滇中亚高山典型森林生态系统碳储量及其分配特征
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摘要
同一区域不同植被类型的生长习性、土壤类型、林分立地状况等的差异,可能导致生态系统碳储量的变化。采用标准地调查和生物量实测相结合的方法,对云南省新平县磨盘山国家森林公园5种典型森林类型——华山松(Pinusarmandii)林、云南松(Pinus yunnanensis)林、滇油杉(Keteleeria evelyniana)林、高山栎(Quercus aquifolioides)林和常绿阔叶林各器官(叶、枝、干、皮和根)碳含量、生物量、碳储量及分配特征进行了比较研究,探讨该区域典型森林生态系统碳储量及其分配格局,揭示滇中亚地区各林分植被层的碳源-汇变化和土壤各层碳动态规律。结果表明,(1)5种林分类型各器官碳含量在45.60%～57.60%之间波动,乔木层、灌木层、草本层和凋落物生物量分别占植被层的56.46%～92.28%、1.12%～13.15%、0.003%～2.19%和6.21%～30.26%。各林分类型植被层碳储量大小表现为:华山松>常绿阔叶林>云南松>滇油杉>高山栎。(2)5种林分的土壤碳储量随着土层深度的增加而显著降低,主要集中在0～30 cm表土层,占总碳储量的52.6%～79.8%;0～60 cm土壤碳储量大小顺序表现为:滇油杉>常绿阔叶林>华山松>高山栎>云南松。(3)5种林分的生态系统碳储量表现为:常绿阔叶林>华山松>滇油杉>云南松>高山栎,其中乔木层和土壤层之和占总碳储量的95.1%～99.2%,林下植被层占比较低。华山松、滇油杉和常绿阔叶林生态系统具有较高的碳储量,云南松林和高山栎林植被碳储潜力较大,应通过制定出切实可行的森林管理措施,提高林分质量、增加林分碳密度,发挥其更大碳汇功能。
The differences of growth habit, soil types and ground conditions of different vegetation types in the same region may lead to the changes of carbon storages of the ecosystem. The purpose of this study was to reveal the carbon source/sink change in vegetation layer and carbon dynamics in soil layer in middle Yunnan Province. We studied carbon distribution pattern of ecosystem and its influencing factors by standard plot sampling combined with biomass measurements. Carbon content, biomass and carbon storage of five different forest types, including tree layer, shrub layer, herb layer, litter and soil, and their distribution of Pinus armandii(HSS), Pinus yunnanensis(YNS), Keteleeria evelyniana(DYS), Quercus aquifolioides(GSL) and Evergreen broad-leaf(CL) ecosystems in subalpine of middle Yunnan Province were analyzed. The results showed that:(1) The carbon content of vegetations in five different forest types were ranged from 45.60% to 57.60%. Tree layer, shrub layer, herb layer and litter accounted for 56.46%～92.28%, 1.12%～13.15%, 003%～2.19% and 6.21%～30.26% of the total vegetation carbon storage, respectively. The carbon storage of the vegetation layer was ranked as HSS>CL>YNS>DYS>GSL;(2) Soil carbon storage of five different forest types decreased significantly with the increase of soil depth, which was mainly stored in the surface layer of 0～30 cm, accounting for 52.6%～79.8%. The total soil carbon storage in the layer of 0～60 cm presented in the order of DYS>CL>HSS>GSL>YNS. And(3) the carbon storage of five different forest ecosystems was ranked as CL>HSS>DYS>YNS>GSL. The sum of tree and soil layer accounted for 95.1%～99.2% of the total ecosystem carbon storage, and the proportion of understory layer was lower. Carbon storage in HSS, DYS and CL ecosystems were higher than others. Carbon sequestration ability of vegetations in YNS and GSL ecosystems were stronger than others. We should formulate feasible forest management measures to improve forest quality and increase forest stand density, and make them play better carbon function in response to climate change.
The differences of growth habit, soil types and ground conditions of different vegetation types in the same region may lead to the changes of carbon storages of the ecosystem. The purpose of this study was to reveal the carbon source/sink change in vegetation layer and carbon dynamics in soil layer in middle Yunnan Province. We studied carbon distribution pattern of ecosystem and its influencing factors by standard plot sampling combined with biomass measurements. Carbon content, biomass and carbon storage of five different forest types, including tree layer, shrub layer, herb layer, litter and soil, and their distribution of Pinus armandii(HSS), Pinus yunnanensis(YNS), Keteleeria evelyniana(DYS), Quercus aquifolioides(GSL) and Evergreen broad-leaf(CL) ecosystems in subalpine of middle Yunnan Province were analyzed. The results showed that:(1) The carbon content of vegetations in five different forest types were ranged from 45.60% to 57.60%. Tree layer, shrub layer, herb layer and litter accounted for 56.46%～92.28%, 1.12%～13.15%, 003%～2.19% and 6.21%～30.26% of the total vegetation carbon storage, respectively. The carbon storage of the vegetation layer was ranked as HSS>CL>YNS>DYS>GSL;(2) Soil carbon storage of five different forest types decreased significantly with the increase of soil depth, which was mainly stored in the surface layer of 0～30 cm, accounting for 52.6%～79.8%. The total soil carbon storage in the layer of 0～60 cm presented in the order of DYS>CL>HSS>GSL>YNS. And(3) the carbon storage of five different forest ecosystems was ranked as CL>HSS>DYS>YNS>GSL. The sum of tree and soil layer accounted for 95.1%～99.2% of the total ecosystem carbon storage, and the proportion of understory layer was lower. Carbon storage in HSS, DYS and CL ecosystems were higher than others. Carbon sequestration ability of vegetations in YNS and GSL ecosystems were stronger than others. We should formulate feasible forest management measures to improve forest quality and increase forest stand density, and make them play better carbon function in response to climate change.
引文
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BERT D,DANJON F,2006.Carbon concentration variations in the roots,stem and crown of mature Pinus pinaster(Ait.)[J].Forest Ecology and Management,222(1-3):279-295.
BOWMAN D M J S,MURPHY B P,BOER M M,et al.,2013.Forest fire management,climate change,and the risk of catastrophic carbon losses[J].Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,11(2):66-67.
BR?HEN K A,HAGBERG O,2004.More efficient estimation of plant biomass[J].Journal of Vegetation Science,15(5):653-660.
CASTA?EDA-MOYA E,TWILLEY R R,RIVERA-MONROY V H,2013.Allocation of biomass and net primary productivity of mangrove forests along environmental gradients in the Florida Coastal Everglades,USA[J].Forest Ecology and Management,307:226-241.
DIXON R K,SOLOMON A M,BROWN S,et al.,1994.Carbon pools and flux of global forest ecosystems[J].Science,263(5144):185-190.
DUNG L V,TUE N T,MAI T N,et al.,2016.Carbon storage in a restored mangrove forest in Can Gio Mangrove Forest Park,Mekong Delta,Vietnam[J].Forest Ecology&Management,380(2):31-40.
GOODALE C L,HEATH L S,HOUGHTON R A,et al.,2002.Forest carbon sinks in the Northern Hemisphere[J].Ecological Applications,12(3):891-899.
HOOVER C M,LEAK W B,KEEL B G,2012.Benchmark carbon stocks from old-growth forests in northern New England,USA[J].Forest Ecology and Management,266:108-114.
HOUGHTON R A,2005.Aboveground forest biomass and the global carbon balance[J].Global Change Biology,11(6):945-958.
KEITH H,MACKEY B G,LINDENMAYER D B,2009.Re-evaluation of forest biomass carbon stocks and lessons from the world’s most carbon-dense forests[J].Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences of the United States of America,106(28):11635-11640.
KIM C,JEONG J,CHO H S,et al.,2010.Carbon and nitrogen status of litterfall,litter decomposition and soil in even-aged larch,red pine and rigitaeda pine plantations[J].Journal of Plant Research,123(4):403-409.
LI T J,LIU G B,2014.Age-related changes of carbon accumulation and allocation in plants and soil of black locust forest on Loess Plateau in Ansai County,Shaanxi Province of China[J].Chinese Geographical Science,24(4):414-422.
LUN F,LI W H,LIU Y,2012.Complete forest carbon cycle and budget in China,1999-2008[J].Forest Ecology and Management,264:81-89.
MCGARVEY J C,THOMPSON J R,EPSTEIN,et al.,2016.Carbon storage in old-growth forests of the Mid-Atlantic:toward better understanding the eastern forest carbon sink.Ecology,96(2):311-317.
MOKANY K,RAISON R J,PROKUSHKIN A S,2006.Critical analysis of root:shoot ratios in terrestrial biomes[J].Global Change Biology,12:84-96.
PIBUMRUNG P,GAJASENI N,POPAN A,2008.Profiles of carbon stocks in forest,reforestation and agricultural land,Northern Thailand[J].Journal of Forestry Research,19(1):11-18.
POST W M,EMANUEL W R,ZINKE P J,et al.,1982.Soil carbon pools and world life zones[J].Nature,298(5870):156-159.
SAJ S,JAGORET P,TODEM NGOGUE H,2013.Carbon storage and density dynamics of associated trees in three contrasting Theobroma cacao agroforests of Central Cameroon[J].Agroforestry Systems,87(6):1309-1320.
ZHU B,WANG X P,FANG J Y,et al.,2010.Altitudinal changes in carbon storage of temperate forests on Mt Changbai,Northeast China[J].Journal of Plant Research,123(4):439-452.
艾泽民,陈云明,曹扬,2014.黄土丘陵区不同林龄刺槐人工林碳?氮储量及分配格局[J].应用生态学报,25(2):333-341.
鲍士旦,1998.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社.
方晰,田大伦,项文化,2004.不同经营方式对杉木林采伐迹地土壤C储量的影响[J].中南林学院学报,24(1):1-5.
冯源,朱建华,肖文发,等,2017.干扰及林龄影响下迪庆州云杉老龄林生态系统碳储量动态[J].生态环境学报,26(9):1465-1472.
付梦瑶,贺军钊,宋良红,等,2016.三门峡山区典型森林植被乔木层生物量动态研究[J].河南科学,34(3):332-337.
宫超,汪思龙,曾掌权,等,2011.中亚热带常绿阔叶林不同演替阶段碳储量与格局特征[J].生态学杂志,30(9):1935-1941.
韩娟娟,2010.子午岭辽东栎林碳储量与土壤理化性质研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,25(5):18-23.
贺金生,2012.中国森林生态系统的碳循环:从储量、动态到模式[J].中国科学(生命科学),42(3):252-254.
胡彦婷,管东生,王浩,等,2014.广州常绿阔叶林和果园生态系统碳储量[J].生态学杂志,33(11):2873-2879.
黄宇,冯宗炜,汪思龙,等,2005.杉木、火力楠纯林及其混交林生态系统C、N贮量[J].生态学报,25(12):3146-3154.
李加博,韦秋思,吴庆标,等,2017.南亚热带中山区铁坚油杉生物量及碳储量研究[J].湖北林业科技,46(1):14-18.
李晶晶,党坤良,周勇,等,2013.秦岭中段南坡华山松林能量结构特征和碳储量研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),41(11):58-66.
李久林,梁士楚,1997.贵州青岩油杉种群生物量研究[J].贵州师范大学学报(自然科学版),15(1):7-12.
刘林森,2015.滇西北云南松生物量模型回归分析[J].山东林业科技(4):5-9,34.
刘顺,罗达,刘千里,等,2017.川西亚高山不同森林生态系统碳氮储量及其分配格局[J].生态学报,37(4):1074-1083.
刘兴良,郝晓东,杨冬生,等,2006.卧龙巴郎山川滇高山栎灌丛地上生物量及其模型[J].生态学杂志,25(5):487-491.
明安刚,刘世荣,莫慧华,等,2016.南亚热带红锥、杉木纯林与混交林碳贮量比较[J].生态学报,36(1):244-251.
莫德祥,吴庆标,林宁,等,2012.桂东南柳杉人工林碳氮储量及其分配格局[J].生态学杂志,31(4):794-799.
沈燕,田大伦,闫文德,等,2011.湖南沅陵天然次生白栎+檫木+杉木群落生物量及其分布规律[J].中南林业科技大学,31(5):44-51.
王卫霞,史作民,罗达,等,2013.我国南亚热带几种人工林生态系统碳氮储量[J].生态学报,33(3):925-933.
鲜骏仁,张元彬,王开运,等,2009.川西亚高山5种森林生态系统的碳格局[J].植物生态学报,33(2):283-290.
徐耀粘,江明喜,2015.森林碳库特征及驱动因子分析研究进展[J].生态学报,35(3):926-933.
杨丽丽,王彦辉,文仕知,等,2015.六盘山四种森林生态系统的碳氮储量、组成及分布特征[J].生态学报,35(15):5215-5227.
余蓉,项文化,宁晨,等,2016.长沙市4种人工林生态系统碳储量与分布特征[J].生态学报,36(12):3500-3509.
周玉荣,于振良,赵士洞,2000.中国主要森林生态系统碳储量与碳平衡[J].植物生态学报,24(5):518-522.
BERT D,DANJON F,2006.Carbon concentration variations in the roots,stem and crown of mature Pinus pinaster(Ait.)[J].Forest Ecology and Management,222(1-3):279-295.
BOWMAN D M J S,MURPHY B P,BOER M M,et al.,2013.Forest fire management,climate change,and the risk of catastrophic carbon losses[J].Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,11(2):66-67.
BR?HEN K A,HAGBERG O,2004.More efficient estimation of plant biomass[J].Journal of Vegetation Science,15(5):653-660.
CASTA?EDA-MOYA E,TWILLEY R R,RIVERA-MONROY V H,2013.Allocation of biomass and net primary productivity of mangrove forests along environmental gradients in the Florida Coastal Everglades,USA[J].Forest Ecology and Management,307:226-241.
DIXON R K,SOLOMON A M,BROWN S,et al.,1994.Carbon pools and flux of global forest ecosystems[J].Science,263(5144):185-190.
DUNG L V,TUE N T,MAI T N,et al.,2016.Carbon storage in a restored mangrove forest in Can Gio Mangrove Forest Park,Mekong Delta,Vietnam[J].Forest Ecology&Management,380(2):31-40.
GOODALE C L,HEATH L S,HOUGHTON R A,et al.,2002.Forest carbon sinks in the Northern Hemisphere[J].Ecological Applications,12(3):891-899.
HOOVER C M,LEAK W B,KEEL B G,2012.Benchmark carbon stocks from old-growth forests in northern New England,USA[J].Forest Ecology and Management,266:108-114.
HOUGHTON R A,2005.Aboveground forest biomass and the global carbon balance[J].Global Change Biology,11(6):945-958.
KEITH H,MACKEY B G,LINDENMAYER D B,2009.Re-evaluation of forest biomass carbon stocks and lessons from the world’s most carbon-dense forests[J].Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences of the United States of America,106(28):11635-11640.
KIM C,JEONG J,CHO H S,et al.,2010.Carbon and nitrogen status of litterfall,litter decomposition and soil in even-aged larch,red pine and rigitaeda pine plantations[J].Journal of Plant Research,123(4):403-409.
LI T J,LIU G B,2014.Age-related changes of carbon accumulation and allocation in plants and soil of black locust forest on Loess Plateau in Ansai County,Shaanxi Province of China[J].Chinese Geographical Science,24(4):414-422.
LUN F,LI W H,LIU Y,2012.Complete forest carbon cycle and budget in China,1999-2008[J].Forest Ecology and Management,264:81-89.
MCGARVEY J C,THOMPSON J R,EPSTEIN,et al.,2016.Carbon storage in old-growth forests of the Mid-Atlantic:toward better understanding the eastern forest carbon sink.Ecology,96(2):311-317.
MOKANY K,RAISON R J,PROKUSHKIN A S,2006.Critical analysis of root:shoot ratios in terrestrial biomes[J].Global Change Biology,12:84-96.
PIBUMRUNG P,GAJASENI N,POPAN A,2008.Profiles of carbon stocks in forest,reforestation and agricultural land,Northern Thailand[J].Journal of Forestry Research,19(1):11-18.
POST W M,EMANUEL W R,ZINKE P J,et al.,1982.Soil carbon pools and world life zones[J].Nature,298(5870):156-159.
SAJ S,JAGORET P,TODEM NGOGUE H,2013.Carbon storage and density dynamics of associated trees in three contrasting Theobroma cacao agroforests of Central Cameroon[J].Agroforestry Systems,87(6):1309-1320.
ZHU B,WANG X P,FANG J Y,et al.,2010.Altitudinal changes in carbon storage of temperate forests on Mt Changbai,Northeast China[J].Journal of Plant Research,123(4):439-452.
艾泽民,陈云明,曹扬,2014.黄土丘陵区不同林龄刺槐人工林碳?氮储量及分配格局[J].应用生态学报,25(2):333-341.
鲍士旦,1998.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社.
方晰,田大伦,项文化,2004.不同经营方式对杉木林采伐迹地土壤C储量的影响[J].中南林学院学报,24(1):1-5.
冯源,朱建华,肖文发,等,2017.干扰及林龄影响下迪庆州云杉老龄林生态系统碳储量动态[J].生态环境学报,26(9):1465-1472.
付梦瑶,贺军钊,宋良红,等,2016.三门峡山区典型森林植被乔木层生物量动态研究[J].河南科学,34(3):332-337.
宫超,汪思龙,曾掌权,等,2011.中亚热带常绿阔叶林不同演替阶段碳储量与格局特征[J].生态学杂志,30(9):1935-1941.
韩娟娟,2010.子午岭辽东栎林碳储量与土壤理化性质研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,25(5):18-23.
贺金生,2012.中国森林生态系统的碳循环:从储量、动态到模式[J].中国科学(生命科学),42(3):252-254.
胡彦婷,管东生,王浩,等,2014.广州常绿阔叶林和果园生态系统碳储量[J].生态学杂志,33(11):2873-2879.
黄宇,冯宗炜,汪思龙,等,2005.杉木、火力楠纯林及其混交林生态系统C、N贮量[J].生态学报,25(12):3146-3154.
李加博,韦秋思,吴庆标,等,2017.南亚热带中山区铁坚油杉生物量及碳储量研究[J].湖北林业科技,46(1):14-18.
李晶晶,党坤良,周勇,等,2013.秦岭中段南坡华山松林能量结构特征和碳储量研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),41(11):58-66.
李久林,梁士楚,1997.贵州青岩油杉种群生物量研究[J].贵州师范大学学报(自然科学版),15(1):7-12.
刘林森,2015.滇西北云南松生物量模型回归分析[J].山东林业科技(4):5-9,34.
刘顺,罗达,刘千里,等,2017.川西亚高山不同森林生态系统碳氮储量及其分配格局[J].生态学报,37(4):1074-1083.
刘兴良,郝晓东,杨冬生,等,2006.卧龙巴郎山川滇高山栎灌丛地上生物量及其模型[J].生态学杂志,25(5):487-491.
明安刚,刘世荣,莫慧华,等,2016.南亚热带红锥、杉木纯林与混交林碳贮量比较[J].生态学报,36(1):244-251.
莫德祥,吴庆标,林宁,等,2012.桂东南柳杉人工林碳氮储量及其分配格局[J].生态学杂志,31(4):794-799.
沈燕,田大伦,闫文德,等,2011.湖南沅陵天然次生白栎+檫木+杉木群落生物量及其分布规律[J].中南林业科技大学,31(5):44-51.
王卫霞,史作民,罗达,等,2013.我国南亚热带几种人工林生态系统碳氮储量[J].生态学报,33(3):925-933.
鲜骏仁,张元彬,王开运,等,2009.川西亚高山5种森林生态系统的碳格局[J].植物生态学报,33(2):283-290.
徐耀粘,江明喜,2015.森林碳库特征及驱动因子分析研究进展[J].生态学报,35(3):926-933.
杨丽丽,王彦辉,文仕知,等,2015.六盘山四种森林生态系统的碳氮储量、组成及分布特征[J].生态学报,35(15):5215-5227.
余蓉,项文化,宁晨,等,2016.长沙市4种人工林生态系统碳储量与分布特征[J].生态学报,36(12):3500-3509.
周玉荣,于振良,赵士洞,2000.中国主要森林生态系统碳储量与碳平衡[J].植物生态学报,24(5):518-522.