中华鲟产卵栖息地的三维水力因子适宜性分析
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摘要
建立三维水动力学模型分析中华鲟产卵栖息地水力因子的时空分布和中华鲟产卵时的适宜水力特性,为设计最佳的生态调度方案提供科技支撑。研究结果表明,中华鲟产卵栖息地的上产卵区水深和流速的变化主要受流量影响,涡量的变化主要受地形影响;中华鲟产卵前需要高流量脉冲刺激产卵。坝下与隔流堤之间流速和涡量值的大小与波动远大于其他区域,均值为2.4 m/s和11 m2/s。产卵栖息地水体表层、中层和底层的流速和水平涡量分布格局相似,均是在上产卵区值较大,空间分布多样性高。水体中层垂向涡量的值远大于底层和表层。产卵栖息地水体表层、中层和底层水力分布特征为中华鲟繁殖提供了有利的水力条件,体现出中华鲟对产卵栖息地不同功能区的自主选择性。
This study employs a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model to analyze the spatial and temporal characteristics of stream flows at spawning sites of Chinese Sturgeon. The overarching goal here is to identify the suitable flow conditions for the sturgeon's reproduction success. Such information will provide better design criteria for habitat management. The results showed that,while flow depth and velocity were determined by the water discharge,the intensity of vorticity was highly dependent upon the local geomorphological features. The velocity and vorticity exhibited much larger magnitudes and higher spatial variability at the location immediately downstream of the dam and between the spur dikes,as compared to other places. More specifically,the mean velocity and vorticity magnitudes there were reported as 2. 4 m/s and 11 m2/s,respectively. Such an intense flow condition represented an appropriate spawning cue to the Chinese Sturgeon. Since the spawning activities usually took place near the water surface,this study distinguished the hydrodynamics of the flow within the upper layer from those in the intermediate and bottom layers. The mean velocity and horizontal vorticity manifested a similar distribution among the three different layers,except that the upper layer always had a larger intensity than the lower parts of the flow. The vertical vorticity,on the contrary,attained peak values in the intermediate layer exceeding the intensities observed in the upper and bottom layers. This result indicated the high spatial variability of hydrodynamics that could change with flow depth. Overall,the pertinent flow properties at the upper,intermediate,and the bottom layers may contribute to spawning success in different ways. It is reasonable to expect that the Chinese sturgeon will select the sites that are more likely to meet their special needs in the spawning processes.
This study employs a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model to analyze the spatial and temporal characteristics of stream flows at spawning sites of Chinese Sturgeon. The overarching goal here is to identify the suitable flow conditions for the sturgeon's reproduction success. Such information will provide better design criteria for habitat management. The results showed that,while flow depth and velocity were determined by the water discharge,the intensity of vorticity was highly dependent upon the local geomorphological features. The velocity and vorticity exhibited much larger magnitudes and higher spatial variability at the location immediately downstream of the dam and between the spur dikes,as compared to other places. More specifically,the mean velocity and vorticity magnitudes there were reported as 2. 4 m/s and 11 m2/s,respectively. Such an intense flow condition represented an appropriate spawning cue to the Chinese Sturgeon. Since the spawning activities usually took place near the water surface,this study distinguished the hydrodynamics of the flow within the upper layer from those in the intermediate and bottom layers. The mean velocity and horizontal vorticity manifested a similar distribution among the three different layers,except that the upper layer always had a larger intensity than the lower parts of the flow. The vertical vorticity,on the contrary,attained peak values in the intermediate layer exceeding the intensities observed in the upper and bottom layers. This result indicated the high spatial variability of hydrodynamics that could change with flow depth. Overall,the pertinent flow properties at the upper,intermediate,and the bottom layers may contribute to spawning success in different ways. It is reasonable to expect that the Chinese sturgeon will select the sites that are more likely to meet their special needs in the spawning processes.
引文
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[5]段辛斌,谢意军,郭杰,等.长江中游洪湖至宜昌江段鱼类空间分布特征的水声学研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2016,25(12):1842-1849.(DUAN X B,XIE Y J,GUO J,et al.Hydroacoustic surveys on temporal and spatial distribution of fishes in the section from Honghu to Yichang of the Yangtze River middle reaches[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2016,25(12):1842-1849.(in Chinese))
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[7]张辉,危起伟,杨德国.ADCP在水域生态研究中的应用[J].水利渔业,2008,28(1):1-4.(ZHANG H,WEI Q W,YANG D G.Application of ADCP in the research of water ecology[J].Reservoir Fisheries,2008,28(1):1-4.(in Chinese))
[8]杨宇,严忠民,常剑波.中华鲟产卵场断面平均涡量计算及分析[J].水科学进展,2007,18(5):701-705.(YANG Y,YAN Z M,CHANG J B.Computation and analysis of the cross-section mean vorticity in Chinese Sturgeon spawning area[J].Advances in Water Science,2007,18(5):701-705.(in Chinese))
[9]顾孝连,庄平,章龙珍,等.长江口中华鲟幼鱼趋光行为及其对摄食的影响[J].水产学报,2009,33(5):778-783.(GU X L,ZHUANG P,ZHANG L Z,et al.Illumination intensity preference and its effects on feeding efficiency of juvenile Chinese Sturgeon,Acipenser sinensis captured from the Estuary of Yangtze River[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,2009,33(5):778-783.(in Chinese))
[10]易雨君,王兆印,陆永军.长江中华鲟栖息地适合度模型研究[J].水科学进展,2007,18(4):538-543.(YI Y J,WANG Z Y,LU Y J.Habitat suitability index model for Chinese Sturgeon in the Yangtze River[J].Advances in Water Science,2007,18(4):538-543.(in Chinese))
[11]班文波,郭柏福,管敏,等.中华鲟行为学研究进展[J].生物学通报,2016,51(8):1-5.(BAN W B,GUO B F,GUAN M,et al.Progress study on behavior of Chinese Sturgeon[J].Bulletin of Biology,2016,51(8):1-5.(in Chinese))
[12]杨德国,危起伟,陈细华,等.葛洲坝下游中华鲟产卵场的水文状况及其与繁殖活动的关系[J].生态学报,2007,27(3):862-869.(YANG D G,WEI Q W,CHEN X H,et al.Hydrology status on the spawning ground of Acipenser sinensis below the Gezhouba Dam and its relation to the spawning run[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007,27(3):862-869.(in Chinese))
[13]危起伟.中华鲟繁殖行为生态学与资源评估[D].武汉:中国科学院水生生物研究所,2003.(WEI Q W.Reproductive behavior ecology and resource assessment of Acipenser sinensis[D].Wuhan:Institute of Aquatic Biology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2003.(in Chinese))
[14]WU J M,WANG C Y,ZHANG H,et al.Drastic decline in spawning activity of Chinese Sturgeon Acipenser sinensis Gray 1835 in the remaining spawning ground of the Yangtze River since the construction of hydrodams[J].Journal of Applied Ichthyology,2015,31(5):839-842.
[15]班璇,肖飞.葛洲坝下游河势调整工程对中华鲟产卵场的影响[J].水利学报,2014,45(1):58-64.(BAN X,XIAO F.Influence of river regime adjustment project on Chinese Sturgeon spawning sites downstream of the Gezhouba Dam[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2014,45(1):58-64.(in Chinese))
[16]杜浩,危起伟,张辉,等.三峡蓄水以来葛洲坝下中华鲟产卵场河床质特征变化[J].生态学报,2015,35(9):3124-3131.(DU H,WEI Q W,ZHANG H,et al.Changes of bottom substrate characteristics in spawning ground of Chinese Sturgeon downstream the Gezhouba dam from impounding of three gorge reservoir[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(9):3124-3131.(in Chinese))
[17]骆辉煌.中华鲟繁殖的关键环境因子及适宜性研究[D].北京:中国水利水电科学研究院,2013.(LUO H H.The key environmental factors and suitability for Chinese Sturgeon breeding[D].Beijing:China Institute of Water Conservancy and Hydropower,2013.(in Chinese))
[18]HUSTON M.A general hypothesis of species diversity[J].The American Naturalist,1979,113(1):81-101.
[19]CROWDER D W,DIPLAS P.Applying spatial hydraulic principles to quantify stream habitat[J].River Research&Applications,2010,22(1):79-89.
[20]SIM C H,GAN F F,CHANG T C.Outlier labeling with box plot procedures[J].Journal of the American Statistical Association,2005,100(470):642-652.
[21]BAN X,DU Y,LIU H Z,et al.Applying in stream flow incremental method for the spawning habitat protection of Chinese Sturgeon[J].River Research and Applications,2011,27(1):87-98.
[22]GAO X,LI M Z,LIN P C,et al.Environmental cues for natural reproduction of the Chinese sturgeon,Acipenser sinensis Gray,1835,in the Yangtze River,China[J].Journal of Applied Ichthyology,2013,29(6):1389-1394.
[2]YI Y,CHENG X,YANG Z,et al.Evaluating the ecological influence of hydraulic projects:a review of aquatic habitat suitability models[J].Renewable&Sustainable Energy Reviews,2017,68:748-762.
[3]LI M Z,GAO X,YANG S,et al.Effects of environmental factors on natural reproduction of the four major Chinese carps in the Yangtze River,China[J].Zoology Science,2013,30(4):296-303.
[4]蔡露.四种鲟科鱼类幼鱼游泳特性研究与评价[D].宜昌:三峡大学,2014.(CAI L.Study and evaluation on swimming charac-teristics of juvenile fish of four sturgeon species[D].Yichang:Three Gorges University,2014.(in Chinese))
[5]段辛斌,谢意军,郭杰,等.长江中游洪湖至宜昌江段鱼类空间分布特征的水声学研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2016,25(12):1842-1849.(DUAN X B,XIE Y J,GUO J,et al.Hydroacoustic surveys on temporal and spatial distribution of fishes in the section from Honghu to Yichang of the Yangtze River middle reaches[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2016,25(12):1842-1849.(in Chinese))
[6]刘稳,诸葛亦斯,欧阳丽,等.水动力学条件对鱼类生长影响的试验研究[J].水科学进展,2009,20(6):812-817.(LIU W,ZHUGE Y S,OUYANG L,et al.Experimental study of the effect of hydrodynamic conditions on fish growth[J].Advances in Water Science,2009,20(6):812-817.(in Chinese))
[7]张辉,危起伟,杨德国.ADCP在水域生态研究中的应用[J].水利渔业,2008,28(1):1-4.(ZHANG H,WEI Q W,YANG D G.Application of ADCP in the research of water ecology[J].Reservoir Fisheries,2008,28(1):1-4.(in Chinese))
[8]杨宇,严忠民,常剑波.中华鲟产卵场断面平均涡量计算及分析[J].水科学进展,2007,18(5):701-705.(YANG Y,YAN Z M,CHANG J B.Computation and analysis of the cross-section mean vorticity in Chinese Sturgeon spawning area[J].Advances in Water Science,2007,18(5):701-705.(in Chinese))
[9]顾孝连,庄平,章龙珍,等.长江口中华鲟幼鱼趋光行为及其对摄食的影响[J].水产学报,2009,33(5):778-783.(GU X L,ZHUANG P,ZHANG L Z,et al.Illumination intensity preference and its effects on feeding efficiency of juvenile Chinese Sturgeon,Acipenser sinensis captured from the Estuary of Yangtze River[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,2009,33(5):778-783.(in Chinese))
[10]易雨君,王兆印,陆永军.长江中华鲟栖息地适合度模型研究[J].水科学进展,2007,18(4):538-543.(YI Y J,WANG Z Y,LU Y J.Habitat suitability index model for Chinese Sturgeon in the Yangtze River[J].Advances in Water Science,2007,18(4):538-543.(in Chinese))
[11]班文波,郭柏福,管敏,等.中华鲟行为学研究进展[J].生物学通报,2016,51(8):1-5.(BAN W B,GUO B F,GUAN M,et al.Progress study on behavior of Chinese Sturgeon[J].Bulletin of Biology,2016,51(8):1-5.(in Chinese))
[12]杨德国,危起伟,陈细华,等.葛洲坝下游中华鲟产卵场的水文状况及其与繁殖活动的关系[J].生态学报,2007,27(3):862-869.(YANG D G,WEI Q W,CHEN X H,et al.Hydrology status on the spawning ground of Acipenser sinensis below the Gezhouba Dam and its relation to the spawning run[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007,27(3):862-869.(in Chinese))
[13]危起伟.中华鲟繁殖行为生态学与资源评估[D].武汉:中国科学院水生生物研究所,2003.(WEI Q W.Reproductive behavior ecology and resource assessment of Acipenser sinensis[D].Wuhan:Institute of Aquatic Biology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2003.(in Chinese))
[14]WU J M,WANG C Y,ZHANG H,et al.Drastic decline in spawning activity of Chinese Sturgeon Acipenser sinensis Gray 1835 in the remaining spawning ground of the Yangtze River since the construction of hydrodams[J].Journal of Applied Ichthyology,2015,31(5):839-842.
[15]班璇,肖飞.葛洲坝下游河势调整工程对中华鲟产卵场的影响[J].水利学报,2014,45(1):58-64.(BAN X,XIAO F.Influence of river regime adjustment project on Chinese Sturgeon spawning sites downstream of the Gezhouba Dam[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2014,45(1):58-64.(in Chinese))
[16]杜浩,危起伟,张辉,等.三峡蓄水以来葛洲坝下中华鲟产卵场河床质特征变化[J].生态学报,2015,35(9):3124-3131.(DU H,WEI Q W,ZHANG H,et al.Changes of bottom substrate characteristics in spawning ground of Chinese Sturgeon downstream the Gezhouba dam from impounding of three gorge reservoir[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(9):3124-3131.(in Chinese))
[17]骆辉煌.中华鲟繁殖的关键环境因子及适宜性研究[D].北京:中国水利水电科学研究院,2013.(LUO H H.The key environmental factors and suitability for Chinese Sturgeon breeding[D].Beijing:China Institute of Water Conservancy and Hydropower,2013.(in Chinese))
[18]HUSTON M.A general hypothesis of species diversity[J].The American Naturalist,1979,113(1):81-101.
[19]CROWDER D W,DIPLAS P.Applying spatial hydraulic principles to quantify stream habitat[J].River Research&Applications,2010,22(1):79-89.
[20]SIM C H,GAN F F,CHANG T C.Outlier labeling with box plot procedures[J].Journal of the American Statistical Association,2005,100(470):642-652.
[21]BAN X,DU Y,LIU H Z,et al.Applying in stream flow incremental method for the spawning habitat protection of Chinese Sturgeon[J].River Research and Applications,2011,27(1):87-98.
[22]GAO X,LI M Z,LIN P C,et al.Environmental cues for natural reproduction of the Chinese sturgeon,Acipenser sinensis Gray,1835,in the Yangtze River,China[J].Journal of Applied Ichthyology,2013,29(6):1389-1394.