认知负荷与老年人情绪记忆的积极效应
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摘要
目的:考察老年人是否存在情绪记忆的积极效应以及该效应与认知负荷的关系。方法:在南京市招募受教育程度在高中及以上的青年、中年、老年各20人,进行3(年龄组:青年、中年、老年)×3(情绪效价:积极、中性、消极)×2(认知负荷:低负荷、高负荷)的混合实验设计,采用情绪图片再认的经典范式,并通过增加点探测任务操纵认知负荷。结果:在低认知负荷下,老年组对积极图片的再认率高于消极图片和中性图片[(0.36±0.23)vs.(0.23±0.21),(0.16±0.24);P<0.05]。在高认知负荷下,老年组对3种情绪图片的再认率的差异无统计学意义[(0.27±0.21)vs.(0.03±0.19)vs.(0.26±0.24);P>0.05]。结论:本研究显示,老年人存在情绪记忆的积极效应,但认知负荷较高时这一效应可能会不明显。
Objective:To examine the positive effects on emotional memory in the elderly and the relationship between this effect and cognitive load.Methods:Totally 20 young people,20 middle-aged and 20 senior citizens with high education were recruited in Nanjing.Mixed experimental design were adopted [3(age group:youth/middle-aged/elderly) ×3(emotional valence:positive/neutral/negative) ×2(cognitive load:low/high)].The classic paradigm for emotional picture recognition was used,and cognitive load was manipulated by adding point detection tasks.Results:Under the low cognitive load,the recognition scores of positive pictures in the elderly group were significantly higher than that of negative pictures and neutral pictures [(0.36±0.23) vs.(0.23±0.21),(0.16±0.24);P<0.05].Under high cognitive load,there was no significant difference in the recognition rate of the three emotional images in the elderly group [(0.27±0.21) vs.(0.03±0.19) vs.(0.26±0.24),P>0.05].Conclusion:It suggests that the positive effects on emotional memory in the elderly may not be obvious under higher cognitive load.
Objective:To examine the positive effects on emotional memory in the elderly and the relationship between this effect and cognitive load.Methods:Totally 20 young people,20 middle-aged and 20 senior citizens with high education were recruited in Nanjing.Mixed experimental design were adopted [3(age group:youth/middle-aged/elderly) ×3(emotional valence:positive/neutral/negative) ×2(cognitive load:low/high)].The classic paradigm for emotional picture recognition was used,and cognitive load was manipulated by adding point detection tasks.Results:Under the low cognitive load,the recognition scores of positive pictures in the elderly group were significantly higher than that of negative pictures and neutral pictures [(0.36±0.23) vs.(0.23±0.21),(0.16±0.24);P<0.05].Under high cognitive load,there was no significant difference in the recognition rate of the three emotional images in the elderly group [(0.27±0.21) vs.(0.03±0.19) vs.(0.26±0.24),P>0.05].Conclusion:It suggests that the positive effects on emotional memory in the elderly may not be obvious under higher cognitive load.
引文
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[14]赵志华.年龄划分新标准[J].开卷有益-求医问药,2014,(12):38.
[15]龚栩,黄宇霞,王妍,等.中国面孔表情图片系统的修订[J].中国心理卫生杂志,2011,25(1):40-46.
[16] Carstensen LL,Mikels JA,Mather M.Aging and the intersection of cognition,motivation,and emotion[J].Handbook of the Psychol-ogy of Aging,2006:343-362.doi.org/10.1016/B978-012101264-9/50018-5.
[17] Mikels JA,Larkin GR,Reuterlorenz PA,et al.Divergent trajectories in the aging mind:changes in working memory for affective versus visual information with age[J].Psychol Aging,2005,20(4):542-553.
[18]Langeslag SJ,van Strien JW.Aging and emotional memory:the co-occurrence of neurophysiological and behavioral positivity effects[J].Emotion,2009,9(3):369-377.
[19]Mather M,Knight M.Goal-directed memory:the role of cognitive control in older adults' emotional memory[J].Psychol Aging,2005,20(4):554.
[20]Mather M,Knight MR.Angry faces get noticed quickly:threat detection is not impaired among older adults[J].J Gerontol,2006,61(1):54-57.
[21]Charles ST,Carstensen LL.Social and emotional aging[J].Annual Rev Psychol,2009,61(61):383.
[2] Mather M,Knight M,Mccaffrey M.The allure of the alignable:younger and older adults' false memories of choice features[J].J Exp Psychol Gen,2005,134(1):38-51.
[3] Charles ST,Mather M,Carstensen LL.Aging and emotional memory:the forgettable nature of negative images for older adults[J].J Exp Psychol Gen,2003,132(2):310-324.
[4] 龚先旻,王大华.老年人情绪记忆中的积极效应及其产生机制[J].心理科学进展,2012,20(9):1411-1418.
[5] 伍麟,邢小莉.注意与记忆中的“积极效应”——“老化悖论”与社会情绪选择理论的视角[J].心理科学进展,2009,17(2):362-369.
[6] Reed AE,Carstensen LL.The theory behind the age-related positivity effect[J].Front Psychol,2012,3(3):339.doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00339.eCollection 2012.
[7] Cartensen LL.Growing old or living long:a new perspective on the aging brain[J].Public Policy Aging Report,2007,17(1):13-17.
[8] Grühn D,Smith J,Baltes PB.No aging bias favoring memory for positive material:evidence from a heterogeneity-homogeneity list paradigm using emotionally toned words[J].Psychol Aging,2005,20(4):579-588.
[9] Majerus S,D' Argembeau A.Verbal short-term memory reflects the organization of long-term memory:further evidence from short-term memory for emotional words[J].J Memory Language,2011,64(2):181-197.
[10]Williams P,Drolet A.Age-related differences in responses to emotional advertisements[J].J Consumer Res,2005,32(3):343-354.
[11]Charles ST,Carstensen LL.Social and emotional aging[J].Annu Rev Psychol,2012,61(61):383.
[12] 刘晓燕.动机强度对老年人情绪记忆积极效应的影响[D].上海:华东师范大学,2015.
[13]邢采,杨苗苗.通过注意训练调节情绪:方法及证据[J].心理科学进展,2013,21(10):1780-1793.
[14]赵志华.年龄划分新标准[J].开卷有益-求医问药,2014,(12):38.
[15]龚栩,黄宇霞,王妍,等.中国面孔表情图片系统的修订[J].中国心理卫生杂志,2011,25(1):40-46.
[16] Carstensen LL,Mikels JA,Mather M.Aging and the intersection of cognition,motivation,and emotion[J].Handbook of the Psychol-ogy of Aging,2006:343-362.doi.org/10.1016/B978-012101264-9/50018-5.
[17] Mikels JA,Larkin GR,Reuterlorenz PA,et al.Divergent trajectories in the aging mind:changes in working memory for affective versus visual information with age[J].Psychol Aging,2005,20(4):542-553.
[18]Langeslag SJ,van Strien JW.Aging and emotional memory:the co-occurrence of neurophysiological and behavioral positivity effects[J].Emotion,2009,9(3):369-377.
[19]Mather M,Knight M.Goal-directed memory:the role of cognitive control in older adults' emotional memory[J].Psychol Aging,2005,20(4):554.
[20]Mather M,Knight MR.Angry faces get noticed quickly:threat detection is not impaired among older adults[J].J Gerontol,2006,61(1):54-57.
[21]Charles ST,Carstensen LL.Social and emotional aging[J].Annual Rev Psychol,2009,61(61):383.