多目标资源调查站位优化设计——以渤海为例
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摘要
本研究以渤海为研究区域,通过数值模拟,分析了种类出现率(将基于渤海调查的17个主要渔业种类分为3类:Ⅰ类出现率≥70%,Ⅱ类出现率50%～70%,Ⅲ类出现率<50%)和栖息水层对单种类资源量相对误差(Relative error, REE)的影响,不同调查站位数量(48和60)对定点采样与分层随机采样分析结果的影响,并优化了渤海多目标渔业资源调查的设计方案。结果显示,Ⅰ类中5种资源量REE在20%以内,Ⅱ类中3种资源量REE在30%以内,Ⅲ类中6种资源量REE在35%以内,即单种资源量评估值随种类出现率下降,相对误差变大;种类的栖息水层对种类资源量REE无明显影响。定点采样评估值随站位数量减少,精度下降(鱼类、虾类、蟹类、头足类的资源量指数和Margalef丰富度指数的REE分别增加了1.1%、2.5%、8.4%、4.4%和3.3%);分层随机采样可弥补站位数减少带来的精度下降,如站位数为48的分层随机采样获得的鱼类资源量指数评估精度(REE为4.6%)高于站位数为60的定点采样的精度(REE为7.7%),有助于减少调查成本和保护资源量低的种类。然而,每种采样方法并不能完全满足多目标最优,不同站位分配方案影响分层随机采样的精度,按照抽样费用最优准则设置站位,可获得精确度较高的鱼类、虾类、蟹类、头足类及黄鲫(Setipinnataty)、口虾蛄(Oratosquillaoratoria)、日本枪乌贼(Loligojaponica)、鳀鱼(Engraulis japonicus)、叫姑鱼(Johniusgrypotus)、泥脚隆背蟹(Carcinoplaxvestita)、中国对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)等主要种类资源量评估结果,可作为渤海多目标种类资源调查的站位设计方案。
Fishery resource surveys are an important basis for the scientific management and conservation of fishery resources. The representativeness of resource survey stations is particularly important because there is limited sampling time and space. Optimizing the design of fishery resource survey stations under limited conditions is always the focus of fishery resources research. Taking the Bohai Sea as a study area and using a numerical simulation method, this paper analyzed the impact of species occurrence rate(17 main species were divided into three categories: classⅠwith an occurrence rate of more than or equal to 70%, class Ⅱ with an occurrence rate of 50%~70%, and class Ⅲ with an occurrence rate of lower than 50%) and habitat water layer on the relative error(REE) of single species biomasses, explored the influence of the number of stations(48 and 60) on the results of stationary sampling and stratified random sampling, and further optimized the design of multi-objective fishery resource surveys in the Bohai Sea. Results showed that the relative errors of biomass for five species in class Ⅰ, three species in class Ⅱ, and six species in class Ⅲ were less than 20%, less than 30%, and less than 35%, respectively. This indicated that the relative error for single species biomasses increased with a decline in the species occurrence rate, while the habitat water layer had no significant influence on the REE of species biomasses. As the number of survey station decreased, the accuracy value for stationary sampling decreased(the REE of biomass indexes for fish, shrimp, crab, and cephalopod increased by 1.1%, 2.5%, 8.4%, and 4.4%, respectively, and the REE of Margalef richness index increased by 3.3%). Stratified random sampling could compensate for the declining accuracy due to a decrease in the number of survey stations. For example, the accuracy of the fish biomass index(REE is 4.6%) obtained by stratified random sampling with 48 survey stations is higher than that obtained by stationary sampling with 60 survey stations(REE is 7.7%), which could help reduce survey costs and protect low-abundance species. However, each sampling method could not fully satisfy the multi-objective optimization, and the accuracy of stratified random sampling was affected by station allocation schemes. Setting survey stations based on the optimal criterion of sampling cost can obtain a higher accuracy of biomass assessment for fish, shrimp, crab, cephalopod, and main species such as Setipinna taty, Oratosquilla oratoria, Loligo japonica, Engraulis japonicus, Johnius grypotus, Carcinoplax vestita, and Fenneropenaeus chinensis, and could be used as a station design scheme for multi-objective fishery resource surveys in the Bohai Sea.
Fishery resource surveys are an important basis for the scientific management and conservation of fishery resources. The representativeness of resource survey stations is particularly important because there is limited sampling time and space. Optimizing the design of fishery resource survey stations under limited conditions is always the focus of fishery resources research. Taking the Bohai Sea as a study area and using a numerical simulation method, this paper analyzed the impact of species occurrence rate(17 main species were divided into three categories: classⅠwith an occurrence rate of more than or equal to 70%, class Ⅱ with an occurrence rate of 50%~70%, and class Ⅲ with an occurrence rate of lower than 50%) and habitat water layer on the relative error(REE) of single species biomasses, explored the influence of the number of stations(48 and 60) on the results of stationary sampling and stratified random sampling, and further optimized the design of multi-objective fishery resource surveys in the Bohai Sea. Results showed that the relative errors of biomass for five species in class Ⅰ, three species in class Ⅱ, and six species in class Ⅲ were less than 20%, less than 30%, and less than 35%, respectively. This indicated that the relative error for single species biomasses increased with a decline in the species occurrence rate, while the habitat water layer had no significant influence on the REE of species biomasses. As the number of survey station decreased, the accuracy value for stationary sampling decreased(the REE of biomass indexes for fish, shrimp, crab, and cephalopod increased by 1.1%, 2.5%, 8.4%, and 4.4%, respectively, and the REE of Margalef richness index increased by 3.3%). Stratified random sampling could compensate for the declining accuracy due to a decrease in the number of survey stations. For example, the accuracy of the fish biomass index(REE is 4.6%) obtained by stratified random sampling with 48 survey stations is higher than that obtained by stationary sampling with 60 survey stations(REE is 7.7%), which could help reduce survey costs and protect low-abundance species. However, each sampling method could not fully satisfy the multi-objective optimization, and the accuracy of stratified random sampling was affected by station allocation schemes. Setting survey stations based on the optimal criterion of sampling cost can obtain a higher accuracy of biomass assessment for fish, shrimp, crab, cephalopod, and main species such as Setipinna taty, Oratosquilla oratoria, Loligo japonica, Engraulis japonicus, Johnius grypotus, Carcinoplax vestita, and Fenneropenaeus chinensis, and could be used as a station design scheme for multi-objective fishery resource surveys in the Bohai Sea.
引文
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Blanchard JL,Maxwell DL,Jennings S.Power of monitoring surveys to detect abundance trends in depleted populations:The effects of density-dependent habitat use,patchiness,and climate change.ICES Journal of Marine Science,2008,65(1):111-120
Carlsson D,Kanneworff P,Folmer O,et al.Improving the West Greenland trawl survey for shrimp(Pandalus borealis).Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fishery Science,2000,27:151-160
Chen Y.A monte Carlo study on impacts of the size of subsample catch on estimation of fish stock parameters.Fisheries Research,1996,26(3-4):207-223
Cochran WG.Sampling techniques.3rd ed.New York:John Wiley&Sons,1977,428
Folmer O,Pennington M.A statistical evaluation of the design and precision of the shrimp trawl survey off West Greenland.Fisheries Research,2000,49(2):165-178
Gavaris S,Smith SJ.Effect of allocation and stratification strategies on precision of survey abundance estimates for atlantic cod(Gadus morhua)on the eastern Scotian Shelf.Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fishery Science,1987,7:137-144
Guan WJ,Tian SQ,Wang XF et al.A review of methods and model selection for standardizing CPUE.Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2014(4):852-862[官文江,田思泉,王学昉,等.CPUE标准化方法与模型选择的回顾与展望.中国水产科学,2014(4):852-862]
Greenstreet SPR,Piet GJ.Assessing the sampling effort required to estimateαspecies diversity in the groundfish assemblages of the North Sea.Marine Ecology Progress,2008,364(2008):181-197
Jennings S,Kaiser MJ,Reynolds JD.Marine Fisheries Ecology.2001
Jin XS,Dou SZ,Shan XJ,et al.Hot spots of frontiers in the research of sustainable yield of Chinese inshore fishery.Progress in Fishery Sciences,2015,36(1):124-131[金显仕,窦硕增,单秀娟,等.我国近海渔业资源可持续产出基础研究的热点问题.渔业科学进展,2015,36(1):124-131]
Jin XS,Zhao XY,Meng TX,et al.The Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea biological resources and habitats.Beijing:Science Press,2005:241-261[金显仕,赵宪勇,孟田湘,等.黄?渤海生物资源与栖息环境.北京:科学出版社,2005:241-261]
Keith DM,Hutchings JA.Population dynamics of marine fishes at low abundance.Canadian Journal of Fisheries&Aquatic Sciences,2012,69(7):1150-1163
Li JC.Application of sampling techniques.Beijing:Science Press,2007[李金昌.应用抽样技术.北京:科学出版社,2007]
Li ZY,Wu Q,Shan XJ,et al.Keystone species of fish community structure in the Bohai Sea.Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2018,25(2):229-236[李忠义,吴强,单秀娟,等.渤海鱼类群落结构关键种.中国水产科学,2018,25(2):229-236]
Lin Q,Wang J,Yuan W,et al.Effects of fishing and environmental change on the ecosystem of the Bohai Sea.Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2016,23(3):619-629[林群,王俊,袁伟,等.捕捞和环境变化对渤海生态系统的影响.中国水产科学,2016,23(3):619-629]
Liu XS,Wu JN,Han ZG,et al.Fishery resources investigation and regionalization in Bohai District of Yellow Sea.Beijing:China Ocean Press,1990,1-22[刘效舜,吴敬南,韩祖光,等.黄?渤海区渔业资源调查和区划.海洋出版社,1990,1-22]
Liu Y,Chen Y,Cheng J.A comparative study of optimization methods and conventional methods for sampling design in fishery-independent surveys.ICES Journal of Marine Science,2009,66(9):1873-1882
Lunsford CR,Haldorson L,Fujioka JT,et al.Distribution patterns and survey design considerations of Pacific Ocean perch(Sebastes alutus)in the Gulf of Alaska.In:Kruse GH,Bez N,Booth A,et al.,eds.Spatial Processes and Management of Marine Populations.Alaska Sea Grant Program,Fairbanks,2001,281-302
Ma WW,Wan XQ,Wan K.Interannual variation and formation of wind-driven currents of Bohai Sea in winter.Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,2016,47(2):295-302[马伟伟,万修全,万凯.渤海冬季风生环流的年际变化特征及机制分析.海洋与湖沼,2016,47(2):295-302]
Miller TJ,Skalski JR,Ianelli JN.Optimizing a stratified sampling design when faced with multiple objectives.Ices Journal of Marine Science,2007,64(1):97-109
Ovaskainen O,Soininen J.Making more out of sparse data:Hierarchical modeling of species communities.Ecology,2011,92(2):289-295
Paloheimo JE,Chen Y.Estimating fish mortalities and cohort sizes.Canadian Journal of Fisheries&Aquatic Sciences,1996,53(53):1572-1579
Starr RM,Carr M,Dan M,et al.Complementary sampling methods to inform ecosystem-based management of nearshore fisheries.Marine&Coastal Fisheries,2010,2(1):159-179
Scheirer K,Chen Y,Wilson C.A comparative study of American lobster fishery sea and port sampling programs in Maine:1998-2000.Fisheries Research,2004,68(1-3):343-350
Schnute JT,Boers N,Haigh R.PBS mapping:Mapping fisheries data and spatial analysis tools.2015.at https://cran.r-project.org/package=PBSmapping
Simmonds EJ,Fryer RJ.Which are better,random or systematic acoustic surveys?A simulation using North Sea herring as an example.ICES Journal of Marine Science,1996,Volume53(1):39-50(12)
Smith S,Gavaris S.Improving the precision of abundance estimates of eastern Scotian Shelf Atlantic cod from bottom trawl surveys.North American Journal of Fisheries Management,1993,13(1):35-47
Thorson JT,Scheuerell MD,Shelton AO,et al.Spatial factor analysis:A new tool for estimating joint species distributions and correlations in species range.Methods in Ecology&Evolution,2015,6(6):627-637
Venables WN,Dichmont CM.GLMs,GAMs and GLMMs:An overview of theory for applications in fisheries research.Fisheries Research,2004,69(2):319-337
Xu B,Zhang C,Xue Y,et al.Optimization of sampling effort for a fishery-independent survey with multiple goals.Environmental Monitoring&Assessment,2015,187(5):1-16
Zhao J,Zhang SY,Lin J,et al.A comparative study of different sampling designs in fish community estimation.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2014,25(4):1181-1187[赵静,章守宇,林军,等.不同采样设计评估鱼类群落效果比较.应用生态学报,2014,25(4):1181-1187]
Blanchard JL,Maxwell DL,Jennings S.Power of monitoring surveys to detect abundance trends in depleted populations:The effects of density-dependent habitat use,patchiness,and climate change.ICES Journal of Marine Science,2008,65(1):111-120
Carlsson D,Kanneworff P,Folmer O,et al.Improving the West Greenland trawl survey for shrimp(Pandalus borealis).Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fishery Science,2000,27:151-160
Chen Y.A monte Carlo study on impacts of the size of subsample catch on estimation of fish stock parameters.Fisheries Research,1996,26(3-4):207-223
Cochran WG.Sampling techniques.3rd ed.New York:John Wiley&Sons,1977,428
Folmer O,Pennington M.A statistical evaluation of the design and precision of the shrimp trawl survey off West Greenland.Fisheries Research,2000,49(2):165-178
Gavaris S,Smith SJ.Effect of allocation and stratification strategies on precision of survey abundance estimates for atlantic cod(Gadus morhua)on the eastern Scotian Shelf.Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fishery Science,1987,7:137-144
Guan WJ,Tian SQ,Wang XF et al.A review of methods and model selection for standardizing CPUE.Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2014(4):852-862[官文江,田思泉,王学昉,等.CPUE标准化方法与模型选择的回顾与展望.中国水产科学,2014(4):852-862]
Greenstreet SPR,Piet GJ.Assessing the sampling effort required to estimateαspecies diversity in the groundfish assemblages of the North Sea.Marine Ecology Progress,2008,364(2008):181-197
Jennings S,Kaiser MJ,Reynolds JD.Marine Fisheries Ecology.2001
Jin XS,Dou SZ,Shan XJ,et al.Hot spots of frontiers in the research of sustainable yield of Chinese inshore fishery.Progress in Fishery Sciences,2015,36(1):124-131[金显仕,窦硕增,单秀娟,等.我国近海渔业资源可持续产出基础研究的热点问题.渔业科学进展,2015,36(1):124-131]
Jin XS,Zhao XY,Meng TX,et al.The Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea biological resources and habitats.Beijing:Science Press,2005:241-261[金显仕,赵宪勇,孟田湘,等.黄?渤海生物资源与栖息环境.北京:科学出版社,2005:241-261]
Keith DM,Hutchings JA.Population dynamics of marine fishes at low abundance.Canadian Journal of Fisheries&Aquatic Sciences,2012,69(7):1150-1163
Li JC.Application of sampling techniques.Beijing:Science Press,2007[李金昌.应用抽样技术.北京:科学出版社,2007]
Li ZY,Wu Q,Shan XJ,et al.Keystone species of fish community structure in the Bohai Sea.Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2018,25(2):229-236[李忠义,吴强,单秀娟,等.渤海鱼类群落结构关键种.中国水产科学,2018,25(2):229-236]
Lin Q,Wang J,Yuan W,et al.Effects of fishing and environmental change on the ecosystem of the Bohai Sea.Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2016,23(3):619-629[林群,王俊,袁伟,等.捕捞和环境变化对渤海生态系统的影响.中国水产科学,2016,23(3):619-629]
Liu XS,Wu JN,Han ZG,et al.Fishery resources investigation and regionalization in Bohai District of Yellow Sea.Beijing:China Ocean Press,1990,1-22[刘效舜,吴敬南,韩祖光,等.黄?渤海区渔业资源调查和区划.海洋出版社,1990,1-22]
Liu Y,Chen Y,Cheng J.A comparative study of optimization methods and conventional methods for sampling design in fishery-independent surveys.ICES Journal of Marine Science,2009,66(9):1873-1882
Lunsford CR,Haldorson L,Fujioka JT,et al.Distribution patterns and survey design considerations of Pacific Ocean perch(Sebastes alutus)in the Gulf of Alaska.In:Kruse GH,Bez N,Booth A,et al.,eds.Spatial Processes and Management of Marine Populations.Alaska Sea Grant Program,Fairbanks,2001,281-302
Ma WW,Wan XQ,Wan K.Interannual variation and formation of wind-driven currents of Bohai Sea in winter.Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,2016,47(2):295-302[马伟伟,万修全,万凯.渤海冬季风生环流的年际变化特征及机制分析.海洋与湖沼,2016,47(2):295-302]
Miller TJ,Skalski JR,Ianelli JN.Optimizing a stratified sampling design when faced with multiple objectives.Ices Journal of Marine Science,2007,64(1):97-109
Ovaskainen O,Soininen J.Making more out of sparse data:Hierarchical modeling of species communities.Ecology,2011,92(2):289-295
Paloheimo JE,Chen Y.Estimating fish mortalities and cohort sizes.Canadian Journal of Fisheries&Aquatic Sciences,1996,53(53):1572-1579
Starr RM,Carr M,Dan M,et al.Complementary sampling methods to inform ecosystem-based management of nearshore fisheries.Marine&Coastal Fisheries,2010,2(1):159-179
Scheirer K,Chen Y,Wilson C.A comparative study of American lobster fishery sea and port sampling programs in Maine:1998-2000.Fisheries Research,2004,68(1-3):343-350
Schnute JT,Boers N,Haigh R.PBS mapping:Mapping fisheries data and spatial analysis tools.2015.at https://cran.r-project.org/package=PBSmapping
Simmonds EJ,Fryer RJ.Which are better,random or systematic acoustic surveys?A simulation using North Sea herring as an example.ICES Journal of Marine Science,1996,Volume53(1):39-50(12)
Smith S,Gavaris S.Improving the precision of abundance estimates of eastern Scotian Shelf Atlantic cod from bottom trawl surveys.North American Journal of Fisheries Management,1993,13(1):35-47
Thorson JT,Scheuerell MD,Shelton AO,et al.Spatial factor analysis:A new tool for estimating joint species distributions and correlations in species range.Methods in Ecology&Evolution,2015,6(6):627-637
Venables WN,Dichmont CM.GLMs,GAMs and GLMMs:An overview of theory for applications in fisheries research.Fisheries Research,2004,69(2):319-337
Xu B,Zhang C,Xue Y,et al.Optimization of sampling effort for a fishery-independent survey with multiple goals.Environmental Monitoring&Assessment,2015,187(5):1-16
Zhao J,Zhang SY,Lin J,et al.A comparative study of different sampling designs in fish community estimation.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2014,25(4):1181-1187[赵静,章守宇,林军,等.不同采样设计评估鱼类群落效果比较.应用生态学报,2014,25(4):1181-1187]