,45:141-149.
[19]MATZNER S,CULLINAN V I,DUBERSTEIN C A.Two-dim ensional therm al video analysis of offshore bird and bat flight[J].Ecological Inform atics,2015,30:20-28.
[20]SHEEHY MR,FAHEY A G,AUNGIER S P M,et al.A com parison of serum m etabolic and production profiles of dairy cows that m aintained or lost body condition 15 days before calving[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2017,100(1):536-547.
[21]VZQUEZ-ARELLANO M,GRIEPENTROG H W,DAVID R,et al.3-D im aging system s for agricultural applications-a review[J].Sensors,2016,16(5):618.
[22]NASIRAHMADI A,EDWARDS S A,STURMB.Implem entation of m achine vision for detecting behaviour of cattle and pigs[J].Livestock Science,2017,202:25-38.
[23]GILLUND P,REKSEN O,GRHN Y T,et al.Body condition related to ketosis and reproductive performance in Norwegian dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2001,84(6):1390-1396.
[24]SPOLIANSKY R,EDAN Y,PARMET Y,et al.Developm ent of autom atic body condition scoring using a low-cost 3-dim ensional Kinect cam era[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2016,99(9):7714-7725.
[25]DALE A J,PURCELL P J,WYLIE A R G,et al.Effects of dry period length and concentrate protein content in late lactation on body condition score change and subsequent lactation perform ance of thin high genetic m erit dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2017,100(3):1795-1811.
[26]VRIES MJ D,VEERKAMP R F.Energy balance of dairy cattle in relation to m ilk production variables and fertility[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2000,83(1):62-69.
[27]RATHBUN F M,PRALLE R S,BERTICS S J,et al.Relationships between body condition score change,prior m id-lactation phenotypic residual feed intake,and hyperketonem ia onset in transition dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2017,100(5):3685-3696.
[28]李吉楠,孙鹏,覃春富,等.体况评分在奶牛饲养管理上应用的研究进展[J].中国畜牧兽医,2013,40(10):115-119.
[29]AL IBRAHIMR M,KELLY A K,O’GRADY L,et al.The effect of body condition score at calving and supplem entation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae on m ilk production,m etabolic status,and rum en ferm entation of dairy cows in early lactation[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2010,93(11):5318-5328.
[30]DUFFIELD T F,SANDALS D,LESLIE K E,et al.Efficacy of m onensin for the prevention of subclinical ketosis in lactating dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1998,81(11):2866-2873.
[31]BARLETTA R V,FILHO MM,CARVALHO P D,et al.Association of changes am ong body condition score during the transition period with NEFA and BHBA concentrations,m ilk production,fertility,and health of Holstein cows[J].Theriogenology,2017,104:30-36.
[32]DE KOSTER J,URH C,HOSTENS M,et al.Relationship between serum adiponectin concentration,body condition score,and peripheral tissue insulin response of dairy cows during the dry period[J].Dom estic Anim al Endocrinology,2017,59:100-104.
[33]PREZ-HERNNDEZ P,GARCA-WINDER M,GALLEGOS-SNCHEZ J.Postpartum anoestrus is reduced by increasing the within-day m ilking to suckling interval in dual purpose cows[J].Anim al Reproduction Science,2002,73(3/4):159-168.
[34]朱小瑞,邢世宇,张成龙,等.中国荷斯坦奶牛体况评分对繁殖性能的影响[J].家畜生态学报,2015,36(8):45-49.
[35]BUTLER W R.Energy balance relationships with follicular developm ent,ovulation and fertility in postpartum dairy cows[J].Livestock Production Science,2003,83(2/3):211-218.