Intermedin in Paraventricular Nucleus Attenuates Sympathoexcitation and Decreases TLR4-Mediated Sympathetic Activation via Adrenomedullin Receptors in Rats with Obesity-Related Hypertension
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摘要
Intermedin/adrenomedullin-2(IMD/AM2), a member of the calcitonin gene-related peptide/AM family,plays an important role in protecting the cardiovascular system. However, its role in the enhanced sympathoexcitation in obesity-related hypertension is unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of IMD in the paraventricular nucleus(PVN) of the hypothalamus on sympathetic nerve activity(SNA), and lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced sympathetic activation in obesity-related hypertensive(OH)rats induced by a high-fat diet for 12 weeks. Acute experiments were performed under anesthesia. The dynamic alterations of sympathetic outflow were evaluated as changes in renal SNA and mean arterial pressure(MAP) in response to specific drugs. Male rats were fed a control diet(12% kcal as fat) or a high-fat diet(42% kcal as fat) for 12 weeks to induce OH. The results showed that IMD protein in the PVN was downregulated, but Toll-like receptor 4(TLR4) and plasma norepinephrine(NE, indicating sympathetic hyperactivity) levels, and systolic blood pressure were increased in OH rats. LPS(0.5 lg/50 nL)-induced enhancement of renal SNA and MAP was greater in OH rats than in obese or control rats. Bilateral PVN microinjection of IMD(50 pmol)caused greater decreases in renal SNA and MAP in OH rats than in control rats, and inhibited LPS-induced sympatheticactivation, and these were effectively prevented in OH rats by pretreatment with the AM receptor antagonist AM22-52.The mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signalregulated kinase(ERK) inhibitor U0126 in the PVN partially reversed the LPS-induced enhancement of SNA. However,IMD in the PVN decreased the LPS-induced ERK activation,which was also effectively prevented by AM22-52. Chronic IMD administration resulted in significant reductions in the plasma NE level and blood pressure in OH rats. Moreover,IMD lowered the TLR4 protein expression and ERK activation in the PVN, and decreased the LPS-induced sympathetic overactivity. These results indicate that IMD in the PVN attenuates SNA and hypertension, and decreases the ERK activation implicated in the LPS-induced enhancement of SNA in OH rats, and this is mediated by AM receptors.
Intermedin/adrenomedullin-2(IMD/AM2), a member of the calcitonin gene-related peptide/AM family,plays an important role in protecting the cardiovascular system. However, its role in the enhanced sympathoexcitation in obesity-related hypertension is unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of IMD in the paraventricular nucleus(PVN) of the hypothalamus on sympathetic nerve activity(SNA), and lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced sympathetic activation in obesity-related hypertensive(OH)rats induced by a high-fat diet for 12 weeks. Acute experiments were performed under anesthesia. The dynamic alterations of sympathetic outflow were evaluated as changes in renal SNA and mean arterial pressure(MAP) in response to specific drugs. Male rats were fed a control diet(12% kcal as fat) or a high-fat diet(42% kcal as fat) for 12 weeks to induce OH. The results showed that IMD protein in the PVN was downregulated, but Toll-like receptor 4(TLR4) and plasma norepinephrine(NE, indicating sympathetic hyperactivity) levels, and systolic blood pressure were increased in OH rats. LPS(0.5 lg/50 nL)-induced enhancement of renal SNA and MAP was greater in OH rats than in obese or control rats. Bilateral PVN microinjection of IMD(50 pmol)caused greater decreases in renal SNA and MAP in OH rats than in control rats, and inhibited LPS-induced sympatheticactivation, and these were effectively prevented in OH rats by pretreatment with the AM receptor antagonist AM22-52.The mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signalregulated kinase(ERK) inhibitor U0126 in the PVN partially reversed the LPS-induced enhancement of SNA. However,IMD in the PVN decreased the LPS-induced ERK activation,which was also effectively prevented by AM22-52. Chronic IMD administration resulted in significant reductions in the plasma NE level and blood pressure in OH rats. Moreover,IMD lowered the TLR4 protein expression and ERK activation in the PVN, and decreased the LPS-induced sympathetic overactivity. These results indicate that IMD in the PVN attenuates SNA and hypertension, and decreases the ERK activation implicated in the LPS-induced enhancement of SNA in OH rats, and this is mediated by AM receptors.
Intermedin/adrenomedullin-2(IMD/AM2), a member of the calcitonin gene-related peptide/AM family,plays an important role in protecting the cardiovascular system. However, its role in the enhanced sympathoexcitation in obesity-related hypertension is unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of IMD in the paraventricular nucleus(PVN) of the hypothalamus on sympathetic nerve activity(SNA), and lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced sympathetic activation in obesity-related hypertensive(OH)rats induced by a high-fat diet for 12 weeks. Acute experiments were performed under anesthesia. The dynamic alterations of sympathetic outflow were evaluated as changes in renal SNA and mean arterial pressure(MAP) in response to specific drugs. Male rats were fed a control diet(12% kcal as fat) or a high-fat diet(42% kcal as fat) for 12 weeks to induce OH. The results showed that IMD protein in the PVN was downregulated, but Toll-like receptor 4(TLR4) and plasma norepinephrine(NE, indicating sympathetic hyperactivity) levels, and systolic blood pressure were increased in OH rats. LPS(0.5 lg/50 nL)-induced enhancement of renal SNA and MAP was greater in OH rats than in obese or control rats. Bilateral PVN microinjection of IMD(50 pmol)caused greater decreases in renal SNA and MAP in OH rats than in control rats, and inhibited LPS-induced sympatheticactivation, and these were effectively prevented in OH rats by pretreatment with the AM receptor antagonist AM22-52.The mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signalregulated kinase(ERK) inhibitor U0126 in the PVN partially reversed the LPS-induced enhancement of SNA. However,IMD in the PVN decreased the LPS-induced ERK activation,which was also effectively prevented by AM22-52. Chronic IMD administration resulted in significant reductions in the plasma NE level and blood pressure in OH rats. Moreover,IMD lowered the TLR4 protein expression and ERK activation in the PVN, and decreased the LPS-induced sympathetic overactivity. These results indicate that IMD in the PVN attenuates SNA and hypertension, and decreases the ERK activation implicated in the LPS-induced enhancement of SNA in OH rats, and this is mediated by AM receptors.
引文
1.Hall JE,Crook ED,Jones DW,Wofford MR,Dubbert PM.Mechanisms of obesity-associated cardiovascular and renal disease.Am J Med Sci 2002,324:127-137.
2.Hall ME,do Carmo JM,da Silva AA,Juncos LA,Wang Z,Hall JE.Obesity,hypertension,and chronic kidney disease.Int JNephrol Renovasc Dis 2014,7:75-88.
3.Head GA,Lim K,Barzel B,Burke SL,Davern PJ.Central nervous system dysfunction in obesity-induced hypertension.Curr Hypertens Rep 2014,16:466.
4.Lu QB,Sun J,Kang Y,Sun HJ,Wang HS,Wang Y,et al.Superoxide anions and NO in the paraventricular nucleus modulate the cardiac sympathetic afferent reflex in obese rats.Int J Mol Sci 2017,19.
5.Zhu H,Tan L,Li Y,Li J,Qiu M,Li L,et al.Increased apoptosis in the paraventricular nucleus mediated by AT1R/Ras/ERK1/2signaling results in sympathetic hyperactivity and renovascular hypertension in rats after kidney injury.Front Physiol 2017,8:41.
6.Bai J,Yu XJ,Liu KL,Wang FF,Jing GX,Li HB,et al.Central administration of tert-butylhydroquinone attenuates hypertension via regulating Nrf2 signaling in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of hypertensive rats.Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017,333:100-109.
7.de Kloet AD,Pioquinto DJ,Nguyen D,Wang L,Smith JA,Hiller H,et al.Obesity induces neuroinflammation mediated by altered expression of the renin-angiotensin system in mouse forebrain nuclei.Physiol Behav 2014,136:31-38.
8.Xue B,Yu Y,Zhang Z,Guo F,Beltz TG,Thunhorst RL,et al.Leptin mediates high-fat diet sensitization of angiotensin II-elicited hypertension by upregulating the brain renin-angiotensin system and inflammation.Hypertension 2016,67:970-976.
9.Huang X,Wang Y,Ren K.Deleterious effect of salusin-beta in paraventricular nucleus on sympathetic activity and blood pressure via NF-kappaB signaling in a rat model of obesity hypertension.Pharmazie 2015,70:543-548.
10.Chen F,Cham JL,Badoer E.High-fat feeding alters the cardiovascular role of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus.Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010,298:R799-807.
11.Dange RB,Agarwal D,Teruyama R,Francis J.Toll-like receptor4 inhibition within the paraventricular nucleus attenuates blood pressure and inflammatory response in a genetic model of hypertension.J Neuroinflammation 2015,12:31.
12.Biancardi VC,Stranahan AM,Krause EG,de Kloet AD,Stern JE.Cross talk between AT1 receptors and Toll-like receptor 4 in microglia contributes to angiotensin II-derived ROS production in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus.Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016,310:H404-415.
13.Li HB,Li X,Huo CJ,Su Q,Guo J,Yuan ZY,et al.TLR4/MyD88/NF-kappaB signaling and PPAR-gamma within the paraventricular nucleus are involved in the effects of telmisartan in hypertension.Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016,305:93-102.
14.Paladino N,Leone MJ,Plano SA,Golombek DA.Paying the circadian toll:the circadian response to LPS injection is dependent on the Toll-like receptor 4.J Neuroimmunol 2010,225:62-67.
15.Roh J,Chang CL,Bhalla A,Klein C,Hsu SY.Intermedin is a calcitonin/calcitonin gene-related peptide family peptide acting through the calcitonin receptor-like receptor/receptor activitymodifying protein receptor complexes.J Biol Chem 2004,279:7264-7274.
16.Takei Y,Hashimoto H,Inoue K,Osaki T,Yoshizawa-Kumagaye K,Tsunemi M,et al.Central and peripheral cardiovascular actions of adrenomedullin 5,a novel member of the calcitonin gene-related peptide family,in mammals.J Endocrinol 2008,197:391-400.
17.Takei Y,Inoue K,Ogoshi M,Kawahara T,Bannai H,Miyano S.Identification of novel adrenomedullin in mammals:a potent cardiovascular and renal regulator.FEBS Lett 2004,556:53-58.
18.Xiong XQ,Chen WW,Han Y,Zhou YB,Zhang F,Gao XY,et al.Enhanced adipose afferent reflex contributes to sympathetic activation in diet-induced obesity hypertension.Hypertension2012,60:1280-1286.
19.Oliver KR,Kane SA,Salvatore CA,Mallee JJ,Kinsey AM,Koblan KS,et al.Cloning,characterization and central nervous system distribution of receptor activity modifying proteins in the rat.Eur J Neurosci 2001,14:618-628.
20.Stachniak TJ,Krukoff TL.Receptor activity modifying protein 2distribution in the rat central nervous system and regulation by changes in blood pressure.J Neuroendocrinol 2003,15:840-850.
21.Hashimoto H,Kitamura K,Kawasaki M,Saito T,Suzuki H,Otsubo H,et al.Adrenomedullin 2/intermedin-like immunoreactivity in the hypothalamus and brainstem of rats.Auton Neurosci2008,139:46-54.
22.Zhang JS,Hou YL,Lu WW,Ni XQ,Lin F,Yu YR,et al.Intermedin1-53 protects against myocardial fibrosis by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammation induced by homocysteine in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice.J Atheroscler Thromb 2016,23:1294-1306.
23.Pang Y,Li Y,Lv Y,Sun L,Zhang S,Li Y,et al.Intermedin restores hyperhomocysteinemia-induced macrophage polarization and improves insulin resistance in mice.J Biol Chem 2016,291:12336-12345.
24.Wang Y,Tian J,Guo H,Mi Y,Zhang R,Li R.Intermedin ameliorates IgA nephropathy by inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation.Clin Exp Med 2016,16:183-192.
25.Zhou YB,Sun HJ,Chen D,Liu TY,Han Y,Wang JJ,et al.Intermedin in paraventricular nucleus attenuates sympathetic activity and blood pressure via nitric oxide in hypertensive rats.Hypertension 2014,63:330-337.
26.Zhang ZH,Yu Y,Wei SG,Felder RB.Centrally administered lipopolysaccharide elicits sympathetic excitation via NAD(P)Hoxidase-dependent mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling.J Hypertens 2010,28:806-816.
27.Carnagarin R,Matthews V,Gregory C,Schlaich MP.Pharmacotherapeutic strategies for treating hypertension in patients with obesity.Expert Opin Pharmacother 2018,19:643-651.
28.Jiang P,Ma D,Wang X,Wang Y,Bi Y,Yang J,et al.Astragaloside IV prevents obesity-associated hypertension by improving pro-inflammatory reaction and leptin resistance.Mol Cells 2018,41:244-255.
29.Takahashi K,Morimoto R,Hirose T,Satoh F,Totsune K.Adrenomedullin 2/intermedin in the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis.J Mol Neurosci 2011,43:182-192.
30.Hong Y,Hay DL,Quirion R,Poyner DR.The pharmacology of adrenomedullin 2/intermedin.Br J Pharmacol 2012,166:110-120.
31.Zhang H,Zhang SY,Jiang C,Li Y,Xu G,Xu MJ,et al.Intermedin/adrenomedullin 2 polypeptide promotes adipose tissue browning and reduces high-fat diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance in mice.Int J Obes(Lond)2016,40:852-860.
32.Li H,Bian Y,Zhang N,Guo J,Wang C,Lau WB,et al.Intermedin protects against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in diabetic rats.Cardiovasc Diabetol 2013,12:91.
33.Li L,Ma P,Liu YJ,Huang C,Wai-Sum O,Tang F,et al.Intermedin attenuates LPS-induced inflammation in the rat testis.PLoS One 2013,8:e65278.
34.Gan XB,Sun HJ,Chen D,Zhang LL,Zhou H,Chen LY,et al.Intermedin in the paraventricular nucleus attenuates cardiac sympathetic afferent reflex in chronic heart failure rats.PLoS One2014,9:e94234.
35.Wang ML,Kang YM,Li XG,Su Q,Li HB,Liu KL,et al.Central blockade of NLRP3 reduces blood pressure via regulating inflammation microenvironment and neurohormonal excitation in salt-induced prehypertensive rats.J Neuroinflammation 2018,15:95.
36.Cho KH,Kim DC,Yoon CS,Ko WM,Lee SJ,Sohn JH,et al.Anti-neuroinflammatory effects of citreohybridonol involving TLR4-MyD88-mediated inhibition of NF-small ka,CyrillicB and MAPK signaling pathways in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV2cells.Neurochem Int 2016,95:55-62.
37.Yu Y,Wei SG,Zhang ZH,Weiss RM,Felder RB.ERK1/2MAPK signaling in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus contributes to sympathetic excitation in rats with heart failure after myocardial infarction.Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016,310:H732-739.
38.Beckhauser TF,Francis-Oliveira J,De Pasquale R.Reactive oxygen species:physiological and physiopathological effects on synaptic plasticity.J Exp Neurosci 2016,10:23-48.
39.Beckhauser TF,Francis-Oliveira J,De Pasquale R.Central SDF-1/CXCL12 expression and its cardiovascular and sympathetic effects:the role of angiotensin II,TNF-alpha,and MAP kinase signaling.J Exp Neurosci 2016,10:23-48.
40.Ren YS,Yang JH,Zhang J,Pan CS,Yang J,Zhao J,et al.Intermedin 1-53 in central nervous system elevates arterial blood pressure in rats.Peptides 2006,27:74-79.
41.Li P,Sun HJ,Han Y,Wang JJ,Zhang F,Tang CS,et al.Intermedin enhances sympathetic outflow via receptor-mediated cAMP/PKA signaling pathway in nucleus tractus solitarii of rats.Peptides 2013,47:1-6.
2.Hall ME,do Carmo JM,da Silva AA,Juncos LA,Wang Z,Hall JE.Obesity,hypertension,and chronic kidney disease.Int JNephrol Renovasc Dis 2014,7:75-88.
3.Head GA,Lim K,Barzel B,Burke SL,Davern PJ.Central nervous system dysfunction in obesity-induced hypertension.Curr Hypertens Rep 2014,16:466.
4.Lu QB,Sun J,Kang Y,Sun HJ,Wang HS,Wang Y,et al.Superoxide anions and NO in the paraventricular nucleus modulate the cardiac sympathetic afferent reflex in obese rats.Int J Mol Sci 2017,19.
5.Zhu H,Tan L,Li Y,Li J,Qiu M,Li L,et al.Increased apoptosis in the paraventricular nucleus mediated by AT1R/Ras/ERK1/2signaling results in sympathetic hyperactivity and renovascular hypertension in rats after kidney injury.Front Physiol 2017,8:41.
6.Bai J,Yu XJ,Liu KL,Wang FF,Jing GX,Li HB,et al.Central administration of tert-butylhydroquinone attenuates hypertension via regulating Nrf2 signaling in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of hypertensive rats.Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017,333:100-109.
7.de Kloet AD,Pioquinto DJ,Nguyen D,Wang L,Smith JA,Hiller H,et al.Obesity induces neuroinflammation mediated by altered expression of the renin-angiotensin system in mouse forebrain nuclei.Physiol Behav 2014,136:31-38.
8.Xue B,Yu Y,Zhang Z,Guo F,Beltz TG,Thunhorst RL,et al.Leptin mediates high-fat diet sensitization of angiotensin II-elicited hypertension by upregulating the brain renin-angiotensin system and inflammation.Hypertension 2016,67:970-976.
9.Huang X,Wang Y,Ren K.Deleterious effect of salusin-beta in paraventricular nucleus on sympathetic activity and blood pressure via NF-kappaB signaling in a rat model of obesity hypertension.Pharmazie 2015,70:543-548.
10.Chen F,Cham JL,Badoer E.High-fat feeding alters the cardiovascular role of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus.Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010,298:R799-807.
11.Dange RB,Agarwal D,Teruyama R,Francis J.Toll-like receptor4 inhibition within the paraventricular nucleus attenuates blood pressure and inflammatory response in a genetic model of hypertension.J Neuroinflammation 2015,12:31.
12.Biancardi VC,Stranahan AM,Krause EG,de Kloet AD,Stern JE.Cross talk between AT1 receptors and Toll-like receptor 4 in microglia contributes to angiotensin II-derived ROS production in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus.Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016,310:H404-415.
13.Li HB,Li X,Huo CJ,Su Q,Guo J,Yuan ZY,et al.TLR4/MyD88/NF-kappaB signaling and PPAR-gamma within the paraventricular nucleus are involved in the effects of telmisartan in hypertension.Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016,305:93-102.
14.Paladino N,Leone MJ,Plano SA,Golombek DA.Paying the circadian toll:the circadian response to LPS injection is dependent on the Toll-like receptor 4.J Neuroimmunol 2010,225:62-67.
15.Roh J,Chang CL,Bhalla A,Klein C,Hsu SY.Intermedin is a calcitonin/calcitonin gene-related peptide family peptide acting through the calcitonin receptor-like receptor/receptor activitymodifying protein receptor complexes.J Biol Chem 2004,279:7264-7274.
16.Takei Y,Hashimoto H,Inoue K,Osaki T,Yoshizawa-Kumagaye K,Tsunemi M,et al.Central and peripheral cardiovascular actions of adrenomedullin 5,a novel member of the calcitonin gene-related peptide family,in mammals.J Endocrinol 2008,197:391-400.
17.Takei Y,Inoue K,Ogoshi M,Kawahara T,Bannai H,Miyano S.Identification of novel adrenomedullin in mammals:a potent cardiovascular and renal regulator.FEBS Lett 2004,556:53-58.
18.Xiong XQ,Chen WW,Han Y,Zhou YB,Zhang F,Gao XY,et al.Enhanced adipose afferent reflex contributes to sympathetic activation in diet-induced obesity hypertension.Hypertension2012,60:1280-1286.
19.Oliver KR,Kane SA,Salvatore CA,Mallee JJ,Kinsey AM,Koblan KS,et al.Cloning,characterization and central nervous system distribution of receptor activity modifying proteins in the rat.Eur J Neurosci 2001,14:618-628.
20.Stachniak TJ,Krukoff TL.Receptor activity modifying protein 2distribution in the rat central nervous system and regulation by changes in blood pressure.J Neuroendocrinol 2003,15:840-850.
21.Hashimoto H,Kitamura K,Kawasaki M,Saito T,Suzuki H,Otsubo H,et al.Adrenomedullin 2/intermedin-like immunoreactivity in the hypothalamus and brainstem of rats.Auton Neurosci2008,139:46-54.
22.Zhang JS,Hou YL,Lu WW,Ni XQ,Lin F,Yu YR,et al.Intermedin1-53 protects against myocardial fibrosis by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammation induced by homocysteine in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice.J Atheroscler Thromb 2016,23:1294-1306.
23.Pang Y,Li Y,Lv Y,Sun L,Zhang S,Li Y,et al.Intermedin restores hyperhomocysteinemia-induced macrophage polarization and improves insulin resistance in mice.J Biol Chem 2016,291:12336-12345.
24.Wang Y,Tian J,Guo H,Mi Y,Zhang R,Li R.Intermedin ameliorates IgA nephropathy by inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation.Clin Exp Med 2016,16:183-192.
25.Zhou YB,Sun HJ,Chen D,Liu TY,Han Y,Wang JJ,et al.Intermedin in paraventricular nucleus attenuates sympathetic activity and blood pressure via nitric oxide in hypertensive rats.Hypertension 2014,63:330-337.
26.Zhang ZH,Yu Y,Wei SG,Felder RB.Centrally administered lipopolysaccharide elicits sympathetic excitation via NAD(P)Hoxidase-dependent mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling.J Hypertens 2010,28:806-816.
27.Carnagarin R,Matthews V,Gregory C,Schlaich MP.Pharmacotherapeutic strategies for treating hypertension in patients with obesity.Expert Opin Pharmacother 2018,19:643-651.
28.Jiang P,Ma D,Wang X,Wang Y,Bi Y,Yang J,et al.Astragaloside IV prevents obesity-associated hypertension by improving pro-inflammatory reaction and leptin resistance.Mol Cells 2018,41:244-255.
29.Takahashi K,Morimoto R,Hirose T,Satoh F,Totsune K.Adrenomedullin 2/intermedin in the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis.J Mol Neurosci 2011,43:182-192.
30.Hong Y,Hay DL,Quirion R,Poyner DR.The pharmacology of adrenomedullin 2/intermedin.Br J Pharmacol 2012,166:110-120.
31.Zhang H,Zhang SY,Jiang C,Li Y,Xu G,Xu MJ,et al.Intermedin/adrenomedullin 2 polypeptide promotes adipose tissue browning and reduces high-fat diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance in mice.Int J Obes(Lond)2016,40:852-860.
32.Li H,Bian Y,Zhang N,Guo J,Wang C,Lau WB,et al.Intermedin protects against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in diabetic rats.Cardiovasc Diabetol 2013,12:91.
33.Li L,Ma P,Liu YJ,Huang C,Wai-Sum O,Tang F,et al.Intermedin attenuates LPS-induced inflammation in the rat testis.PLoS One 2013,8:e65278.
34.Gan XB,Sun HJ,Chen D,Zhang LL,Zhou H,Chen LY,et al.Intermedin in the paraventricular nucleus attenuates cardiac sympathetic afferent reflex in chronic heart failure rats.PLoS One2014,9:e94234.
35.Wang ML,Kang YM,Li XG,Su Q,Li HB,Liu KL,et al.Central blockade of NLRP3 reduces blood pressure via regulating inflammation microenvironment and neurohormonal excitation in salt-induced prehypertensive rats.J Neuroinflammation 2018,15:95.
36.Cho KH,Kim DC,Yoon CS,Ko WM,Lee SJ,Sohn JH,et al.Anti-neuroinflammatory effects of citreohybridonol involving TLR4-MyD88-mediated inhibition of NF-small ka,CyrillicB and MAPK signaling pathways in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV2cells.Neurochem Int 2016,95:55-62.
37.Yu Y,Wei SG,Zhang ZH,Weiss RM,Felder RB.ERK1/2MAPK signaling in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus contributes to sympathetic excitation in rats with heart failure after myocardial infarction.Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016,310:H732-739.
38.Beckhauser TF,Francis-Oliveira J,De Pasquale R.Reactive oxygen species:physiological and physiopathological effects on synaptic plasticity.J Exp Neurosci 2016,10:23-48.
39.Beckhauser TF,Francis-Oliveira J,De Pasquale R.Central SDF-1/CXCL12 expression and its cardiovascular and sympathetic effects:the role of angiotensin II,TNF-alpha,and MAP kinase signaling.J Exp Neurosci 2016,10:23-48.
40.Ren YS,Yang JH,Zhang J,Pan CS,Yang J,Zhao J,et al.Intermedin 1-53 in central nervous system elevates arterial blood pressure in rats.Peptides 2006,27:74-79.
41.Li P,Sun HJ,Han Y,Wang JJ,Zhang F,Tang CS,et al.Intermedin enhances sympathetic outflow via receptor-mediated cAMP/PKA signaling pathway in nucleus tractus solitarii of rats.Peptides 2013,47:1-6.