The first ground tooth artifact in Upper Palaeolithic China
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摘要
Scholars have long recognized the importance of organic artifacts to an improved understanding of the economic and social behavior of Palaeolithic hominins. However, in contrast to archaeological studies in other parts of the world, osseous industries from China have received only limited attention. As one of the first steps aiming at tipping this balance, the current paper examines, therefore, a shaped boar tusk—one particular element of hunter-gatherers' tool kit at Shuidonggou Locality 12 (SDG12). Morphological and metrical comparisons of the tusk with both paleontological specimens and bone artifacts from the same site demonstrate that wear pattern on one of the dentin surfaces of the tooth is not significant different from occlusal attritions in living animals, while linear striations on the other dentin facet are most probably artificial grinding marks formed by prehistoric toolmakers in attempts to manufacture a scraper. The tusk specimen from SDG12 represents the first evidence of a ground tooth in Upper Palaeolithic China. The current study indicates that hominins in Shuidonggou area had achieved a deepened understanding of physical properties of osseous material available in environs and ultimately broadened their range of raw material selection by adding a particular element to the inventory of subsistence tools.
Scholars have long recognized the importance of organic artifacts to an improved understanding of the economic and social behavior of Palaeolithic hominins. However, in contrast to archaeological studies in other parts of the world, osseous industries from China have received only limited attention. As one of the first steps aiming at tipping this balance, the current paper examines, therefore, a shaped boar tusk—one particular element of hunter-gatherers' tool kit at Shuidonggou Locality 12 (SDG12). Morphological and metrical comparisons of the tusk with both paleontological specimens and bone artifacts from the same site demonstrate that wear pattern on one of the dentin surfaces of the tooth is not significant different from occlusal attritions in living animals, while linear striations on the other dentin facet are most probably artificial grinding marks formed by prehistoric toolmakers in attempts to manufacture a scraper. The tusk specimen from SDG12 represents the first evidence of a ground tooth in Upper Palaeolithic China. The current study indicates that hominins in Shuidonggou area had achieved a deepened understanding of physical properties of osseous material available in environs and ultimately broadened their range of raw material selection by adding a particular element to the inventory of subsistence tools.
Scholars have long recognized the importance of organic artifacts to an improved understanding of the economic and social behavior of Palaeolithic hominins. However, in contrast to archaeological studies in other parts of the world, osseous industries from China have received only limited attention. As one of the first steps aiming at tipping this balance, the current paper examines, therefore, a shaped boar tusk—one particular element of hunter-gatherers' tool kit at Shuidonggou Locality 12 (SDG12). Morphological and metrical comparisons of the tusk with both paleontological specimens and bone artifacts from the same site demonstrate that wear pattern on one of the dentin surfaces of the tooth is not significant different from occlusal attritions in living animals, while linear striations on the other dentin facet are most probably artificial grinding marks formed by prehistoric toolmakers in attempts to manufacture a scraper. The tusk specimen from SDG12 represents the first evidence of a ground tooth in Upper Palaeolithic China. The current study indicates that hominins in Shuidonggou area had achieved a deepened understanding of physical properties of osseous material available in environs and ultimately broadened their range of raw material selection by adding a particular element to the inventory of subsistence tools.
引文
Aplin K,O’Connor S,Bulbeck D,Piper P J,Marwick B,St Pierre E,Aziz F.2016.The Walandawe tradition from Southeast Sulawesi and osseous artifact traditions in Island Southeast Asia.In:Delson E,Sargis J E,eds.Osseous Projectile Weaponry-Towards an Understanding of Pleistocene Cultural Variability.Dordrecht:Springer.189-208
Backwell L,d′Errico F.2014.Bone tools,Paleolithic.In:Smith C,ed.Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology.New York:Springer.950-962
Backwell L,d′Errico F,Wadley L.2008.Middle stone age bone tools from the Howiesons poort layers,Sibudu Cave,South Africa.J Archaeol Sci,35:1566-1580
Behrensmeyer A K,Gordon K D,Yanagi G T.1986.Trampling as a cause of bone surface damage and pseudo-cutmarks.Nature,319:768-771
Blackwood B.1950.The Technology of a Modern Stone Age People in New Guinea.Oxford:Oxford University Press.60
Boule M,Breuil H,Licent E,Teilhard d C.1928.Le Paléolithique de la Chine.Paris:Masson&Cie.139
Bradfield J.2010.The evolution of bone points as hunting weapons in South Africa.Masters Dissertation.Johannesburg:University of the Witwatersrand
Bradfield J.2012.Macrofractures on bone-tipped arrows:Analysis of hunter-gatherer arrows in the Fourie collection from Namibia.Antiquity,86:1179-1191
Bradfield J,Brand T.2013.Results of utilitarian and accidental breakage experiments on bone points.Archaeol Anthropol Sci,7:27-38
Bradfield J,Lombard M.2011.A macrofracture study of bone points used in experimental hunting with reference to the South African Middle Stone Age.South Afr Archaeol Bull,66:67-76
Brain C K.1981.The Hunters or the Hunted?An Introduction to African Cave Taphonomy.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.384
Buc N.2011.Experimental series and use-wear in bone tools.J Archaeol Sci,38:546-557
Byrd J C.2011.Archaic bone tools in the St.Johns River Basin,Florida:Microwear and manufacture Traces.Masters Dissertation.Florida:Florida State University
Cain C.2006.Human activity suggested by the taphonomy of 60 ka and 50ka faunal remains from Sibudu Cave.South Afr Humanit,18:241-260
Choyke M A.2006.Shadows of Daily Life and Death.Savaria,30:93-105
Christidou R,Legrand A.2005.Hide working and bone tools:Experimentation design and applications.In:Heidi L,Choyke M A,Collen EB,Lembi L,eds.From Hooves to Horns,from Mollusc to Mammoth,Manufacture and Use of Bone Artifacts from Prehistoric Times to the Present:Proceedings of the 4th Meeting of the(ICAZ)Worked Bone Research Group.Tallin:Muinasaja Teadus.385-396
d′Errico F,Backwell L,Villa P,Degano I,Lucejko J J,Bamford M K,Higham T F G,Perla Colombini M,Beaumont P B.2012.Early evidence of San material culture represented by organic artifacts from Border Cave,South Africa.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,109:13214-13219
d′Errico F,Henshilwood C S.2007.Additional evidence for bone technology in the southern African middle stone age.J Human Evol,52142-163
d′Errico F,Julien M,Liolios D,Vanhaeren M,Baffier D.2003.Many awls in our argument.Bone tool manufacture and use in the Chatelperronian and Aurignacian levels of the Grotte du Renne at Arcy-sur-Cure.In Zilhao J,d′Errico F,eds.The Chronology of the Aurignacian and of the Transitional Technocomplexes:Dating,Stratigraphies,Cultural Implications:Proceedings of Symposium 6.1 of the XIVth Congress of the UISPP.Lisbon:Instituto Portugués de Arqueología.247-270
Dart R A.1949.The predatory implemental technique of Australopithecus Am J Phys Anthropol,7:1-38
Dart R A.1957.The Osteodontokeratic Culture of Australopithecus prometheus.Transvaal Museum Memoir(Vol.10).Pretoria:Transvaa Museum.105
Fisher Jr.J W.1995.Bone surface modifications in zooarchaeology.JArchaeol Method Theor,2:7-68
Gál E.2011.Prehistoric antler-and bone tools from Kaposújlak-Várdomb(South-Western Hungary)with special regard to the Early Bronze Age implements.In:Justyna B,Bernadeta K D,eds.Written in Bones Studies on Technological and Social Contexts of Past Faunal Skeleta Remains.Wroc?aw:University of Wroc?aw.137-164
Gao X,Wang H,Pei S,Chen F.2013.Shuidonggou-Excavation and Research(2003-2007)Report.Beijing:Science Press.377
Gao X,Wang H M,Liu D C,Pei S W,Chen F Y,Zhang X L,Zhang Y2009.A study of fire use activities at Shuidonggou Locality 12.Acta Anthropol Sin,28:329-336
Gates Saint-Pierre C,Walker R B.2007.Bones as Tools:Current Methods and Interpretations in Worked Bone Studies.British Archaeologica Reports International Series(Vol.1622).Oxford:Archaeopress.182
Gaudzinski S.1996.On bovid assemblages and their consequences for the knowledge of subsistence patterns in the Middle Palaeolithic.Proc Prehist Soc,62:19-39
Griffitts J L.2006.Bone tools and technological choice:Change and stability on the Northern Plains.Doctoral Dissertation.Arizona:University of Arizona
Harrisson T,Lord M.1962.A first classification of prehistoric bone and tooth artifacts based on material from Niah Great Cave.Asian Persp,6219-229
Heider K G.1970.The Dugum Dani:A Papuan Culture in the Highlands of West New Guinea.New York:Transaction Publishers.335
Henshilwood C S,d′Errico F,Marean C W,Milo R G,Yates R.2001.An early bone tool industry from the Middle Stone Age at Blombos Cave South Africa:Implications for the origins of modern human behaviour symbolism and language.J Human Evol,41:631-678
Higham T F G,Barton H,Turney C S M,Barker G,Ramsey C B,Brock F2009.Radiocarbon dating of charcoal from tropical sequences:Results from the Niah Great Cave,Sarawak,and their broader implications.JQuat Sci,24:189-197
Hillson S.2005.Teeth.2nd ed.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press373
Jamieson J B.2016.Bone,Antler,Tooth and Shell:A Study in Iroquoian Technology.Doctoral Dissertation.Quebec:McGill University
Klein R G.2009.The Human Career:Human Biological and Cultura Origins.3rd ed.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.989
Konjevi?D,Kierdorf U,Manojlovi?L,Severin K,Janicki Z,Slavica AReindl B,Pivac I.2006.The spectrum of tusk pathology in wild boar(Sus scrofa L.)from Croatia.Veterinarski Arhiv,76:91-101
Legrand A,Radi G.2008.Manufacture and use of bone points from Early Neolithic Colle Santo Stefano,Abruzzo,Italy.J Field Archaeol,33305-320
Legrand A,Sidéra I.2007.Methods,means and results when studying European bone industries.In:Gates St-Pierre C,Walker R,eds.Bones as Tools:Current Methods and Interpretations in Worked Bone Studies British Archaeological Reports International Series 1622.Oxford:Archaeopress.291-304
LeMoine G M.1994.Use wear on bone and antler tools from the Mackenzie Delta,Northwest Territories.Am Antiquity,59:316-334
Licent E,Teilhard de Chardin P.1925.Le Paleolithique de la Chine.L′Anthropologie.201-234
Liu D C,Chen F Y,Zhang X L,Pei S W,Gao X,Xia Z K.2008.Preliminary comments on the paleoenvironment of the Shuidonggou Locality 12.Acta Anthropol Sin,27:295-303
Luik H,Ots M,Maldre L.2011.From the neolithic to the Bronze Age:Continuity and changes of bone artefacts in Saaremaa,Estonia.In:Justyna B,Bernadeta K D,eds.Written in Bones.Studies on Technological and Social Contexts of Past Faunal Skeletal Remains.Wroc?aw:University of Wroc?aw.243-261
Lyman R L.1994.Vertebrate Taphonomy.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.552
Maigrot Y.2001.Technical and functional study of ethnographic(Irian Jaya,Indonesia)and archaeological(Chalain and Clairvaux,Jura,France,30th century b.c.)tools made from boar′s tusks.In:Beyries S,Pétrequin P,eds.Ethnoarchaeology and Its Transfers:Papers from a Session Held at the European Association of Archaeologists Fifth Annual Meeting.Oxford:Archaeopress.67-79
Maigrot Y.2005.Ivory,bone and antler tools production system sar Chalain4(Jura,France):Late Neolithic site,3rd millenium.In:Luik H,Choyke A M,Batey C E,Lougas L,eds.From Hooves to Horns,from Mollusc to Mammoth.Manufacture and Use of Bone Artefacts from Prehistoric Times to the Present.Tallinn:üniversity of Tartu.113-126
Marquebielle B.2011.Mesolithic bone tools in Southwestern Europe:The example of the French site of“Le Cuzoul de Gramat.In:Justyna B,Bernadeta K D,eds.Written in Bones.Studies on Technological and Social Contexts of Past Faunal Skeletal Remains.Wroc?aw:University of Wroc?aw.63-78
Mayer J J,Brisbin I L.1988.Sex Identification of Sus scrofa Based on Canine Morphology.J Mammal,69:408-412
Milisauskas S.2011.European Prehistory.A Survey.2nd ed.New York:Springer.492
Miller-Antonio S,Schepartz L A,Bakken D.1999.Raw material selection and evidence for rhinoceros tooth tools at Dadong Cave,southern China.Antiquity,74:372-379
Nikolskiy P,Pitulko V.2013.Evidence from the Yana Palaeolithic site,Arctic Siberia,yields clues to the riddle of mammoth hunting.J Archaeol Sci,40:4189-4197
Oleniuc F,Lumini?a B.2011.Preliminary data concerning the manufacturing of animal raw materials in the Chalcolithic Cucuteni B settlement of Poduri-Dealul Ghindaru,Romania.In:Justyna B,Bernadeta K D,eds.Written in Bones.Studies on Technological and Social Contexts of Past Faunal Skeletal Remains.Wroc?aw:University of Wroc?aw.263-272
Pei S W,Gao X,Wang H M,Kuman K,Bae C J,Chen F Y,Guan Y,Zhang Y,Zhang X L,Peng F,Li X L.2012.The Shuidonggou site complex:New excavations and implications for the earliest Late Paleolithic in North China.J Archaeol Sci,39:3610-3626
Rabett R J.2005.The early exploitation of southeast asian mangroves:Bone technology from caves and open sites.Asian Perspectives,44:154-179
Rabett R J.2004.The ones that come ready made:The identification and use of Sus tusks as tools at prehistoric cave sites in Malaysia.Archaeofauna,13:131-143
Rabett R J,Piper P J.2012.The emergence of bone technologies at the end of the Pleistocene in Southeast Asia:Regional and evolutionary implications.CAJ,22:37-56
Rozoy J G.1978.Les derniers chasseurs-L′Epipaléolithique en France et en Belgique:Essai de synthèse.Bulletin de la sociétéarchéologique champenoise(Vol.1).Charleville:Chez l′auteur.1256
Schepartz L A,Miller-Antonio S.2010.Taphonomy,life history,and human exploitation of Rhinoceros sinensis at the Middle Pleistocene site of Panxian Dadong,Guizhou,China.Int J Osteoarchaeol,20:253-268
Schepartz L A,Stoutamire S,Bekken D A.2005.Stegodon orientalis from Panxian Dadong,a Middle Pleistocene archaeological site in Guizhou,South China:Taphonomy,population structure and evidence for human interactions.Quat Int,126-128:271-282
Shipman P,Rose J.1983.Early hominid hunting,butchering,and carcassprocessing behaviors:Approaches to the fossil record.J Anthropo Archaeol,2:57-98
Villa P,d′Errico F.2001.Bone and ivory points in the Lower and Middle Paleolithic of Europe.J Human Evol,41:69-112
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Backwell L,d′Errico F.2014.Bone tools,Paleolithic.In:Smith C,ed.Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology.New York:Springer.950-962
Backwell L,d′Errico F,Wadley L.2008.Middle stone age bone tools from the Howiesons poort layers,Sibudu Cave,South Africa.J Archaeol Sci,35:1566-1580
Behrensmeyer A K,Gordon K D,Yanagi G T.1986.Trampling as a cause of bone surface damage and pseudo-cutmarks.Nature,319:768-771
Blackwood B.1950.The Technology of a Modern Stone Age People in New Guinea.Oxford:Oxford University Press.60
Boule M,Breuil H,Licent E,Teilhard d C.1928.Le Paléolithique de la Chine.Paris:Masson&Cie.139
Bradfield J.2010.The evolution of bone points as hunting weapons in South Africa.Masters Dissertation.Johannesburg:University of the Witwatersrand
Bradfield J.2012.Macrofractures on bone-tipped arrows:Analysis of hunter-gatherer arrows in the Fourie collection from Namibia.Antiquity,86:1179-1191
Bradfield J,Brand T.2013.Results of utilitarian and accidental breakage experiments on bone points.Archaeol Anthropol Sci,7:27-38
Bradfield J,Lombard M.2011.A macrofracture study of bone points used in experimental hunting with reference to the South African Middle Stone Age.South Afr Archaeol Bull,66:67-76
Brain C K.1981.The Hunters or the Hunted?An Introduction to African Cave Taphonomy.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.384
Buc N.2011.Experimental series and use-wear in bone tools.J Archaeol Sci,38:546-557
Byrd J C.2011.Archaic bone tools in the St.Johns River Basin,Florida:Microwear and manufacture Traces.Masters Dissertation.Florida:Florida State University
Cain C.2006.Human activity suggested by the taphonomy of 60 ka and 50ka faunal remains from Sibudu Cave.South Afr Humanit,18:241-260
Choyke M A.2006.Shadows of Daily Life and Death.Savaria,30:93-105
Christidou R,Legrand A.2005.Hide working and bone tools:Experimentation design and applications.In:Heidi L,Choyke M A,Collen EB,Lembi L,eds.From Hooves to Horns,from Mollusc to Mammoth,Manufacture and Use of Bone Artifacts from Prehistoric Times to the Present:Proceedings of the 4th Meeting of the(ICAZ)Worked Bone Research Group.Tallin:Muinasaja Teadus.385-396
d′Errico F,Backwell L,Villa P,Degano I,Lucejko J J,Bamford M K,Higham T F G,Perla Colombini M,Beaumont P B.2012.Early evidence of San material culture represented by organic artifacts from Border Cave,South Africa.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,109:13214-13219
d′Errico F,Henshilwood C S.2007.Additional evidence for bone technology in the southern African middle stone age.J Human Evol,52142-163
d′Errico F,Julien M,Liolios D,Vanhaeren M,Baffier D.2003.Many awls in our argument.Bone tool manufacture and use in the Chatelperronian and Aurignacian levels of the Grotte du Renne at Arcy-sur-Cure.In Zilhao J,d′Errico F,eds.The Chronology of the Aurignacian and of the Transitional Technocomplexes:Dating,Stratigraphies,Cultural Implications:Proceedings of Symposium 6.1 of the XIVth Congress of the UISPP.Lisbon:Instituto Portugués de Arqueología.247-270
Dart R A.1949.The predatory implemental technique of Australopithecus Am J Phys Anthropol,7:1-38
Dart R A.1957.The Osteodontokeratic Culture of Australopithecus prometheus.Transvaal Museum Memoir(Vol.10).Pretoria:Transvaa Museum.105
Fisher Jr.J W.1995.Bone surface modifications in zooarchaeology.JArchaeol Method Theor,2:7-68
Gál E.2011.Prehistoric antler-and bone tools from Kaposújlak-Várdomb(South-Western Hungary)with special regard to the Early Bronze Age implements.In:Justyna B,Bernadeta K D,eds.Written in Bones Studies on Technological and Social Contexts of Past Faunal Skeleta Remains.Wroc?aw:University of Wroc?aw.137-164
Gao X,Wang H,Pei S,Chen F.2013.Shuidonggou-Excavation and Research(2003-2007)Report.Beijing:Science Press.377
Gao X,Wang H M,Liu D C,Pei S W,Chen F Y,Zhang X L,Zhang Y2009.A study of fire use activities at Shuidonggou Locality 12.Acta Anthropol Sin,28:329-336
Gates Saint-Pierre C,Walker R B.2007.Bones as Tools:Current Methods and Interpretations in Worked Bone Studies.British Archaeologica Reports International Series(Vol.1622).Oxford:Archaeopress.182
Gaudzinski S.1996.On bovid assemblages and their consequences for the knowledge of subsistence patterns in the Middle Palaeolithic.Proc Prehist Soc,62:19-39
Griffitts J L.2006.Bone tools and technological choice:Change and stability on the Northern Plains.Doctoral Dissertation.Arizona:University of Arizona
Harrisson T,Lord M.1962.A first classification of prehistoric bone and tooth artifacts based on material from Niah Great Cave.Asian Persp,6219-229
Heider K G.1970.The Dugum Dani:A Papuan Culture in the Highlands of West New Guinea.New York:Transaction Publishers.335
Henshilwood C S,d′Errico F,Marean C W,Milo R G,Yates R.2001.An early bone tool industry from the Middle Stone Age at Blombos Cave South Africa:Implications for the origins of modern human behaviour symbolism and language.J Human Evol,41:631-678
Higham T F G,Barton H,Turney C S M,Barker G,Ramsey C B,Brock F2009.Radiocarbon dating of charcoal from tropical sequences:Results from the Niah Great Cave,Sarawak,and their broader implications.JQuat Sci,24:189-197
Hillson S.2005.Teeth.2nd ed.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press373
Jamieson J B.2016.Bone,Antler,Tooth and Shell:A Study in Iroquoian Technology.Doctoral Dissertation.Quebec:McGill University
Klein R G.2009.The Human Career:Human Biological and Cultura Origins.3rd ed.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.989
Konjevi?D,Kierdorf U,Manojlovi?L,Severin K,Janicki Z,Slavica AReindl B,Pivac I.2006.The spectrum of tusk pathology in wild boar(Sus scrofa L.)from Croatia.Veterinarski Arhiv,76:91-101
Legrand A,Radi G.2008.Manufacture and use of bone points from Early Neolithic Colle Santo Stefano,Abruzzo,Italy.J Field Archaeol,33305-320
Legrand A,Sidéra I.2007.Methods,means and results when studying European bone industries.In:Gates St-Pierre C,Walker R,eds.Bones as Tools:Current Methods and Interpretations in Worked Bone Studies British Archaeological Reports International Series 1622.Oxford:Archaeopress.291-304
LeMoine G M.1994.Use wear on bone and antler tools from the Mackenzie Delta,Northwest Territories.Am Antiquity,59:316-334
Licent E,Teilhard de Chardin P.1925.Le Paleolithique de la Chine.L′Anthropologie.201-234
Liu D C,Chen F Y,Zhang X L,Pei S W,Gao X,Xia Z K.2008.Preliminary comments on the paleoenvironment of the Shuidonggou Locality 12.Acta Anthropol Sin,27:295-303
Luik H,Ots M,Maldre L.2011.From the neolithic to the Bronze Age:Continuity and changes of bone artefacts in Saaremaa,Estonia.In:Justyna B,Bernadeta K D,eds.Written in Bones.Studies on Technological and Social Contexts of Past Faunal Skeletal Remains.Wroc?aw:University of Wroc?aw.243-261
Lyman R L.1994.Vertebrate Taphonomy.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.552
Maigrot Y.2001.Technical and functional study of ethnographic(Irian Jaya,Indonesia)and archaeological(Chalain and Clairvaux,Jura,France,30th century b.c.)tools made from boar′s tusks.In:Beyries S,Pétrequin P,eds.Ethnoarchaeology and Its Transfers:Papers from a Session Held at the European Association of Archaeologists Fifth Annual Meeting.Oxford:Archaeopress.67-79
Maigrot Y.2005.Ivory,bone and antler tools production system sar Chalain4(Jura,France):Late Neolithic site,3rd millenium.In:Luik H,Choyke A M,Batey C E,Lougas L,eds.From Hooves to Horns,from Mollusc to Mammoth.Manufacture and Use of Bone Artefacts from Prehistoric Times to the Present.Tallinn:üniversity of Tartu.113-126
Marquebielle B.2011.Mesolithic bone tools in Southwestern Europe:The example of the French site of“Le Cuzoul de Gramat.In:Justyna B,Bernadeta K D,eds.Written in Bones.Studies on Technological and Social Contexts of Past Faunal Skeletal Remains.Wroc?aw:University of Wroc?aw.63-78
Mayer J J,Brisbin I L.1988.Sex Identification of Sus scrofa Based on Canine Morphology.J Mammal,69:408-412
Milisauskas S.2011.European Prehistory.A Survey.2nd ed.New York:Springer.492
Miller-Antonio S,Schepartz L A,Bakken D.1999.Raw material selection and evidence for rhinoceros tooth tools at Dadong Cave,southern China.Antiquity,74:372-379
Nikolskiy P,Pitulko V.2013.Evidence from the Yana Palaeolithic site,Arctic Siberia,yields clues to the riddle of mammoth hunting.J Archaeol Sci,40:4189-4197
Oleniuc F,Lumini?a B.2011.Preliminary data concerning the manufacturing of animal raw materials in the Chalcolithic Cucuteni B settlement of Poduri-Dealul Ghindaru,Romania.In:Justyna B,Bernadeta K D,eds.Written in Bones.Studies on Technological and Social Contexts of Past Faunal Skeletal Remains.Wroc?aw:University of Wroc?aw.263-272
Pei S W,Gao X,Wang H M,Kuman K,Bae C J,Chen F Y,Guan Y,Zhang Y,Zhang X L,Peng F,Li X L.2012.The Shuidonggou site complex:New excavations and implications for the earliest Late Paleolithic in North China.J Archaeol Sci,39:3610-3626
Rabett R J.2005.The early exploitation of southeast asian mangroves:Bone technology from caves and open sites.Asian Perspectives,44:154-179
Rabett R J.2004.The ones that come ready made:The identification and use of Sus tusks as tools at prehistoric cave sites in Malaysia.Archaeofauna,13:131-143
Rabett R J,Piper P J.2012.The emergence of bone technologies at the end of the Pleistocene in Southeast Asia:Regional and evolutionary implications.CAJ,22:37-56
Rozoy J G.1978.Les derniers chasseurs-L′Epipaléolithique en France et en Belgique:Essai de synthèse.Bulletin de la sociétéarchéologique champenoise(Vol.1).Charleville:Chez l′auteur.1256
Schepartz L A,Miller-Antonio S.2010.Taphonomy,life history,and human exploitation of Rhinoceros sinensis at the Middle Pleistocene site of Panxian Dadong,Guizhou,China.Int J Osteoarchaeol,20:253-268
Schepartz L A,Stoutamire S,Bekken D A.2005.Stegodon orientalis from Panxian Dadong,a Middle Pleistocene archaeological site in Guizhou,South China:Taphonomy,population structure and evidence for human interactions.Quat Int,126-128:271-282
Shipman P,Rose J.1983.Early hominid hunting,butchering,and carcassprocessing behaviors:Approaches to the fossil record.J Anthropo Archaeol,2:57-98
Villa P,d′Errico F.2001.Bone and ivory points in the Lower and Middle Paleolithic of Europe.J Human Evol,41:69-112
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