Effect of molasses binder on the physical and mechanical properties
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摘要
Molasses was used as an alternative binder to the bentonite binder. The change in moisture absorption by pellets prepared with different iron ores and different molasses contents were investigated. Iron ore properties exerted the major effect on pellet behavior and final pellet quality. The absorbed moisture content of pellets prepared without binder, bentonite-added pellets, and molasses-added pellets were in the range of 7.72%–9.95%, 9.62%–10.84%, and 6.14%-6.69%, respectively. The wet pellet compressive strength of molasses-added pellets(43–230 N/pellet) was superior to that of bentonite-added pellets(9.47–11.92 N/pellet). The compressive strength of dried molasses-modified pellets increased to 222–394 N/pellet, which is currently the highest value achieved for dried pellets.
Molasses was used as an alternative binder to the bentonite binder. The change in moisture absorption by pellets prepared with different iron ores and different molasses contents were investigated. Iron ore properties exerted the major effect on pellet behavior and final pellet quality. The absorbed moisture content of pellets prepared without binder, bentonite-added pellets, and molasses-added pellets were in the range of 7.72%–9.95%, 9.62%–10.84%, and 6.14%-6.69%, respectively. The wet pellet compressive strength of molasses-added pellets(43–230 N/pellet) was superior to that of bentonite-added pellets(9.47–11.92 N/pellet). The compressive strength of dried molasses-modified pellets increased to 222–394 N/pellet, which is currently the highest value achieved for dried pellets.
Molasses was used as an alternative binder to the bentonite binder. The change in moisture absorption by pellets prepared with different iron ores and different molasses contents were investigated. Iron ore properties exerted the major effect on pellet behavior and final pellet quality. The absorbed moisture content of pellets prepared without binder, bentonite-added pellets, and molasses-added pellets were in the range of 7.72%–9.95%, 9.62%–10.84%, and 6.14%-6.69%, respectively. The wet pellet compressive strength of molasses-added pellets(43–230 N/pellet) was superior to that of bentonite-added pellets(9.47–11.92 N/pellet). The compressive strength of dried molasses-modified pellets increased to 222–394 N/pellet, which is currently the highest value achieved for dried pellets.
引文
[1]A.K.Mandal,A.Sarkar,and O.P.Sinha,Utilization of lime fines as an effective binder as well as fluxing agent for making fluxed iron ore pellets,J.Inst.Eng.(India)Series D,97(2016),No.1,p.69.
[2]A.K.Mukherjee,J.S.Thella,D.Makhija,A.S.Patra,M.Manna,and T.K.Ghosh,Process to recover iron values from high-alumina indian iron ore slime―a bench-scale study,Miner.Process.Extr.Metall.Rev.,36(2015),No.1,p.39.
[3]S.S.Lu,Z.T.Yuan,J.T.Liu,J.W.Lu,L.X.Li,and H.Q.Hao,Binding effects and mechanisms of the carboxymethyl starch modified with nano-Ca CO3 in magnetite concentrate pellets,Powder Technol.,301(2016),p.1183.
[4]T.Tsukerman,C.Duchesne,and D.Hodouin,On the drying rates of individual iron oxide pellets,Int.J.Miner.Process.,83(2007),No.3-4,p.99.
[5]D.Bandyopadhyay,N.Chakraborti,and A.Ghosh,A study on the kinetics of iron oxide reduction by solid carbon,Steel Res.Int.,64(1993),No.7,p.340.
[6]H.X.Mao,R.D.Zhang,X.W.Lv,C.G.Bai,and X.B.Huang,Effect of surface properties of iron ores on their granulation behavior,ISIJ Int.,53(2013),No.9,p.1491.
[7]X.W.Lv,C.G.Bai,G.B.Qiu,S.F.Zhang,and M.L.Hu,Moisture capacity:definition,measurement,and application in determining the optimal water content in granulating,ISIJInt.,50(2010),No.5,p.695.
[8]O.Sivrikaya and A.I.Arol,Pelletization of magnetite ore with colemanite added organic binders,Powder Technol.,210(2011),No.1,p.23.
[9]L.A.Haas,R.K.Zahl,and J.A.Aldinger,Effectiveness of Organic Binders for Iron Ore Pelletization,Bureau of Mines,United States,1989,p.21.
[10]T.C.Eisele and S.K.Kawatra,A review of binders in iron ore pelletization,Miner.Process.Extr.Metall.Rev.,24(2003),No.1,p.1.
[11]O.Sivrikaya and A.I.Arol,The bonding/strengthening mechanism of colemanite added organic binders in iron ore pelletization,Int.J.Miner.Process.,110-111(2012),p.90.
[12]O.Sivrikaya,A.I.Arol,T.Eisele,and S.K.Kawatra,The effect of calcined colemanite addition on the mechanical strength of magnetite pellets produced with organic binders,Miner.Process.Extr.Metall.Rev.,34(2013),No.4,p.210.
[13]J.E.D.Mc Donald and S.K.Kawatra,Agglomeration of hematite concentrate by starches,Miner.Process.Extr.Metall.Rev.,38(2017),No.1,p.1.
[14]J.A.Halt and S.K.Kawatra,Can modified starch be used as a binder for iron ore pellets?,Miner.Process.Extr.Metall.Rev.,38(2017),No.2,p.73.
[15]L.A.Haas,J.A.Aldinger,and J.C.Nigro,Utilization of Papermill Sludges as Binders for Iron Ore Concentrate,USDepartment of the Interior,Bureau of Mines,Washington DC,1989.
[16]O.Sivrikaya and A.I.Arol,Alternative binders to bentonite for iron ore pelletizing:part II:Effects on metallurgical and chemical properties,HOLOS,3(2014),p.94.
[17]A.Ammasi and J.Pal,Replacement of bentonite in hematite ore pelletisation using a combination of sodium lignosulphonate and copper smelting slag,Ironmaking Steelmaking,43(2016),No.3,p.203.
[18]X.H.Fan,G.M.Yang,X.L.Chen,X.N.He,X.X.Huang,and L.Gao,Effect of carboxymethyl cellulose on the drying dynamics and thermal cracking performance of iron ore green pellets,Powder Technol.,267(2014),p.11.
[19]A.Z.M.Abouzeid and A.A.Seddik,Effect of iron ore properties on its balling behaviour,Powder Technol.,29(1981),No.2,p.233.
[20]P.J.T.Mills,J.P.K.Seville,P.C.Knight,and M.J.Adams,The effect of binder viscosity on particle agglomeration in a low shear mixer/agglomerator,Powder Technol.,113(2000),No.1-2,p.140.
[21]S.M.Iveson,J.D.Litster,and B.J.Ennis,Fundamental studies of granule consolidation Part 1:Effects of binder content and binder viscosity,Powder Technol.,88(1996),No.1,p.15.
[22]H.G.Kristensen,P.Holm,and T.Schaefer,Mechanical properties of moist agglomerates in relation to granulation mechanisms part I.Deformability of moist,densified agglomerates,Powder Technol.,44(1985),No.3,p.227.
[23]S.M.Iveson and J.D.Litster,Liquid-bound granule impact deformation and coefficient of restitution,Powder Technol.,99(1998),No.3,p.234.
[24]S.M.Iveson,P.A.L.Wauters,S.Forrest,J.D.Litster,G.M.H.Meesters,and B.Scarlett,Growth regime map for liquid-bound granules:Further development and experimental validation,Powder Technol.,117(2011),No.1-2,p.83.
[25]S.M.Iveson and J.D.Litster,Fundamental studies of granule consolidation part 2:Quantifying the effects of particle and binder properties,Powder Technol.,99(1998),No.3,p.243.
[26]ISO 4700:2015,Iron ore pellets for blast furnace and direct reduction feedstocks-Determination of the crushing strength,Bureau of Indian Standards,2015,p.1
[27]S.M.Iveson,K.F.Rutherford,and S.R.Iggs,Liquid penetration rate into submerged porous particles:Theory,experimental validation and implications for iron ore granulation and sintering,Trans.Inst.Min.Metall.Sect.C,110(2001),No.3,p.133.
[28]S.M.Iveson,J.D.Litster,K.Hapgood,and B.J.Ennis,Nucleation,growth and breakage phenomena in agitated wet granulation processes:A review,Powder Technol.,117(2001),No.1-2,p.3.
[29]S.L.Wu,Z.G.Que,X.B.Zhai,and K.L.Li,Effect of characteristics of fine iron ores on the granulation behavior of concentrate in sintering granulation process,Metall.Res.Technol.,115(2018),No.202,p.1.
[30]O.A.Mohamed,M.E.H.Shalabi,N.A.El-Hussiny,M.H.Khedr,and F.Mostafa,The role of normal and activated bentonite on the pelletization of barite iron ore concentrate and the quality of pellets,Powder Technol.,130(2003),No.1-3,p.277.
[31]S.P.E.Forsmo,A.J.Apelqvist,B.M.T.Bj?rkman,and P.O.Samskog,Binding mechanisms in wet iron ore green pellets with a bentonite binder,Powder Technol.,169(2006),No.3,p.147.
[32]A.Gül,A.A.Sirkeci,F.Boylu,G.Güldan,and F.Burat,Improvement of mechanical strength of iron ore pellets using raw and activated bentionites as binders,Physicochem.Prob.Miner.Process.,51(2014),No.1,p.23.
[2]A.K.Mukherjee,J.S.Thella,D.Makhija,A.S.Patra,M.Manna,and T.K.Ghosh,Process to recover iron values from high-alumina indian iron ore slime―a bench-scale study,Miner.Process.Extr.Metall.Rev.,36(2015),No.1,p.39.
[3]S.S.Lu,Z.T.Yuan,J.T.Liu,J.W.Lu,L.X.Li,and H.Q.Hao,Binding effects and mechanisms of the carboxymethyl starch modified with nano-Ca CO3 in magnetite concentrate pellets,Powder Technol.,301(2016),p.1183.
[4]T.Tsukerman,C.Duchesne,and D.Hodouin,On the drying rates of individual iron oxide pellets,Int.J.Miner.Process.,83(2007),No.3-4,p.99.
[5]D.Bandyopadhyay,N.Chakraborti,and A.Ghosh,A study on the kinetics of iron oxide reduction by solid carbon,Steel Res.Int.,64(1993),No.7,p.340.
[6]H.X.Mao,R.D.Zhang,X.W.Lv,C.G.Bai,and X.B.Huang,Effect of surface properties of iron ores on their granulation behavior,ISIJ Int.,53(2013),No.9,p.1491.
[7]X.W.Lv,C.G.Bai,G.B.Qiu,S.F.Zhang,and M.L.Hu,Moisture capacity:definition,measurement,and application in determining the optimal water content in granulating,ISIJInt.,50(2010),No.5,p.695.
[8]O.Sivrikaya and A.I.Arol,Pelletization of magnetite ore with colemanite added organic binders,Powder Technol.,210(2011),No.1,p.23.
[9]L.A.Haas,R.K.Zahl,and J.A.Aldinger,Effectiveness of Organic Binders for Iron Ore Pelletization,Bureau of Mines,United States,1989,p.21.
[10]T.C.Eisele and S.K.Kawatra,A review of binders in iron ore pelletization,Miner.Process.Extr.Metall.Rev.,24(2003),No.1,p.1.
[11]O.Sivrikaya and A.I.Arol,The bonding/strengthening mechanism of colemanite added organic binders in iron ore pelletization,Int.J.Miner.Process.,110-111(2012),p.90.
[12]O.Sivrikaya,A.I.Arol,T.Eisele,and S.K.Kawatra,The effect of calcined colemanite addition on the mechanical strength of magnetite pellets produced with organic binders,Miner.Process.Extr.Metall.Rev.,34(2013),No.4,p.210.
[13]J.E.D.Mc Donald and S.K.Kawatra,Agglomeration of hematite concentrate by starches,Miner.Process.Extr.Metall.Rev.,38(2017),No.1,p.1.
[14]J.A.Halt and S.K.Kawatra,Can modified starch be used as a binder for iron ore pellets?,Miner.Process.Extr.Metall.Rev.,38(2017),No.2,p.73.
[15]L.A.Haas,J.A.Aldinger,and J.C.Nigro,Utilization of Papermill Sludges as Binders for Iron Ore Concentrate,USDepartment of the Interior,Bureau of Mines,Washington DC,1989.
[16]O.Sivrikaya and A.I.Arol,Alternative binders to bentonite for iron ore pelletizing:part II:Effects on metallurgical and chemical properties,HOLOS,3(2014),p.94.
[17]A.Ammasi and J.Pal,Replacement of bentonite in hematite ore pelletisation using a combination of sodium lignosulphonate and copper smelting slag,Ironmaking Steelmaking,43(2016),No.3,p.203.
[18]X.H.Fan,G.M.Yang,X.L.Chen,X.N.He,X.X.Huang,and L.Gao,Effect of carboxymethyl cellulose on the drying dynamics and thermal cracking performance of iron ore green pellets,Powder Technol.,267(2014),p.11.
[19]A.Z.M.Abouzeid and A.A.Seddik,Effect of iron ore properties on its balling behaviour,Powder Technol.,29(1981),No.2,p.233.
[20]P.J.T.Mills,J.P.K.Seville,P.C.Knight,and M.J.Adams,The effect of binder viscosity on particle agglomeration in a low shear mixer/agglomerator,Powder Technol.,113(2000),No.1-2,p.140.
[21]S.M.Iveson,J.D.Litster,and B.J.Ennis,Fundamental studies of granule consolidation Part 1:Effects of binder content and binder viscosity,Powder Technol.,88(1996),No.1,p.15.
[22]H.G.Kristensen,P.Holm,and T.Schaefer,Mechanical properties of moist agglomerates in relation to granulation mechanisms part I.Deformability of moist,densified agglomerates,Powder Technol.,44(1985),No.3,p.227.
[23]S.M.Iveson and J.D.Litster,Liquid-bound granule impact deformation and coefficient of restitution,Powder Technol.,99(1998),No.3,p.234.
[24]S.M.Iveson,P.A.L.Wauters,S.Forrest,J.D.Litster,G.M.H.Meesters,and B.Scarlett,Growth regime map for liquid-bound granules:Further development and experimental validation,Powder Technol.,117(2011),No.1-2,p.83.
[25]S.M.Iveson and J.D.Litster,Fundamental studies of granule consolidation part 2:Quantifying the effects of particle and binder properties,Powder Technol.,99(1998),No.3,p.243.
[26]ISO 4700:2015,Iron ore pellets for blast furnace and direct reduction feedstocks-Determination of the crushing strength,Bureau of Indian Standards,2015,p.1
[27]S.M.Iveson,K.F.Rutherford,and S.R.Iggs,Liquid penetration rate into submerged porous particles:Theory,experimental validation and implications for iron ore granulation and sintering,Trans.Inst.Min.Metall.Sect.C,110(2001),No.3,p.133.
[28]S.M.Iveson,J.D.Litster,K.Hapgood,and B.J.Ennis,Nucleation,growth and breakage phenomena in agitated wet granulation processes:A review,Powder Technol.,117(2001),No.1-2,p.3.
[29]S.L.Wu,Z.G.Que,X.B.Zhai,and K.L.Li,Effect of characteristics of fine iron ores on the granulation behavior of concentrate in sintering granulation process,Metall.Res.Technol.,115(2018),No.202,p.1.
[30]O.A.Mohamed,M.E.H.Shalabi,N.A.El-Hussiny,M.H.Khedr,and F.Mostafa,The role of normal and activated bentonite on the pelletization of barite iron ore concentrate and the quality of pellets,Powder Technol.,130(2003),No.1-3,p.277.
[31]S.P.E.Forsmo,A.J.Apelqvist,B.M.T.Bj?rkman,and P.O.Samskog,Binding mechanisms in wet iron ore green pellets with a bentonite binder,Powder Technol.,169(2006),No.3,p.147.
[32]A.Gül,A.A.Sirkeci,F.Boylu,G.Güldan,and F.Burat,Improvement of mechanical strength of iron ore pellets using raw and activated bentionites as binders,Physicochem.Prob.Miner.Process.,51(2014),No.1,p.23.