海州露天煤矿复垦排土场不同土地利用土壤优先流特征研究
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摘要
复垦排土场土壤的大孔隙、管状通道和植物根系是形成优先流的主要原因。论文采用野外染色示踪试验和室内理化分析等研究方法,系统研究不同土地利用方式土壤优先流的形态特征与变化规律,揭示排土场复垦植被恢复过程中优先流的形成机理及影响因素。结果表明:1)排土场各样地土壤优先流多发生在0~40 cm土层,占整个0~60 cm土壤层的93%以上;不同样地土壤优先流特征存在差异,0~5 cm土层染色面积比依次为榆树林地(90.37%)>刺槐林地(79.84%)>混交林地(65.37%)>农地(44.36%)>灌木林地(41.54%)>荒草地(38.38%),均表现为乔木林地大于灌木林地和草地;2)各样地0~60 cm土层染色面积比大小依次为刺槐林地(26.48%)>榆树林地(20.12%)>混交林地(17.32%)>农地(15.06%)>灌木林地(13.97%)>荒草地(10.07%),染色面积比与土层深度之间具有较好的线性关系;3)选取土壤因子、水分因子、植物因子3大类环境因子与染色面积比进行Spearman相关分析,其染色面积比与砾石含量、大孔隙平均半径、饱和导水率、根重密度和<1 mm根长密度呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与容重和含水率呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),与1~2 mm和2~5 mm根长密度呈显著性正相关(P<0.05)。研究结果为认识排土场优先流的形成机制、完善优先流研究体系以及排土场植被恢复与重建提供科学依据。
The macrospores,tubular channels and plant roots in the reclaimed soils of dump were the main reason for the formation of soil preferential flow.To better understand the morphological characteristics and variation of soil preferential flow in different land utilization styles in the dump,the dye staining experiment was carried out and physical and chemical analyses were used in the paper to investigate the formation mechanism and influencing factors of preferential flow in the process of revegetation.The results showed that:1) Soil preferential flow in dump centered in the 0-40 cm soil layer where the proportion of dyed area ratio occupied more than 93% of the 0-60 cm soil layer.The characteristics of soil preferential flow differed significantly in different soils.The dyed area ratio in the 0-5 cm soil layer of arbor forest was higher than those of shrub land and weeds,and the order was Ulmus pumila land(90.37%),Robinia pseudoacacia land(79.84%),mixed forests land(65.37%),farmland(44.36%),shrub land(41.54%) and weeds land(38.38%).2) The order of dyed area ratio in the0-60 cm soil layer of all samples in the dump was Robinia pseudoacacia land(26.48%),Ulmus pumila land(20.12%),mixed forests land(17.32%),farmland(15.06%),shrub land(13.97%)and weeds land(10.07%).There was a good linear relationship between the dyed area ratio and the depth of soil layer.The Spearman correlation analysis was carried out between the dyed area ratio and soil factors,water factors and vegetation factors.The dyed area ratio has significant positive correlation(P<0.01) with gravel content,mean radius of soil macrospores,soil saturated hydraulic conductivity,root weight density and density of root with length less 1 mm density and significant positive correlation(P<0.05) with density of root with length 1-2 mm and 2-5 mm,and it has significant negative correlation(P<0.01) with bulk density,water content.The results provide a scientific basis for understanding the formation mechanism of preferential flow,restoring and reconstructing vegetation in dumps.
The macrospores,tubular channels and plant roots in the reclaimed soils of dump were the main reason for the formation of soil preferential flow.To better understand the morphological characteristics and variation of soil preferential flow in different land utilization styles in the dump,the dye staining experiment was carried out and physical and chemical analyses were used in the paper to investigate the formation mechanism and influencing factors of preferential flow in the process of revegetation.The results showed that:1) Soil preferential flow in dump centered in the 0-40 cm soil layer where the proportion of dyed area ratio occupied more than 93% of the 0-60 cm soil layer.The characteristics of soil preferential flow differed significantly in different soils.The dyed area ratio in the 0-5 cm soil layer of arbor forest was higher than those of shrub land and weeds,and the order was Ulmus pumila land(90.37%),Robinia pseudoacacia land(79.84%),mixed forests land(65.37%),farmland(44.36%),shrub land(41.54%) and weeds land(38.38%).2) The order of dyed area ratio in the0-60 cm soil layer of all samples in the dump was Robinia pseudoacacia land(26.48%),Ulmus pumila land(20.12%),mixed forests land(17.32%),farmland(15.06%),shrub land(13.97%)and weeds land(10.07%).There was a good linear relationship between the dyed area ratio and the depth of soil layer.The Spearman correlation analysis was carried out between the dyed area ratio and soil factors,water factors and vegetation factors.The dyed area ratio has significant positive correlation(P<0.01) with gravel content,mean radius of soil macrospores,soil saturated hydraulic conductivity,root weight density and density of root with length less 1 mm density and significant positive correlation(P<0.05) with density of root with length 1-2 mm and 2-5 mm,and it has significant negative correlation(P<0.01) with bulk density,water content.The results provide a scientific basis for understanding the formation mechanism of preferential flow,restoring and reconstructing vegetation in dumps.
引文
[1]AHIRWAL J,MAITI S K.Assessment of soil properties of different land uses generated due to surface coal mining activities in tropical Sal(Shorea robusta)forest,India[J].Catena,2016,140:155-163.
[2]宋晓波.中国适宜露天开采的煤炭资源分布及其评价研究[J].煤炭工程,2015,47(12):124-126.[SONG X B.Distribution and evaluation of coal resources suitable for open-pit mining in China.Coal Engineering,2015,47(12):124-126.]
[3]魏忠义,白中科.露天矿大型排土场水蚀控制的径流分散概念及其分散措施[J].煤炭学报,2003,28(5):486-490.[WEI Z Y,BAI Z K.The concept and measures of runoff-dispersing on water erosion control in the large dump of opencast mine.Journal of China Coal Society,2003,28(5):486-490.]
[4]文月荣,党廷辉,唐骏,等.不同林地恢复模式下露天煤矿排土场土壤有机碳分布特征[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(1):83-90.[WEN Y R,DANG T H,TANG J,et al.Distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon under different forest restoration modes on opencast coal mine dump.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2016,27(1):83-90.]
[5]白中科,王文英,李晋川,等.黄土区大型露天煤矿剧烈扰动土地生态重建研究[J].应用生态学报,1998,9(6):621-626.[BAI Z K,WANG W Y,LI J C,et al.Ecological rehabilitation of drastically disturbed land at large opencut coal mine in loess area.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,1998,9(6):621-626.]
[6]MUKHOPADHYAY S,MAITI S K,MASTO R E.Use of Reclaimed Mine Soil Index(RMSI)for screening of tree species for reclamation of coal mine degraded land[J].Ecological Engineering,2013,57:133-142.
[7]RITTER J B,GARDNER T W.Hydrologic evolution of drainage basins disturbed by surface mining,central Pennsylvania[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,1993,105(1):101-115.
[8]HERAS M D L,MERINO-MARTíN L,NICOLAU J M.Effect of vegetation cover on the hydrology of reclaimed mining soils under Mediterranean-Continental climate[J].Catena,2009,77(1):39-47.
[9]BUNDT M,ALBRECHT A,FROIDEVAUX P,et al.Impact of preferential flow on radionuclide distribution in soil[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2000,34(18):209-216.
[10]HENDRICKX J M H,FLURY M.Uniform and preferential flow mechanisms in the vadose zone[M]//Conceptual Models of Flow and Transport in the Fractured Vadose Zone.The National Academies Press,2001:149-187.
[11]HAGEDORN F,BUNDT M.The age of preferential flow paths[J].Geoderma,2002,108(1):119-132.
[12]FLUHLER H,DURNER W,FLURY M.Lateral solute mixing processes—A key for understanding field-scale transport of water and solutes[J].Geoderma,1996,70:165-183.
[13]ZHANG Y,ZHANG M,NIU J,et al.The preferential flow of soil:A widespread phenomenon in pedological perspectives[J].Eurasian Soil Science,2016,49(6):661-672.
[14]GERMANN P,BEVEN K.Water flow in soil macropores I:An experimental approach[J].European Journal of Soil Science,1981,32:1-13.
[15]NOGUCHI S,NIK A R,KASRAN B,et al.Soil physical properties and preferential flowpaths in tropical rainforest,Bukit Tarek,Peninsular Malaysia[J].Journal of Forest Research,1997,2(2):115-120.
[16]STEWART J B,MORAN C J,WOOD J T.Macrospore sheath:Quantification of plant root and soil macrospore association[J].Plant&Soil,1999,211(1):59-67.
[17]J?RGENSEN P R,HOFFMANN M,KISTRUP J P,et al.Preferential flow and pesticide transport in a clay-rich till:Field,laboratory,and modeling analysis[J].Water Resources Research,2002,38(11):28-1-28-15.doi:10.1029/2001WR000494.
[18]DUSEK J,VOGEL T,LICHNER L,et al.Simulated cadmium transport in macrospores soil during heavy rainstorm using dual-permeability approach[J].Biologia,2006,61(19):S251-S254.
[19]YAN J,ZHAO W.Characteristics of preferential flow during simulated rainfall events in an arid region of China[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2016,75(7):1-12.
[20]闫加亮,赵文智,张勇勇.绿洲农田土壤优先流特征及其对灌溉量的响应[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(5):1454-1460.[YAN J L,ZHAO W Z,ZHANG Y Y.Characteristics of the preferential flow and its response to irrigation amount in oasis cropland.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2015,26(5):1454-1460.]
[21]MATTHEWS A M,ARMSTRONG A C,LEEDS-HARRISON P B,et al.Development and testing of a model for predicting tillage effects on nitrate leaching from cracked clay soils[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2000,53(3):245-254.
[22]SHIPITALO M J,NUUTINEN V,BUTT K R.Interaction of earthworm burrows and cracks in a clayey,subsurfacedrained,soil[J].Applied Soil Ecology,2004,26(3):209-217.
[23]张中彬,彭新华.土壤裂隙及其优先流研究进展[J].土壤学报,2015,52(3):477-488.[ZHANG Z B,PEGN X H.A review of researches on soil cracks and their impacts on preferential flow.Acta Pedologica Sinica,2015,52(3):477-488.]
[24]GUEBERT M D,GARDNER T W.Macropore flow on a reclaimed surface mine:Infiltration and hillslope hydrology[J].Geomorphology,2001,39(3/4):151-169.
[25]HANGEN E,GERKE H H,SCHAAF W,et al.Flow path visualization in a lignitic mine soil using iodine-starch staining[J].Geoderma,2004,120(1/2):121-135.
[26]GARRIDO F,SERRANO S,BARRIOS L,et al.Preferential flow and metal distribution in a contaminated alluvial soil from S?o Domingos mine(Portugal)[J].Geoderma,2014,213:103-114.
[27]CLARK E V,ZIPPER C E.Vegetation influences near-surface hydrological characteristics on a surface coal mine in eastern USA[J].Catena,2016,139:241-249.
[28]HANGEN E,GERKE H H,SCHAAF W,et al.Assessment of preferential flow processes in a forest-reclaimed lignitic mine soil by multicell sampling of drainage water and three tracers[J].Journal of Hydrology,2005,303(1):16-37.
[29]李文银,王治国,蔡继清.工矿区水土保持[M].北京:科学出版社,1996:29-30.[LI W Y,WANG Z G,CAI J Q.Water and Soil Conservation in Industrial and Mining Areas.Beijing:Science Press,1996:29-30.]
[30]ZHANG H,CHENG J,SHI Y,et al.The distribution of preferential paths and its relation to the soil characteristics in the Three Gorges Area,China[J].International Journal of Sediment Research,2007,22(1):39-48.
[31]王丽艳,韩有志,张成梁,等.不同植被恢复模式下煤矸石山复垦土壤性质及煤矸石风化物的变化特征[J].生态学报,2011,31(21):6429-6441.[WANG L Y,HAN Y Z,ZHANG C L,et al.Reclaimed soil properties and weathered gangue change characteristics under various vegetation types on gangue pile.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(21):6429-6441.]
[32]ZAVALA L M,GONZáLEZ F A,JORDáN A.Fire-induced soil water repellency under different vegetation types along the Atlantic dune coast-line in SW Spain[J].Catena,2009,79(2):153-162.
[33]KOESTEL J K,MOEYS J,JARVIS N J.Meta-analysis of the effects of soil properties,site factors and experimental conditions on solute transport[J].Hydrology&Earth System Sciences Discussions,2012,16(6):1647-1665.
[34]吕文星.三峡库区三种土地利用方式优先流特征及其对硝态氮运移的影响[D].北京:北京林业大学,2013.[LüW X.Characteristics of Preferential Flow and Its Effect on Nitrate Nitrogen Transport in Three Land Use Types of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area.Beijing:Beijing Forestry University,2013.]
[35]WANG Q,YANG W,LIU W.Adsorption of acetanilide herbicides on soils and its correlation with soil properties[J].Pesticide Science,1999,55(11):1103-1108.
[36]HERRICK J E,ZEE J W V,BELNAP J,et al.Fine gravel controls hydrologic and erodibility responses to trampling disturbance for coarse-textured soils with weak cyanobacterial crusts[J].Catena,2010,83(2/3):119-126.
[37]ZAVALA L M,JORDáN A,BELLINFANTE N,et al.Relationships between rock fragment cover and soil hydrological response in a Mediterranean environment[J].Soil Science&Plant Nutrition,2010,56(1):95-104.
[38]JOMAA S,BARRY D A,BROVELLI A,et al.Rain splash soil erosion estimation in the presence of rock fragments[J].Catena,2012,92:38-48.
[39]EDWARDS W M,SHIPITALO M J,OWENS L B,et al.Rainfall intensity affects transport of water and chemicals through macrospores in no-till soil[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1992,56(1):52-58.
[40]张英虎,牛健植,朱蔚利,等.森林生态系统林木根系对优先流的影响[J].生态学报,2015,35(6):1788-1797.[ZHANG Y H,NIU J Z,ZHU W L,et al.Effects of plant root systems on preferential flow in forest ecosystems.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(6):1788-1797.]
[2]宋晓波.中国适宜露天开采的煤炭资源分布及其评价研究[J].煤炭工程,2015,47(12):124-126.[SONG X B.Distribution and evaluation of coal resources suitable for open-pit mining in China.Coal Engineering,2015,47(12):124-126.]
[3]魏忠义,白中科.露天矿大型排土场水蚀控制的径流分散概念及其分散措施[J].煤炭学报,2003,28(5):486-490.[WEI Z Y,BAI Z K.The concept and measures of runoff-dispersing on water erosion control in the large dump of opencast mine.Journal of China Coal Society,2003,28(5):486-490.]
[4]文月荣,党廷辉,唐骏,等.不同林地恢复模式下露天煤矿排土场土壤有机碳分布特征[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(1):83-90.[WEN Y R,DANG T H,TANG J,et al.Distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon under different forest restoration modes on opencast coal mine dump.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2016,27(1):83-90.]
[5]白中科,王文英,李晋川,等.黄土区大型露天煤矿剧烈扰动土地生态重建研究[J].应用生态学报,1998,9(6):621-626.[BAI Z K,WANG W Y,LI J C,et al.Ecological rehabilitation of drastically disturbed land at large opencut coal mine in loess area.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,1998,9(6):621-626.]
[6]MUKHOPADHYAY S,MAITI S K,MASTO R E.Use of Reclaimed Mine Soil Index(RMSI)for screening of tree species for reclamation of coal mine degraded land[J].Ecological Engineering,2013,57:133-142.
[7]RITTER J B,GARDNER T W.Hydrologic evolution of drainage basins disturbed by surface mining,central Pennsylvania[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,1993,105(1):101-115.
[8]HERAS M D L,MERINO-MARTíN L,NICOLAU J M.Effect of vegetation cover on the hydrology of reclaimed mining soils under Mediterranean-Continental climate[J].Catena,2009,77(1):39-47.
[9]BUNDT M,ALBRECHT A,FROIDEVAUX P,et al.Impact of preferential flow on radionuclide distribution in soil[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2000,34(18):209-216.
[10]HENDRICKX J M H,FLURY M.Uniform and preferential flow mechanisms in the vadose zone[M]//Conceptual Models of Flow and Transport in the Fractured Vadose Zone.The National Academies Press,2001:149-187.
[11]HAGEDORN F,BUNDT M.The age of preferential flow paths[J].Geoderma,2002,108(1):119-132.
[12]FLUHLER H,DURNER W,FLURY M.Lateral solute mixing processes—A key for understanding field-scale transport of water and solutes[J].Geoderma,1996,70:165-183.
[13]ZHANG Y,ZHANG M,NIU J,et al.The preferential flow of soil:A widespread phenomenon in pedological perspectives[J].Eurasian Soil Science,2016,49(6):661-672.
[14]GERMANN P,BEVEN K.Water flow in soil macropores I:An experimental approach[J].European Journal of Soil Science,1981,32:1-13.
[15]NOGUCHI S,NIK A R,KASRAN B,et al.Soil physical properties and preferential flowpaths in tropical rainforest,Bukit Tarek,Peninsular Malaysia[J].Journal of Forest Research,1997,2(2):115-120.
[16]STEWART J B,MORAN C J,WOOD J T.Macrospore sheath:Quantification of plant root and soil macrospore association[J].Plant&Soil,1999,211(1):59-67.
[17]J?RGENSEN P R,HOFFMANN M,KISTRUP J P,et al.Preferential flow and pesticide transport in a clay-rich till:Field,laboratory,and modeling analysis[J].Water Resources Research,2002,38(11):28-1-28-15.doi:10.1029/2001WR000494.
[18]DUSEK J,VOGEL T,LICHNER L,et al.Simulated cadmium transport in macrospores soil during heavy rainstorm using dual-permeability approach[J].Biologia,2006,61(19):S251-S254.
[19]YAN J,ZHAO W.Characteristics of preferential flow during simulated rainfall events in an arid region of China[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2016,75(7):1-12.
[20]闫加亮,赵文智,张勇勇.绿洲农田土壤优先流特征及其对灌溉量的响应[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(5):1454-1460.[YAN J L,ZHAO W Z,ZHANG Y Y.Characteristics of the preferential flow and its response to irrigation amount in oasis cropland.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2015,26(5):1454-1460.]
[21]MATTHEWS A M,ARMSTRONG A C,LEEDS-HARRISON P B,et al.Development and testing of a model for predicting tillage effects on nitrate leaching from cracked clay soils[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2000,53(3):245-254.
[22]SHIPITALO M J,NUUTINEN V,BUTT K R.Interaction of earthworm burrows and cracks in a clayey,subsurfacedrained,soil[J].Applied Soil Ecology,2004,26(3):209-217.
[23]张中彬,彭新华.土壤裂隙及其优先流研究进展[J].土壤学报,2015,52(3):477-488.[ZHANG Z B,PEGN X H.A review of researches on soil cracks and their impacts on preferential flow.Acta Pedologica Sinica,2015,52(3):477-488.]
[24]GUEBERT M D,GARDNER T W.Macropore flow on a reclaimed surface mine:Infiltration and hillslope hydrology[J].Geomorphology,2001,39(3/4):151-169.
[25]HANGEN E,GERKE H H,SCHAAF W,et al.Flow path visualization in a lignitic mine soil using iodine-starch staining[J].Geoderma,2004,120(1/2):121-135.
[26]GARRIDO F,SERRANO S,BARRIOS L,et al.Preferential flow and metal distribution in a contaminated alluvial soil from S?o Domingos mine(Portugal)[J].Geoderma,2014,213:103-114.
[27]CLARK E V,ZIPPER C E.Vegetation influences near-surface hydrological characteristics on a surface coal mine in eastern USA[J].Catena,2016,139:241-249.
[28]HANGEN E,GERKE H H,SCHAAF W,et al.Assessment of preferential flow processes in a forest-reclaimed lignitic mine soil by multicell sampling of drainage water and three tracers[J].Journal of Hydrology,2005,303(1):16-37.
[29]李文银,王治国,蔡继清.工矿区水土保持[M].北京:科学出版社,1996:29-30.[LI W Y,WANG Z G,CAI J Q.Water and Soil Conservation in Industrial and Mining Areas.Beijing:Science Press,1996:29-30.]
[30]ZHANG H,CHENG J,SHI Y,et al.The distribution of preferential paths and its relation to the soil characteristics in the Three Gorges Area,China[J].International Journal of Sediment Research,2007,22(1):39-48.
[31]王丽艳,韩有志,张成梁,等.不同植被恢复模式下煤矸石山复垦土壤性质及煤矸石风化物的变化特征[J].生态学报,2011,31(21):6429-6441.[WANG L Y,HAN Y Z,ZHANG C L,et al.Reclaimed soil properties and weathered gangue change characteristics under various vegetation types on gangue pile.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(21):6429-6441.]
[32]ZAVALA L M,GONZáLEZ F A,JORDáN A.Fire-induced soil water repellency under different vegetation types along the Atlantic dune coast-line in SW Spain[J].Catena,2009,79(2):153-162.
[33]KOESTEL J K,MOEYS J,JARVIS N J.Meta-analysis of the effects of soil properties,site factors and experimental conditions on solute transport[J].Hydrology&Earth System Sciences Discussions,2012,16(6):1647-1665.
[34]吕文星.三峡库区三种土地利用方式优先流特征及其对硝态氮运移的影响[D].北京:北京林业大学,2013.[LüW X.Characteristics of Preferential Flow and Its Effect on Nitrate Nitrogen Transport in Three Land Use Types of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area.Beijing:Beijing Forestry University,2013.]
[35]WANG Q,YANG W,LIU W.Adsorption of acetanilide herbicides on soils and its correlation with soil properties[J].Pesticide Science,1999,55(11):1103-1108.
[36]HERRICK J E,ZEE J W V,BELNAP J,et al.Fine gravel controls hydrologic and erodibility responses to trampling disturbance for coarse-textured soils with weak cyanobacterial crusts[J].Catena,2010,83(2/3):119-126.
[37]ZAVALA L M,JORDáN A,BELLINFANTE N,et al.Relationships between rock fragment cover and soil hydrological response in a Mediterranean environment[J].Soil Science&Plant Nutrition,2010,56(1):95-104.
[38]JOMAA S,BARRY D A,BROVELLI A,et al.Rain splash soil erosion estimation in the presence of rock fragments[J].Catena,2012,92:38-48.
[39]EDWARDS W M,SHIPITALO M J,OWENS L B,et al.Rainfall intensity affects transport of water and chemicals through macrospores in no-till soil[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1992,56(1):52-58.
[40]张英虎,牛健植,朱蔚利,等.森林生态系统林木根系对优先流的影响[J].生态学报,2015,35(6):1788-1797.[ZHANG Y H,NIU J Z,ZHU W L,et al.Effects of plant root systems on preferential flow in forest ecosystems.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(6):1788-1797.]