不同热处理豆渣中碳水化合物分子结构与其营养价值及瘤胃降解特性的相关性研究
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摘要
本试验旨在探求不同热处理对豆渣碳水化合物分子结构的影响及其与营养价值、瘤胃降解特性的相关关系。本试验采用常规化学分析方法并结合康奈尔净碳水化合物-净蛋白质体系(CNCPS)和尼龙袋技术对不同热处理的豆渣进行营养价值评定,并利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)技术分析豆渣碳水化合物分子结构的变化,进而探求它们之间的相关关系。结果表明:1)热处理使豆渣的营养价值和中性洗涤纤维(NDF)瘤胃降解率降低。2)不同热处理对豆渣碳水化合物分子结构中结构性碳水化合物(STCHO)、纤维复合物(CELC)、总碳水化合物(CHO)的峰面积以及3个峰面积中相应的峰高均有显著影响(P<0.05)。3) STCHO与CHO的峰面积比,以及总碳水化合物中的峰高比可以有效地估测不同热处理豆渣的营养价值和NDF瘤胃降解参数的含量。综上所述,不同热处理对豆渣碳水化合物分子结构、营养价值和NDF瘤胃降解率均有影响,不同热处理豆渣中碳水化合物分子结构与其营养价值、NDF瘤胃降解特性之间存在相关关系,初步证明利用FTIR技术得到的豆渣光谱信息能直接反映其热损害程度。
The purpose of this experiment is to explore the effect of different heat treated on the molecular structure of carbohydrates in okara and its relationship with nutritional value and ruminal degradation characteristics.The nutrient value of different heat treated okara was evaluated by conventional chemical analysis combined with Cornell net carbohydrate-protein system(CNCPS) and nylon bag technology,changes of the molecular structure of carbohydrates in okara was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)technique,then explore the correlation between the molecular structure of carbohydrates and nutritional value and ruminal degradation characteristics.The results showed as follow s:1) heat treatment reduced the nutritional value of okara and the rumen degradability of neutral detergent fibers(NDF).2) Different heat treatment had significant effect on the peak area of structural carbohydrates(STCHO),fiber composites(CELC),total carbohydrates(CHO) and the corresponding peak heights in the three peak areas in the molecular structure of carbohydrates in okara(P<0.05).3) The peak area ratio of STCHO to CHO and the peak to height ratio of total carbohydrates can effectively estimate the nutritional value of different heat treated okara and the content of NDF rumen degradation parameters.In summary,different heat treatment have effects on the molecular structure,nutritional value and ruminal degradability of NDF in okara,and there is a correlation between the molecular structure of carbohydrates in okara and their nutritional value along with ruminal degradability in NDF.It is proved that the spectral information of okara obtained by FTIR spectroscopy can directly reflect the degree of thermal damage.
The purpose of this experiment is to explore the effect of different heat treated on the molecular structure of carbohydrates in okara and its relationship with nutritional value and ruminal degradation characteristics.The nutrient value of different heat treated okara was evaluated by conventional chemical analysis combined with Cornell net carbohydrate-protein system(CNCPS) and nylon bag technology,changes of the molecular structure of carbohydrates in okara was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)technique,then explore the correlation between the molecular structure of carbohydrates and nutritional value and ruminal degradation characteristics.The results showed as follow s:1) heat treatment reduced the nutritional value of okara and the rumen degradability of neutral detergent fibers(NDF).2) Different heat treatment had significant effect on the peak area of structural carbohydrates(STCHO),fiber composites(CELC),total carbohydrates(CHO) and the corresponding peak heights in the three peak areas in the molecular structure of carbohydrates in okara(P<0.05).3) The peak area ratio of STCHO to CHO and the peak to height ratio of total carbohydrates can effectively estimate the nutritional value of different heat treated okara and the content of NDF rumen degradation parameters.In summary,different heat treatment have effects on the molecular structure,nutritional value and ruminal degradability of NDF in okara,and there is a correlation between the molecular structure of carbohydrates in okara and their nutritional value along with ruminal degradability in NDF.It is proved that the spectral information of okara obtained by FTIR spectroscopy can directly reflect the degree of thermal damage.
引文
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[2]李岩,孟庆祥,陈万宝.应用CNCPS方法和体外产气法研究豆腐渣饲料的营养价值[J].中国畜牧兽医,2017,44(5):1355-1362.
[3]张学燕,崔占鸿,孙璐,等.利用体外产气法及CNCPS体系评定豆渣、菜籽粕的营养价值[J].青海畜牧兽医杂志,2017,47(3):18-22.
[4]张永根,薛世崇,李洋,等.固态发酵豆渣作生产反刍动物饲料工艺条件的研究[J].东北农业大学学报,2016,47(5):76-82.
[5]潘树国.废豆渣生产生物蛋白饲料可行性研究[J].现代畜牧科技,2017(10):8-9.
[6]张文佳.产朊假丝酵母和白地霉混合固态发酵豆渣生产反刍动物饲料的研究[D].硕士学位论文.哈尔滨:东北农业大学,2015.
[7]GONZLEZ-VEGA J C,KIM B G,HTOO J K,等.热处理豆粕饲喂生长猪的氨基酸消化率[J].中国饲料,2015(24):32-37.
[8]XIN H S,DING X,ZHANG L Y,et al.Investigation of the spectroscopic information on functional groups related to carbohydrates in different morphological fractions of corn stover and their relationship to nutrient supply and biodegradation characteristics[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2017,65(20):4035-4043.
[9]LIU N,YU P Q.Molecular clustering,interrelationships and carbohydrate conformation in hull and seeds among barley cultivars[J].Journal of Cereal Science,2011,53(3):379-383.
[10]GHOLIZADEH H,NASERIAN A A,XIN H S,et al.Detecting carbohydrate molecular structural makeup in different types of cereal grains and different cultivars within each type of grain grow n in semi-arid area using FTIR spectroscopy with uni-and multi-variate molecular spectral analyses[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2014,194:136-144.
[11]PRATES L L,REFAT B,LEI Y G,et al.Relationship of carbohydrates and lignin molecular structure spectral profiles to nutrient profile in new ly developed oats cultivars and barley grain[J].Spectrochimica Acta Part A:M olecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy,2018,188:495-506.
[12]JI C Y,ZHANG X W,YAN X G,et al.Bio-functions and molecular carbohydrate structure association study in forage with different source origins revealed using non-destructive vibrational molecular spectroscopy techniques[J].Spectrochimica Acta Part A:M olecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy,2017,183:260-266.
[13]张平安,张建威,宋连军,等.豆渣微波热风联合干燥特性研究[J].南方农业学报,2011,42(5):528-530.
[14]李波,张延生,李瑞峰,等.不同干燥方法对豆腐渣功能性质的影响[J].河南科技学院学报(自然科学版),2008,36(3):64-66.
[15]NRC.Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle[M].7th ed.Washington,D.C.:National Academy Press,2001.
[16]杨胜.饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术[M].北京:北京农业大学出版社,1999.
[17]张旭,蒋桂韬,王向荣,等.酶法测定谷物副产品中淀粉含量[J].广东饲料,2013,22(10):33-35.
[18]VAN SOEST P J,ROBERTSON J B,LEWIS B A.M ethods for dietary fiber,neutral detergent fiber,and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1991,74(10):3583-3597.
[19]SNIFFEN C J,O’CONNOR J D,VAN SOEST P J,et al.A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets:Ⅱ.Carbohydrate and protein availability[J].Journal of Animal Science,1992,70(11):3562-3577.
[20]PENG Q H,KHAN N A,WANG Z S,et al.Moist and dry heating-induced changes in protein molecular structure,protein subfractions,and nutrient profiles in camelina seeds[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2014,97(1):446-457.
[21]RSKOV E R,MCDONALD I.The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurements weighted according to rate of passage[J].The Journal of Agricultural Science,1979,92(2):499-503.
[22]高红,郝小燕,张广宁,等.应用体外产气法和尼龙袋法评价几种粮食加工副产物的营养价值[J].中国饲料,2017(7):14-19.
[23]SAMADI,THEODORIDOU K,YU P Q.Detect the sensitivity and response of protein molecular structure of whole canola seed(yellowand brow n)to different heat processing methods and relation to protein utilization and availability using ATR-FT/IR molecular spectroscopy with chemometrics[J].Spectrochimica Acta Part A:M olecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy,2013,105:304-313.
[24]FALES S L.温度对高羊茅的纤维含量、组成及体外消化动力学的影响[J].草原与业,1988(3):46-50.
[25]NUEZ-ORTN W G,YU P.Estimation of ruminal and intestinal digestion profiles,hourly effective degradation ratio and potential N to energy synchronization of co-products from bioethanol processing[J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,2010,90(12):2058-2067.
[26]MCKINNON J J,OLUBOBOKUN J A,MUSTAFA A,et al.Influence of dry heat treatment of canola meal on site and extent of nutrient disappearance in ruminants[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,1995,56(3/4):243-252.
[27]XIN H S,YU P Q.Using ATR-FT/IR to detect carbohydrate-related molecular structure features of carinata meal and their in situ residues of ruminal fermentation in comparison with canola meal[J].Spectrochimica Acta Part A:M olecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy,2013,114:599-606.
[28]YU P Q,DAMIRAN D,AZARFAR A,et al.Detecting molecular features of spectra mainly associated with structural and non-structural carbohydrates in co-products from bioethanol production using DRIFT with uni-and multivariate molecular spectral analyses[J].International Journal of M olecular Sciences,2011,12(3):1921-1935.
[29]XIN H S,FALK K C,YU P Q.Studies on Brassica carinata seed.2.Carbohydrate molecular structure in relation to carbohydrate chemical profile,energy values,and biodegradation characteristics[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2013,61(42):10127-10134.
[30]李欣新.双低菜粕和豆粕分子结构与营养特性和奶牛生产性能的关系[D].博士学位论文.哈尔滨:东北农业大学,2016.