不同草本植物根土复合体无侧限抗压强度增量与根系分布特征关系
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摘要
研究草本植物根土复合体无侧限抗压强度增量与根系分布特征关系,可以为草本植物根系固土能力计算及草种选择提供依据.用应变控制式三轴仪测定了种植在PVC管内3种草本植物根土复合体及素土柱体的无侧限抗压强度,2013WinRHIZO根系分析系统测定了根系分布特征.结果表明:①和素土柱体相比,在0～25 cm深度范围内非洲狗尾草、鸭茅、紫花苜蓿根土复合体无侧限抗压强度增量(Δc)分别为4.75、4.00、1.11 kPa,在25～50 cm深度范围为3.20、2.33、0.83 kPa.②紫花苜蓿的根系平均直径(D_a)、根长密度(ρ_(Len))、根表面积密度(ρ_(SA))与另2种草差异极显著.③非洲狗尾草、鸭茅的Δc与含根量(Q)、ρ_(Len)、ρ_(SA)、根体积密度(ρ_(RV))和D_a显著或极显著相关,紫花苜蓿的Δc与ρ_(Len)、ρ_(SA)极显著相关,与ρ_(RV)、Q和D_a不相关.结果表明在草本植物根系的Q、ρ_(Len)、ρ_(SA)、ρ_(RV)和D_a等分布特征值中ρ_(Len)、ρ_(SA)与根土复合体Δc显著相关,可用它们来预测根系的固土能力,在受试的3种植物中非洲狗尾草根系固土能力最强.
To provide the basis for calculating the slope stability and selecting the type of herbs, the relationship between the increment of unconfined compressive strength of root-soil and the root distribution characteristics were investigated. The additional cohesion(Δc) of root-soil of three herbs, which were planted in the PVC tubes, was measured by the unconfined compressive test. The values of root distribution characteristics were estimated by 2013 WinRHIZO. The results showed that: ① At depth of 0～25, the Δc of Setaria anceps Stapf ex Massey L., D_a ctylisglomerata L. and Medicago sativa L. was 4.75, 4.00 kPa and 1.11 kPa, respectively. At depth of 25～50 cm, the Δc was 3.20, 2.33 kPa and 0.83 kPa, respectively; ② The values of root distribution characteristics of Medicago sativa L, including root length density(ρ_(Len)), root surface area density(ρ_(SA)) and average diameter(D_a), were significantly different with that of Setaria anceps Stapf ex Massey L. and D_a ctylisglomerata L.; ③ The Δc of Setaria anceps Stapf ex Massey L. and D_a ctylisglomerata L. had significant or extremely significant correlation with Q, ρ_(Len), ρ_(SA), ρ_(RV) and D_a. The Δc of Medicago sativa L. had a significant quadratic correlation with ρ_(Len) and ρ_(SA), and its Δc had no correlation with ρ_(RV), Q and D_a. The conclusions are as follow: The Δc of root-soil had significant correlation with ρ_(Len) and ρ_(SA). The ρ_(Len) and ρ_(SA) could be used to predict the soil reinforcement capacity of root system. Moreover, the soil reinforcement capacity of Setaria anceps Stapf ex Massey L was the best.
To provide the basis for calculating the slope stability and selecting the type of herbs, the relationship between the increment of unconfined compressive strength of root-soil and the root distribution characteristics were investigated. The additional cohesion(Δc) of root-soil of three herbs, which were planted in the PVC tubes, was measured by the unconfined compressive test. The values of root distribution characteristics were estimated by 2013 WinRHIZO. The results showed that: ① At depth of 0～25, the Δc of Setaria anceps Stapf ex Massey L., D_a ctylisglomerata L. and Medicago sativa L. was 4.75, 4.00 kPa and 1.11 kPa, respectively. At depth of 25～50 cm, the Δc was 3.20, 2.33 kPa and 0.83 kPa, respectively; ② The values of root distribution characteristics of Medicago sativa L, including root length density(ρ_(Len)), root surface area density(ρ_(SA)) and average diameter(D_a), were significantly different with that of Setaria anceps Stapf ex Massey L. and D_a ctylisglomerata L.; ③ The Δc of Setaria anceps Stapf ex Massey L. and D_a ctylisglomerata L. had significant or extremely significant correlation with Q, ρ_(Len), ρ_(SA), ρ_(RV) and D_a. The Δc of Medicago sativa L. had a significant quadratic correlation with ρ_(Len) and ρ_(SA), and its Δc had no correlation with ρ_(RV), Q and D_a. The conclusions are as follow: The Δc of root-soil had significant correlation with ρ_(Len) and ρ_(SA). The ρ_(Len) and ρ_(SA) could be used to predict the soil reinforcement capacity of root system. Moreover, the soil reinforcement capacity of Setaria anceps Stapf ex Massey L was the best.
引文
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[2]熊燕梅,夏汉平,李志安,等.植物根系固坡抗蚀的效应与机理研究进展[J].应用生态学报,2007,18(4):895-904.DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1001-9332.2007.04.032.Xiong Y M,Xia H P,Li A,et al.Effects and mechanism s of plant roots on slope reinforcement and soil erosion resistance:A research review[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecoligy,2007,18(4):895-904.
[3]Mickovski S B,Stokes A,Beek R V,et al.Simulation of direct shear tests on rooted and non-rooted soil using finite element analysis[J].Ecological Engineering,2011,37(10):1 523-1 532.DOI:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2011.06.001.
[4]Zhang B,Zhao Q G,Horn R,et al.Shear strength of surface soil as affected by soil bulk density and soil water content[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2001,59(3):97-106.
[5]Li Q,Liu G,Zhang Z,et al.Effect of root architecture on structural stability and erodibility of topsoils during concentrated flow in hilly Loess Plateau[J].Chinese Geographical Science,2015,25(6):1-8.
[6]周云艳,徐琨,陈建平,等.基于CT扫描与细观力学的植物侧根固土机理分析[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(1):1-9.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.01.001.Zhou Y Y,Xu K,Chen J P,et al.Mechanism of plant lateral root reinforcing soil based on CT scan and mesomechanics analysis[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2014,30(1):1-9.
[7]Zhang C B,Chen L H,Liu Y P,et al.Triaxial compression test of soil-root composites to evaluate influence of roots on soil shear strength[J].Ecological Engineering,2010,36(1):19-26.DOI:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2009.09.005.
[8]Comino E,Druetta A.The effect of Poaceae,roots on the shear strength of soils in the Italian alpine environment[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2010,106(2):194-201.
[9]Fan C C,Tsai M H.Spatial distribution of plant root forces in root-permeated soils subject to shear[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2016,156:1-15.
[10]吴鹏,谢朋成,宋文龙,等.基于根系形态的植物根系力学与固土护坡作用机理[J].东北林业大学学报,2014(5):139-142.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-5382.2014.05.034.Wu P,Xie P C,Song W L,et al.Morphology-based plant root mechanics and function mechanism for slope stabilization[J].Journal of Northeast Foresty University,2014(5):139-142.
[11]栗岳洲,付江涛,胡夏嵩,等.土体粒径对盐生植物根-土复合体抗剪强度影响的试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2016,35(2):403-412.Li Y Z,Fu J T,Hu X S,et al.Experimental study of the influence of grain size on the shear strength of rooted soil[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2016,35(2):403-412.
[12]李建兴,何丙辉,谌芸,等.不同护坡草本植物的根系分布特征及其对土壤抗剪强度的影响[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(10):144-152.Li J X,He B H,Zhan Y,et al.Root distribution features of typical herb plants for slope protection and their effects on soil she[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2013,29(10):144-152.
[13]刘秀萍,陈丽华,陈吉虎.刺槐和油松根系密度分布特征研究[J].干旱区研究,2007,24(5):647-651.Liu X P,Chen L H,Chen J H.Study on the distribution of root density of Robinia pseudoacacia L.and Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.[J].Arid Zone Research,2007,24(5):647-651.
[14]嵇晓雷.基于植被根系分布形态的生态边坡稳定性研究[D].南京:南京林业大学,2013.Ji X L.A roots distribution-based study on the stability of ecological slope abstract[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Forestry University,2013.
[15]Rickli C,Graf F,Rickli C,et al.Effects of forests on shallow landslides-case studies in Switzerland[J].Forest Snow&Landscape Research,2009.
[16]宋维峰.林木根系与均质土间相互物理作用机理研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2006.Song W F.Study on physical mechanism of interface bewteen root system and loess soils[D].Beijing:Beijing Forestry University,2006.
[17]黄英,符必昌,金克盛,等.加筋红土的广义等效围压和极限平衡条件[J].岩土力学,2007,28(3):533-539.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-7598.2007.03.019.Hua Y,Fu B C,Jin K S,et al.Generalized equivalent confining pressure and limited balance conditions of reinforced laterite[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2007,28(3):533-539.
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[19]聂影,陈晓红,付征耀,等.生态护坡根系纤维土强度和变形特性实验研究[J].铁道工程,2011(7):6-8.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-2106.2011.07.002.Nie Y,Chen X H,Fu Z Y,et al.Experimental research on strength and deformation of root fiber stabilized soil of ecology slope[J].Journal of Railway Engineering Society,2011(7):6-8.
[20]周成,张继宝,周荣官,等.香根草生态护坡的根系固土试验研究[C].第二届全国环境岩土工程与土工合成材料技术研讨会论文集(二),2008.Zhou C,Zhang J B,Zhou R G,et al.Experimental study on soil-reinforcement by vetiver grass root in bioengineering stabilization of slopes[C].Papers of the Second National Symposium on Environmental Geotechnical Engineering and Geosynthetics Technology(2),2008.
[21]Hu X S,Brierley G,Zhu H L,et al.An exploratory analysis of vegetation strategies to reduce shallow landslide activity on loess hillslopes,Northeast QinghaiTibet Plateau,China[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2013,10(4):668-686.DOI:10.1007/s11629-013-2584-x.
[22]贺长彬,尤泳,王德成,等.退化草地复合体力学特性与影响因素研究[J].农业机械学报,2016,47(4):79-89.He C B,You Y,Wang D C,et al.Mechanical characteristics of soil-root composite and its influence factors in degenerated grassland[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery,2016,47(4):79-89.
[23]Kleinfelder D,Swanson S,Norris G,et al.Unconfined compressive strength of some streambank soils with herbaceous roots[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1992,56(6):1 920-1 925.DOI:10.2136/sssaj1992.03615995005600060045x.
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