福建九龙江流域水稻土重金属污染评价及生态风险
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摘要
为研究九龙江流域水稻土中重金属污染及生态风险,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)和原子荧光光谱法(AFS)分析测定了九龙江流域农田土壤中22种重金属的含量.运用地质累积指数法、潜在生态风险指数法和次生相与原生相分布比值法评价重金属污染特征及潜在生态风险.结果表明,九龙江流域水稻土中除Ni和Mo元素外,其余重金属的总平均含量均超过福建省土壤元素背景值.Cd、Pb、Mn、Hg和Cu的生物有效态含量较高,分别占总量的66.86%、59.20%、55.90%、53.73%和52.18%,说明这些元素较易迁移且对农作物具有较高潜在生物毒性.结合3种评价方法结果表明,九龙江流域水稻土已受到Cd的中度污染和Hg、Pb、Sr、As、Co、Zn、Cu、Mn、Se的轻度污染.水稻土中重金属存在较高的综合潜在生态风险,其中Cd为高潜在生态风险,Hg为较高潜在生态风险,两者对综合潜在生态风险的贡献率分别为57.0%和25.1%.Cd和Hg,应作为九龙江流域水稻土质量评价的重点关注对象.
To evaluate the contamination and ecological risk of heavy metals in the paddy soils of Jiulong River basin,the concentrations of twenty-two heavy metals were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry( ICP-MS) and atomic fluorescence spectrometry( AFS). Geoaccumulation index( Igeo),potential ecological risk index( RI) and ratio of secondary phase to primary phase( RSP) were applied to evaluate the pollution degree and potential ecological risk of heavy metals. The results showed that the concentrations of heavy metals( except Ni and Mn)exceeded the background values of Fujian Province. The proportions of the bioavailable fractions of Cd,Pb,Mn,Hg and Cu were high( 66. 86%,59. 20%,55. 90%,53.73% and 52. 18%,respectively),indicating that these elements were more mobile and had higher risk to the crops. Theresults of three evaluation methods showed that the paddy soils of Jiulong River basin were moderate pollutedly by Cd and mildly polluted by Hg,Pb,Sr,As,Co,Zn,Cu,Mn and Se. The heavy metals in the paddy soils of Jiulong River basin had considerate comprehensive potential ecological risk. Cd and Hg contributed 57. 0% and 25. 1% rate of comprehensive potential ecological risk,respectively. Therefore,Cd and Hg should become the targets of heavy metals in the evaluation of paddy soil quality of Jiulong River basin.
To evaluate the contamination and ecological risk of heavy metals in the paddy soils of Jiulong River basin,the concentrations of twenty-two heavy metals were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry( ICP-MS) and atomic fluorescence spectrometry( AFS). Geoaccumulation index( Igeo),potential ecological risk index( RI) and ratio of secondary phase to primary phase( RSP) were applied to evaluate the pollution degree and potential ecological risk of heavy metals. The results showed that the concentrations of heavy metals( except Ni and Mn)exceeded the background values of Fujian Province. The proportions of the bioavailable fractions of Cd,Pb,Mn,Hg and Cu were high( 66. 86%,59. 20%,55. 90%,53.73% and 52. 18%,respectively),indicating that these elements were more mobile and had higher risk to the crops. Theresults of three evaluation methods showed that the paddy soils of Jiulong River basin were moderate pollutedly by Cd and mildly polluted by Hg,Pb,Sr,As,Co,Zn,Cu,Mn and Se. The heavy metals in the paddy soils of Jiulong River basin had considerate comprehensive potential ecological risk. Cd and Hg contributed 57. 0% and 25. 1% rate of comprehensive potential ecological risk,respectively. Therefore,Cd and Hg should become the targets of heavy metals in the evaluation of paddy soil quality of Jiulong River basin.
引文
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[22]王斐,黄益宗,王小玲,等.江西钨矿周边土壤重金属生态风险评价:不同评价方法的比较[J].环境化学,2015,34(2):225-233.WANG F,HUANG Y Z,WANG X L,et al. Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in surrounding soils of tungsten ores:Comparison of different evaluation methods[J]. Environmental Chemistry,2015,34(2):225-233(in Chinese).
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[24]徐争启,倪师军,庹先国,等.潜在生态危害指数法评价中重金属毒性系数计算[J].环境科学与技术,2008,31(2):112-115.XU Z Q,NI S J,TUO X G,et al. Calculation of heavy metals'toxicity coefficient in the evaluation of potential ecological risk index[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2008,31(2):112-115(in Chinese).
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[26]林承奇,胡恭任,于瑞莲,等.九龙江表层沉积物重金属赋存形态及生态风险[J].环境科学,2017,38(3):1002-1009.LIN C Q,HU G R,YU R L,et al. Speciation and ecological risk of heavy metals in surface sediments from Jiulong River[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(3):1002-1009(in Chinese).
[27]代勇,李章平,李燕燕,等.重庆市主城区街道灰尘重金属的污染特征分析[J].环境化学,2015,34(1):188-189.DAI Y,LI Z P,LI Y Y,et al. Analysis on pollution characteristics of heavy metals in street dust in main urban area of Chongqing City[J].Environmental Chemistry,2015,34(1):188-189(in Chinese).
[2]王玉军,刘存,周东美,等.客观地看待我国耕地土壤环境质量的现状——关于《全国土壤污染状况调查公报》中有关问题的讨论和建议[J].农业环境科学学报,2014,33(8):1465-1473.WANG Y J,LIU C,ZHOU D M,et al. A critical view on the status quo of the garmland soil environmental quality in China:discussion and suggestion of relevant issues on report on the national general survey of soil contamination[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2014,33(8):1465-1473(in Chinese).
[3]李科,丁晴晴,傅珊.太原市土壤重金属污染空间分布及评价[J].环境化学,2015,34(4):772-778.LI K,DING Q Q,FU S. Spatial distribution and assessment of heavy metals from the soil of different functional areas in Taiyuan City[J].Environmental Chemistry,2015,34(4):772-778(in Chinese).
[4] CHEN H Y,TENG Y G,LU S J,et al. Contamination features and health risk of soil heavy metals in China[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2015,512:143-153.
[5]张小敏,张秀英,钟太洋,等.中国农田土壤重金属富集状况及其空间分布研究[J].环境科学,2014,35(2):692-703.ZHANG X M,ZHANG X Y,ZHONG T Y,et al. Spatial distribution and accumulation of heavy metal in arable land soil of China[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(2):692-703(in Chinese).
[6] KRISHNA A K,MOHAN K R. Distribution,correlation,ecological and health risk assessment of heavy metal contamination in surface soils around an industrial area,Hyderabad,India[J]. Environmental Earth Sciences,2016,75(5):1-17.
[7]谷阳光,高富代.我国省会城市土壤重金属含量分布与健康风险评价[J].环境化学,2017,36(1):62-71.GU Y G,GAO F D. Spatial distribution and health risk assessment of heavy metals in provincial capital cities,China[J]. Environmental Chemistry,2017,36(1):62-71(in Chinese).
[8] HUANG Y,LI T Q,WU C X,et al. An integrated approach to assess heavy metal source apportionment in peri-urban agricultural soils[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2015,299:540-549.
[9]王小莉,陈志凡,魏张东,等.开封市城乡交错区农田土壤重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价[J].环境化学,2018,37(3):513-522.WANG X L,CHEN Z F,WEI Z D,et al. Heavy metal pollution and potential ecological risk assessment in agricultural soils located in the peri-urban area of Kaifeng City[J]. Environmental Chemistry,2018,37(3):513-522(in Chinese).
[10] KELEPERTZIS E. Accumulation of heavy metals in agricultural soils of Mediterranean:Insights from Argolida basin,Peloponnese,Greece[J]. Geoderma,2014,221-222(27):82-90.
[11] KENNOU B,MERAY M E,ROMANE A,et al. Assessment of heavy metal availability(Pb,Cu,Cr,Cd,Zn)and speciation in contaminated soils and sediment of discharge by sequential extraction[J]. Environmental Earth Sciences,2015,74(7):5849-5858.
[12] MINKINA T,NEVIDOMSKAYA D,BAUER T,et al. Determining the speciation of Zn in soils around the sediment ponds of chemical plants by XRD and XAFS spectroscopy and sequential extraction[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2018,634:1165-1173.
[13] MULLER G. Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine River[J]. Geojournal,1969,2:108-118.
[14] HAKANSON L. An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. a sedimentological approach[J]. Water Research,1980,14(8):975-986.
[15]陈静生,董林,邓宝山,等.铜在沉积物各相中分配的实验模拟与数值模拟研究—以鄱阳湖为例[J].环境科学学报,1987,7(2):140-149.CHEN J S,DONG L,DENG B S,et al. Modeling study on copper partitioning in sediments,a case study of Poyang Lake[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,1987,7(2):140-149(in Chinese).
[16] TRUJILLO-GONZALEZ J M,TORRES-MORA M A,KEESSTRA S,et al. Heavy metal accumulation related to population density in road dust samples taken from urban sites under different land uses[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2016,553,636-642.
[17]陈穗玲,李锦文,陈南,等.福建沿海地区不同区域稻田土壤重金属元素富集特征与环境质量评价[J].中国环境监测,2013,29(2):34-40.CHEN S L,LI J W,CHEN N,et al. Fujian coastal areas in different regions of paddy soil heavy metal elements enrichment characteristics and assessment of environmental quality[J]. Environmental Monitoring in China,2013,29(2):34-40(in Chinese).
[18]李精精.福建九龙江流域产业结构的水环境污染效应[J].亚热带水土保持,2017,29(1):7-11.LI J J. Pollution effects to water-environment of the industry structure in the Jiulong River watershed of Fujian Province[J]. Subtropical Soil and Water Conservation,2017,29(1):7-11(in Chinese).
[19] LIN C Q,YU R L,HU G R,et al. Contamination and isotopic composition of Pb and Sr in offshore surface sediments from Jiulong River,Southeast China[J]. Environmental Pollution,2016,218:644-650.
[20]林承奇,胡恭任,于瑞莲.九龙江和厦门西港近岸表层沉积物中汞的赋存形态及生态风险评价[J].环境化学,2016,35(4):749-756.LIN C Q,HU G R,YU R L. Speciation and ecological risk of mercury in the nearshore surface sediments from Jiulong River and Western Xiamen Bay[J]. Environmental Chemistry,2016,35(4):749-756(in Chinese).
[21]洪华生,黄金良,曹文志.九龙江流域农业非点源污染机理与控制研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2009:12-18.HONG H S,HUANG J L,CAO W Z. Mechanism and control of agricultural non-point source pollution in the Jiulong River Watershed[M].Beijing:Science Press,2009:12-18(in Chinese).
[22]王斐,黄益宗,王小玲,等.江西钨矿周边土壤重金属生态风险评价:不同评价方法的比较[J].环境化学,2015,34(2):225-233.WANG F,HUANG Y Z,WANG X L,et al. Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in surrounding soils of tungsten ores:Comparison of different evaluation methods[J]. Environmental Chemistry,2015,34(2):225-233(in Chinese).
[23]陈振金,陈春秀,刘用清,等.福建省土壤环境背景值研究[J].环境科学,1992,13(4):70-75.CHEN Z J,CHEN C X,LIU Y Q,et al. Study of soil environmental background values in Fujian Province[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Science,1992,13(4):70-75(in Chinese).
[24]徐争启,倪师军,庹先国,等.潜在生态危害指数法评价中重金属毒性系数计算[J].环境科学与技术,2008,31(2):112-115.XU Z Q,NI S J,TUO X G,et al. Calculation of heavy metals'toxicity coefficient in the evaluation of potential ecological risk index[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2008,31(2):112-115(in Chinese).
[25]林承奇,胡恭任,于瑞莲,等.九龙江近岸表层沉积物重金属污染评价及来源解析[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(4):1218-1225.LIN C Q,HU G R,YU R L,et al. Pollution assessment and source analysis of heavy metals in offshore surface sediments from Jiulong River[J]. China Environmental Science,2016,36(4):1218-1225(in Chinese).
[26]林承奇,胡恭任,于瑞莲,等.九龙江表层沉积物重金属赋存形态及生态风险[J].环境科学,2017,38(3):1002-1009.LIN C Q,HU G R,YU R L,et al. Speciation and ecological risk of heavy metals in surface sediments from Jiulong River[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(3):1002-1009(in Chinese).
[27]代勇,李章平,李燕燕,等.重庆市主城区街道灰尘重金属的污染特征分析[J].环境化学,2015,34(1):188-189.DAI Y,LI Z P,LI Y Y,et al. Analysis on pollution characteristics of heavy metals in street dust in main urban area of Chongqing City[J].Environmental Chemistry,2015,34(1):188-189(in Chinese).