川西北高原鼠荒地危害程度分级及适应性管理对策
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摘要
高原鼠兔和高原鼢鼠是青藏高原特有的食草型小动物,其啃食、掘洞、刈割、贮草行为对高寒草甸生态系统既具有破坏损伤系统的负面效应,也有利于维持和稳定系统的正面效应,这种益害转化完全取决于不同时间和空间尺度上的害鼠种群及其数量。通过对川西北的阿坝州、甘孜州和青海省果洛州的42个高寒草地样地的鼠类种群密度调查和已有文献的采集分析,明确了草原害鼠在高寒草地生态系统中的角色和作用,定义了鼠荒地的概念,对鼠荒地危害程度划分为轻度、中度、重度和极度4个等级;依据指标因子重要性排序,分级指标包含害鼠种群、植物群落和土壤养分3个主因子群;总洞穴数量、有效洞口数等11个单项因子;并对不同危害程度的鼠荒地提出了封育自然修复、人为干预修复、半人工草地改建和人工草地重建4种草原鼠害适应性管理策略,对于高寒草地生态系统草原害鼠适应性管理和害鼠灭除后二次发生防控具有指导意义。
Plateau pika(Ochotona curzoniae)and Plateau zokor(Myospalax baileyi)are the special small herbivores in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,which grazing,burrowing,mowing and storage grass activities have negative and positive effects on alpine meadow ecosystem.However,the orientation of harmful or beneficial influence was depended on rodent species and their population amount at different spatial and temporal scales.Adopting field survey and references analysis,rodents species and burrows data were collected from forty-two plots of three regions at A'ba and Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Northwest Plateau of Sichuan Province,and Guoluo Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Qinghai province.Understanding the roles of rodent activities on grassland degradation is essential to improve the management of small herbivores populations in alpine meadow ecosystems.We concluded the roles of rodent activities in alpine meadow ecosystems and defined the conception of Rodents Damaged Rangelands.Furthermore,based on rodent damage levels,damage degrees of Light,Medium,Heavy and Extreme were classified into three main factors groups and eleven individual indices.And three main combined factors were rodent population,plant community and soil properties,and eleven sub-factors were total burrows and active burrow amount.Based on rodent damaged rangelands phrases,we provided four adaptive management strategies including fencing self-restoration,human intervention repair,semi artificial grassland reconstruction and artificial grassland restoration.Further,all these measures were helpful to establish the adaptive management strategies and prevent rodents recurrence after using rodenticide in alpine meadow ecosystems in Qing-Tibetan Plateau.
Plateau pika(Ochotona curzoniae)and Plateau zokor(Myospalax baileyi)are the special small herbivores in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,which grazing,burrowing,mowing and storage grass activities have negative and positive effects on alpine meadow ecosystem.However,the orientation of harmful or beneficial influence was depended on rodent species and their population amount at different spatial and temporal scales.Adopting field survey and references analysis,rodents species and burrows data were collected from forty-two plots of three regions at A'ba and Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Northwest Plateau of Sichuan Province,and Guoluo Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Qinghai province.Understanding the roles of rodent activities on grassland degradation is essential to improve the management of small herbivores populations in alpine meadow ecosystems.We concluded the roles of rodent activities in alpine meadow ecosystems and defined the conception of Rodents Damaged Rangelands.Furthermore,based on rodent damage levels,damage degrees of Light,Medium,Heavy and Extreme were classified into three main factors groups and eleven individual indices.And three main combined factors were rodent population,plant community and soil properties,and eleven sub-factors were total burrows and active burrow amount.Based on rodent damaged rangelands phrases,we provided four adaptive management strategies including fencing self-restoration,human intervention repair,semi artificial grassland reconstruction and artificial grassland restoration.Further,all these measures were helpful to establish the adaptive management strategies and prevent rodents recurrence after using rodenticide in alpine meadow ecosystems in Qing-Tibetan Plateau.
引文
[1]钟文勤,樊乃昌.我国草地鼠害的发生原因及其生态治理对策[J].生物学通报,2002,37(4):1-4
[2]钟文勤,樊乃昌.鼠类在草地生态系统中的作用[J].生物学通报,2002,37(7):17-20
[3]卫万荣,张灵菲,张小刚,等.穴居鼠通讯方式及通讯功能研究进展[J].草地学报,2016,24(2):278-285
[4]Delibes-Mateos M,Smith A T,Slobodchikoff C N,et al.The paradox of keystone species persecuted as pests:a call for the conservation of abundant small mammals in their native range[J].Biological Conservation,2011,144:1335-1346
[5]Ji W H,Aryal A,Su J H.Range management:Tibetan wildlife hemmed in[J].Nature,2016,530(7588):33
[6]王德利,李心诚,潘多峰,等.青藏高原草地鼠害的生态释义及控制[J].西南民族大学学报(自然科学版),2016,42(3):237-245
[7]尚占环,龙瑞军.青藏高原“黑土型”退化草地成因与恢复[J].生态学杂志,2005,24(6):652-656
[8]涂雄兵,杜桂林,李春杰,等.草地有害生物生物防治研究进展[J].中国生物防治学报,2015,31(5):780-788
[9]唐川江,周俗,张新跃,等.四川省草原鼠荒地调查报告[J].草业科学,2007,24(7):59-61
[10]苏军虎,刘荣堂,纪维红,等.我国草地鼠害防治与研究的发展阶段及特征[J].草业科学,2013,30(7):1116-1123
[11]周华坤,周立,赵新全,等.江河源区“黑土滩”型退化草场的形成过程与综合治理[J].生态学杂志,2003,22(5):51-55
[12]洛桑·灵智多杰.青藏高原的草业发展与生态环境[D].北京:中国藏学出版社,2000:120-133
[13]孙飞达,龙瑞军,郭正刚.鼠类活动对高寒草甸植物群落及土壤环境的影响[J].草业科学,2011,28(1):146-151
[14]李晓英,姚正毅,王宏伟,等.鼠类对玛多县草地表层土壤的影响及沙漠化过程[J].草地学报,2017,25(1):213-216
[15]孙飞达,龙瑞军,蒋文兰,等.三江源区不同鼠洞密度下高寒草甸植物群落生物量和土壤容重特性研究[J].草业学报,2008,17(5):111-116
[16]孙飞达,龙瑞军,蒋文兰,等.青海果洛地区不同鼠洞密度下高寒草甸植物生物量分布特征[J].草地学报,2008,16(5):475-479
[17]马玉寿,董全民,施建军,等.三江源区“黑土滩”退化草地的分类分级及治理模式[J].青海畜牧兽医杂志,2008,38(3):1-3
[18]周俗,张绪校,李开章,等.四川省草原鼠荒地生态调控治理研究[J].草业与畜牧,2014,2:35-37
[19]Sun F D,Chen W Y,Liu L,et al.The density of active burrows of plateau pika in relation to biomass and allocation in the alpine meadow ecosystems of the Tibetan Plateau[J].Biochemical Systematics and Ecology,2015,58:257-264
[20]Sun F D,Chen W Y,Liu L,et al.Effects of plateau pika activities on seasonal plant biomass and soil properties in the alpine meadow ecosystems of the Tibetan Plateau[J].Grassland Science,2015,11:195-203
[21]Bagchi S,Namgail T,Ritchie M E.Small mammalian herbivores asMediators of plant community dynamics in the high-altitude arid rangelands of Trans-Himalaya[J].Biological Conservation,2006,127:438-442
[22]Xu Y C,Yang D B,J R Speakman,et al.Oxidative stress in response to natural and experimentally elevated reproductive effort is tissue dependent[J].Functional Ecology,2014,28:402-410
[23]Chien H L,Smith A T.Keystone status of plateau pikas(Ochotona curzoniae):effect of control on biodiversity of native birds[J].Biodiversity and Conservation,2003,12:1901-1912
[24]Brown P R,Davis M J,Singleton G R.Can farm-management practice reduce the impact of house mouse population on crops in an irrigated farming system[J].Wild life Research,2004,31:579-604
[25]Zhang Y,Liu W,Wang X.A preliminary study of caching behavior of the plateau pika[J].Zoological Research,2005,26:479-483
[26]江小蕾.植被均匀度与高原鼠兔种群数量相关性研究[J].草业学报,1998,7(1):60-64
[27]刘伟,李里,严红宇,等.高原鼠兔挖掘活动对植物种的丰富度和地上生物量的影响[J].兽类学报,2012,32(3):216-220
[28]刘伟,严红宇,王溪,等.高原鼠兔对退化草地植物群落结构及恢复演替的影响[J].兽类学报,2014,34(1):54-61
[29]张知彬,王玉山,王淑卿.一种复方避孕药物对围栏内大仓鼠种群繁殖力的影响[J].兽类学报,2005,25(3):269-272
[30]杨帆.印谏油两性不育灭鼠颗粒剂的研制与质量标准及其药效学研究[D].雅安:四川农业大学,2010
[31]王兴堂,花立民,苏军虎.高原鼠兔的精确性可持续控制技术研究-几种杀鼠剂的对比试验[J].草业学报,2010,19(1):198-203
[32]龙瑞军.青藏高原草地生态系统之服务功能[J].科技导报,2007,25(9):26-28
[33]杨振宇,江小蕾.高原鼠兔对草地植被的危害及防治阈值研究[J].草业科学,2002,19(4):63-65
[34]赵国琴,李广泳,马文虎.高原鼠兔扰动对高寒草地植物群落特征的影响[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(8):2122-2128
[35]Pech R P,Arthur A D,Yanming Z,et al.Population dynamics and responses to management of plateau pikas Ochotona Curzoniae[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,2007,44:615-624
[36]Arthur A D,Pech R P,Davey C,et al.Livestock grazing,plateau pikas and the conservation of avian biodiversity on the Tibetan plateau[J].Biological Conservation,2008,141:1972-1981
[37]Sun F D,Gou W L,Li F,et al.Plateau Pika Population Survey and its Control Threshold in the Alpine MeadowEcosystems of the Tibetan Plateau[J].Sichuan Journal of Zoology,2016,35(6):825-832
[2]钟文勤,樊乃昌.鼠类在草地生态系统中的作用[J].生物学通报,2002,37(7):17-20
[3]卫万荣,张灵菲,张小刚,等.穴居鼠通讯方式及通讯功能研究进展[J].草地学报,2016,24(2):278-285
[4]Delibes-Mateos M,Smith A T,Slobodchikoff C N,et al.The paradox of keystone species persecuted as pests:a call for the conservation of abundant small mammals in their native range[J].Biological Conservation,2011,144:1335-1346
[5]Ji W H,Aryal A,Su J H.Range management:Tibetan wildlife hemmed in[J].Nature,2016,530(7588):33
[6]王德利,李心诚,潘多峰,等.青藏高原草地鼠害的生态释义及控制[J].西南民族大学学报(自然科学版),2016,42(3):237-245
[7]尚占环,龙瑞军.青藏高原“黑土型”退化草地成因与恢复[J].生态学杂志,2005,24(6):652-656
[8]涂雄兵,杜桂林,李春杰,等.草地有害生物生物防治研究进展[J].中国生物防治学报,2015,31(5):780-788
[9]唐川江,周俗,张新跃,等.四川省草原鼠荒地调查报告[J].草业科学,2007,24(7):59-61
[10]苏军虎,刘荣堂,纪维红,等.我国草地鼠害防治与研究的发展阶段及特征[J].草业科学,2013,30(7):1116-1123
[11]周华坤,周立,赵新全,等.江河源区“黑土滩”型退化草场的形成过程与综合治理[J].生态学杂志,2003,22(5):51-55
[12]洛桑·灵智多杰.青藏高原的草业发展与生态环境[D].北京:中国藏学出版社,2000:120-133
[13]孙飞达,龙瑞军,郭正刚.鼠类活动对高寒草甸植物群落及土壤环境的影响[J].草业科学,2011,28(1):146-151
[14]李晓英,姚正毅,王宏伟,等.鼠类对玛多县草地表层土壤的影响及沙漠化过程[J].草地学报,2017,25(1):213-216
[15]孙飞达,龙瑞军,蒋文兰,等.三江源区不同鼠洞密度下高寒草甸植物群落生物量和土壤容重特性研究[J].草业学报,2008,17(5):111-116
[16]孙飞达,龙瑞军,蒋文兰,等.青海果洛地区不同鼠洞密度下高寒草甸植物生物量分布特征[J].草地学报,2008,16(5):475-479
[17]马玉寿,董全民,施建军,等.三江源区“黑土滩”退化草地的分类分级及治理模式[J].青海畜牧兽医杂志,2008,38(3):1-3
[18]周俗,张绪校,李开章,等.四川省草原鼠荒地生态调控治理研究[J].草业与畜牧,2014,2:35-37
[19]Sun F D,Chen W Y,Liu L,et al.The density of active burrows of plateau pika in relation to biomass and allocation in the alpine meadow ecosystems of the Tibetan Plateau[J].Biochemical Systematics and Ecology,2015,58:257-264
[20]Sun F D,Chen W Y,Liu L,et al.Effects of plateau pika activities on seasonal plant biomass and soil properties in the alpine meadow ecosystems of the Tibetan Plateau[J].Grassland Science,2015,11:195-203
[21]Bagchi S,Namgail T,Ritchie M E.Small mammalian herbivores asMediators of plant community dynamics in the high-altitude arid rangelands of Trans-Himalaya[J].Biological Conservation,2006,127:438-442
[22]Xu Y C,Yang D B,J R Speakman,et al.Oxidative stress in response to natural and experimentally elevated reproductive effort is tissue dependent[J].Functional Ecology,2014,28:402-410
[23]Chien H L,Smith A T.Keystone status of plateau pikas(Ochotona curzoniae):effect of control on biodiversity of native birds[J].Biodiversity and Conservation,2003,12:1901-1912
[24]Brown P R,Davis M J,Singleton G R.Can farm-management practice reduce the impact of house mouse population on crops in an irrigated farming system[J].Wild life Research,2004,31:579-604
[25]Zhang Y,Liu W,Wang X.A preliminary study of caching behavior of the plateau pika[J].Zoological Research,2005,26:479-483
[26]江小蕾.植被均匀度与高原鼠兔种群数量相关性研究[J].草业学报,1998,7(1):60-64
[27]刘伟,李里,严红宇,等.高原鼠兔挖掘活动对植物种的丰富度和地上生物量的影响[J].兽类学报,2012,32(3):216-220
[28]刘伟,严红宇,王溪,等.高原鼠兔对退化草地植物群落结构及恢复演替的影响[J].兽类学报,2014,34(1):54-61
[29]张知彬,王玉山,王淑卿.一种复方避孕药物对围栏内大仓鼠种群繁殖力的影响[J].兽类学报,2005,25(3):269-272
[30]杨帆.印谏油两性不育灭鼠颗粒剂的研制与质量标准及其药效学研究[D].雅安:四川农业大学,2010
[31]王兴堂,花立民,苏军虎.高原鼠兔的精确性可持续控制技术研究-几种杀鼠剂的对比试验[J].草业学报,2010,19(1):198-203
[32]龙瑞军.青藏高原草地生态系统之服务功能[J].科技导报,2007,25(9):26-28
[33]杨振宇,江小蕾.高原鼠兔对草地植被的危害及防治阈值研究[J].草业科学,2002,19(4):63-65
[34]赵国琴,李广泳,马文虎.高原鼠兔扰动对高寒草地植物群落特征的影响[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(8):2122-2128
[35]Pech R P,Arthur A D,Yanming Z,et al.Population dynamics and responses to management of plateau pikas Ochotona Curzoniae[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,2007,44:615-624
[36]Arthur A D,Pech R P,Davey C,et al.Livestock grazing,plateau pikas and the conservation of avian biodiversity on the Tibetan plateau[J].Biological Conservation,2008,141:1972-1981
[37]Sun F D,Gou W L,Li F,et al.Plateau Pika Population Survey and its Control Threshold in the Alpine MeadowEcosystems of the Tibetan Plateau[J].Sichuan Journal of Zoology,2016,35(6):825-832