紫色土耕层土壤基质与优先流入渗的定量计算
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摘要
紫色土入渗性能及其影响因素研究已较为普遍,但关于紫色土基质与优先流入渗定量计算研究还鲜有报道。笔者在已有研究的基础上,应用表置环式入渗仪装置,定量测定重庆市北碚区紫色土耕层土壤基质和优先流入渗率。结果表明:研究区紫色土耕层土壤优先流的累积入渗量是土壤基质入渗量的0. 6～1. 5倍;初始入渗阶段,基质入渗率与优先流入渗率的比值为0. 3～0. 5;入渗过程中,基质入渗率与优先流入渗率比值逐渐增大;达到稳渗阶段后,优先流入渗率明显减小,基质入渗与优先流入渗率比值为1. 5～16. 5。土壤基质和优先流入渗在紫色土坡耕地土壤水文过程中具有同等重要的作用。耕层紫色土均可用Philip入渗模型和Kostiakov入渗模型模拟,且拟合效果较好。本研究结果可为揭示紫色土入渗过程机理提供科学依据。
[Background] The soil erosion of purple soil sloping cultivated land in the Three Gorges Reservoir area is serious,and the annual soil erosion amount is as high as 9 854 t. The infiltration properties of purple soil and its influencing factors have been widely studied,but there are few reports on the quantitative calculation of the matrix and preferential inflow of purple soil. In view of this,the purple soil in sloping cultivated land was chosen as the research object,and the characteristics of soil matrix and preferential inflow in purple soil plough layer were quantitatively discussed,which provided a scientific basis for the mechanism of infiltration process in purple soil plough layer. [Methods]Taking the purple soil slope farmland in Beibei,Chongqing as the research object,the soil matrix and the total infiltration rate of the purple soil plough layer were quantitatively measured by using the surface ring infiltration meters,and then the preferential infiltration rate was calculated. The variation of soil matrix infiltration rate to preferential infiltration rate of this area with time was analyzed. Philip infiltration model and Kostiakov infiltration model were used to fit the matrix infiltration process measured at different test sites.[Results]1) The initial infiltration rate of soil matrix infiltration is 8. 38 to 32. 66 mm/min,the stable infiltration rate is 3. 15 to 4. 2 mm/min,the average infiltration rate is 3. 62 to 6. 26 mm/min. The initial infiltration rate of preferential flow is 37. 01 to 42. 34 mm/min,the stable infiltration rate is 0. 04 to 1. 59 mm/min,the average infiltration rate is 2. 31 to 9. 67 mm/min. 2) The cumulative infiltration of soilpreferential flow in the purple soil layer of the study area is 0. 6-1. 5 times that of the soil matrix infiltration. The ratio of matrix infiltration rate to preferential infiltration rate is 0. 3-0. 5 in the initial infiltration stage; the ratio of matrix infiltration rate to preferential infiltration rate is gradually increasing during the process of infiltration. After reaching the stage of steady infiltration,preferential infiltration rate decreases, the ratio of matrix infiltration rate to preferential infiltration rate is 1. 5-16. 5.[Conclusions] Soil matrix and preferential flow played the same important role in the hydrological process of purple soil slope farmland. The fitting results of soil matrix infiltration rate were good,and the determining coefficient was above 0. 93. The results of this study may provide a scientific basis for studying the mechanism of infiltration process of purple soil.
[Background] The soil erosion of purple soil sloping cultivated land in the Three Gorges Reservoir area is serious,and the annual soil erosion amount is as high as 9 854 t. The infiltration properties of purple soil and its influencing factors have been widely studied,but there are few reports on the quantitative calculation of the matrix and preferential inflow of purple soil. In view of this,the purple soil in sloping cultivated land was chosen as the research object,and the characteristics of soil matrix and preferential inflow in purple soil plough layer were quantitatively discussed,which provided a scientific basis for the mechanism of infiltration process in purple soil plough layer. [Methods]Taking the purple soil slope farmland in Beibei,Chongqing as the research object,the soil matrix and the total infiltration rate of the purple soil plough layer were quantitatively measured by using the surface ring infiltration meters,and then the preferential infiltration rate was calculated. The variation of soil matrix infiltration rate to preferential infiltration rate of this area with time was analyzed. Philip infiltration model and Kostiakov infiltration model were used to fit the matrix infiltration process measured at different test sites.[Results]1) The initial infiltration rate of soil matrix infiltration is 8. 38 to 32. 66 mm/min,the stable infiltration rate is 3. 15 to 4. 2 mm/min,the average infiltration rate is 3. 62 to 6. 26 mm/min. The initial infiltration rate of preferential flow is 37. 01 to 42. 34 mm/min,the stable infiltration rate is 0. 04 to 1. 59 mm/min,the average infiltration rate is 2. 31 to 9. 67 mm/min. 2) The cumulative infiltration of soilpreferential flow in the purple soil layer of the study area is 0. 6-1. 5 times that of the soil matrix infiltration. The ratio of matrix infiltration rate to preferential infiltration rate is 0. 3-0. 5 in the initial infiltration stage; the ratio of matrix infiltration rate to preferential infiltration rate is gradually increasing during the process of infiltration. After reaching the stage of steady infiltration,preferential infiltration rate decreases, the ratio of matrix infiltration rate to preferential infiltration rate is 1. 5-16. 5.[Conclusions] Soil matrix and preferential flow played the same important role in the hydrological process of purple soil slope farmland. The fitting results of soil matrix infiltration rate were good,and the determining coefficient was above 0. 93. The results of this study may provide a scientific basis for studying the mechanism of infiltration process of purple soil.
引文
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[8] ALLAIRE S E,GUPTA S C,NIEBER J,et al. Role of macropore continuity and tortuosity on solute transport in soils:2. Interactions with model assumptions for macropore description[J]. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology,2002,58(3):283.
[9] ALLAIRE S E,ROULIER S,CESSNA A J. Quantifying preferential flow in soils:A review of different techniques[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2009,378(2):179.
[10] STAGNITTI F,PARLANGE J,STEENHUIS T S,et al.Transport of moisture and solutes in the unsaturated zone by preferential flow[J]. Environmental Hydrology,1995(15):193.
[11] ANARI P L,DARANI H S,NAFARZADEGAN A R.Application of ANN and ANFIS models for estimating total infiltration rate in an arid rangeland ecosystem[J].Research Journal of Environmental Sciences,2011,5(3):236.
[12] VILLAMIZAR M L,BROWN C D. A modelling framework to simulate river flow and pesticide loss via preferential flow at the catchment scale[J]. Catena,2017,149(1):120.
[13] MCBRIDE D,ILANKOON I M S K,NEETHLING S J,et al. Preferential flow behaviour in unsaturated packed beds and heaps:Incorporating into a CFD model[J].Hydrometallurgy,2017,171.
[14] LAWES J B,GILBERT J H,WARINGTON R. On the amount and com-position of the rain and drainage waters collected at Rothamsted[J]. Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England Series 2,1882,17:241.
[15]刘目兴,杜文正.山地土壤优先流路径的染色示踪研究[J].土壤学报,2013,50(5):871.LIU Muxing,DU Wenzheng. To investigate soil preferential flow paths in mountain area using dye tracer[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2013,50(5):871.
[16]张婧.土壤入渗与优先流测量方法研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2017:63.ZHANG Jing. Study on measurement methodology of soil infiltration and preferential flow[D]. Beijing:China Agricultural University,2017:63.
[17]王红兰,蒋舜媛,崔俊芳,等.紫色土坡耕地土壤大孔隙流的定量评价[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(22):167.WANG Honglan,JIANG Shunyuan,CUI Junfang,et al. Quantitative evaluation of macropore flow in purple soil of sloping cropland[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2017,33(22):167.
[18] NOBLES M M,WILDING L P,MCINNES K J. Submicroscopic measurements of tracer distribution related to surface features of soil aggregates[J]. Geoderma,2004,123(1):83.
[19] WEILER M. An infiltration model based on flow variability in macropores:development,sensitivity analysis and applications[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2005,310(1):294.
[20] VRIES J. Hydrologic behavior of a forested mountain soil in coastal British Columbia[J]. Water Resources Research,1978,14(5):935.
[21] EDWARDS W M. Characterizing macropores that affect infiltration into nontilled soil[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal,1988,52(2):483.
[22] LUXMOORE R J. Micro-,meso-,and macroporosity of soil[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal,1981,45(3):671.
[23]莫斌,陈晓燕,杨以翠,等.不同土地利用类型土壤入渗性能及其影响因素研究[J].水土保持研究,2016(1):13.MO Bin,CHEN Xiaoyan,YANG Yicui,et al. Research on soil infiltration capacity and its influencing factors in different land uses[J]. Research Soil and Water Conservation,2016(1):13.
[24]李雪垠,李朝霞,王天巍,等.紫色土中砾石夹层对土壤水分入渗的影响[J].水科学进展,2016,27(5):662.LI Xueyin,LI Zhaoxia,WANG Tianwei,et al. Rock interbed containment effect on infiltration processes in purple soil regions[J]. Advances in Water Science,2016,27(5):662.
[25]马晓刚,张兵,史东梅,等.丘陵区不同土地利用类型紫色土入渗特征研究[J].水土保持学报,2007,21(5):25.MA Xiaogang, ZHANG Bing, SHI Dongmei, et al.Study on soil infiltration characteristic of different land utilization types in purple soil hilly region[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2007,21(5):25.
[26] BEVEN K. Macropores and water flow in soils[J]. Water Resources Research,1982,18(5):1311.
[27]胡顺军,田长彦,宋郁东,等.土壤渗透系数测定与计算方法的探讨[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(5):68.HU Shunjun,TIAN Changyan,SONG Yudong,et al.Determination and calculation of soil permeability coefficient[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2011,27(5):68.
[28]佘冬立,高雪梅,房凯.利用圆盘入渗仪测定不同土地利用类型土壤吸渗率[J].农业工程学报,2014(18):151.SHE Dongli,GAO Xuemei,FANG Kai. Measurement of soil sorptivity rate under different land uses by disc infiltrometer[J]. Transactions of the CSAE, 2014(18):151.
[29]孙蓓,马玉莹,雷廷武,等.农地耕层与犁底层土壤入渗性能的连续测量方法[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(4):118.SUN Bei,MA Yuying,LEI Tingwu,et al. Method for continuously measuring soil infiltrability of plow-cultivated layer and hardpan in farmland[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2013,29(4):118.
[30]吴秋菊,吴佳,王林华,等.黄土区坡耕地土壤结皮对入渗的影响[J].土壤学报,2015,52(2):303.WU Qiuju,WU Jia,WANG Linhua,et al. Effects of soil crusts on infiltration in slope land in the loess area[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica,2015,52(2):303.
[31]莫斌,陈晓燕,雷廷武,等.不同方法测定紫色土坡耕地入渗性能试验研究[J].水土保持学报,2015,(3):1.MO Bin,CHEN Xiaoyan,LEI Tingwu,et al. Experimental study on infiltration capacity on slope cropland of purple soil with different determining methods[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2015,(3):1.
[32]雷廷武,张婧,王伟,等.土壤环式入渗仪测量效果分析[J].农业机械学报,2013,44(12):99.LEI Tingwu,ZHANG Jing,WANG Wei,et al. Assessment on soil infiltration rates measured by ring infiltrometer[J]. Journal of the CSAM,2013,44(12):99.
[2]郭进,文安邦,严冬春,等.三峡库区紫色土坡地土壤颗粒流失特征[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(3):18.GUO Jin,WEN Anbang,YAN Dongchun,et al. Particle characteristics of eroded purple soil from slope land in the Three Gorges Reservoir region[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,26(3):18.
[3]王玉宽,文安邦,张信宝.长江上游重点水土流失区坡耕地土壤侵蚀的137Cs法研究[J].水土保持学报,2003,17(2):77.WANG Yukuan,WEN Anbang,ZHANG Xinbao. Study of soil erosion on cultivated slope land in severe soil loess regions of upper reaches of Yangtze River Basin using137Cs technique[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2003,17(2):77.
[4]龙天渝,王延青,安强,等.积水条件下连续和间歇供水对上壤入渗特性的影响[J].水土保持通报,2012,32(3):7.LONG Tianyu, WANG Yanqing, AN Qiang, et al.Effects of continuous and intermittent water supply on infiltration characteristics of a purple soil under ponding condition[J]. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,32(3):7.
[5] GERMANN P F. Kinematic wave approximation to infiltration into soils with sorbing macropores[J]. Water Resources Research,1985,21(7):990.
[6]刘亚平,陈川.土壤非饱和带中的优先流[J].水科学进展,1996,7(1):85.LIU Yaping,CHEN Chuan. Introduction to preferential flow in unsaturated soil[J]. Advances in Water Science,1996,7(1):85.
[7]庄季屏.土壤物理学科发展趋势与展望[J].中国农业大学学报,1997(增刊1):1.ZHUANG Jiping. Development and prospects of soil physics[J]. Journal of China Agricultural University,1997(S1):1.
[8] ALLAIRE S E,GUPTA S C,NIEBER J,et al. Role of macropore continuity and tortuosity on solute transport in soils:2. Interactions with model assumptions for macropore description[J]. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology,2002,58(3):283.
[9] ALLAIRE S E,ROULIER S,CESSNA A J. Quantifying preferential flow in soils:A review of different techniques[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2009,378(2):179.
[10] STAGNITTI F,PARLANGE J,STEENHUIS T S,et al.Transport of moisture and solutes in the unsaturated zone by preferential flow[J]. Environmental Hydrology,1995(15):193.
[11] ANARI P L,DARANI H S,NAFARZADEGAN A R.Application of ANN and ANFIS models for estimating total infiltration rate in an arid rangeland ecosystem[J].Research Journal of Environmental Sciences,2011,5(3):236.
[12] VILLAMIZAR M L,BROWN C D. A modelling framework to simulate river flow and pesticide loss via preferential flow at the catchment scale[J]. Catena,2017,149(1):120.
[13] MCBRIDE D,ILANKOON I M S K,NEETHLING S J,et al. Preferential flow behaviour in unsaturated packed beds and heaps:Incorporating into a CFD model[J].Hydrometallurgy,2017,171.
[14] LAWES J B,GILBERT J H,WARINGTON R. On the amount and com-position of the rain and drainage waters collected at Rothamsted[J]. Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England Series 2,1882,17:241.
[15]刘目兴,杜文正.山地土壤优先流路径的染色示踪研究[J].土壤学报,2013,50(5):871.LIU Muxing,DU Wenzheng. To investigate soil preferential flow paths in mountain area using dye tracer[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2013,50(5):871.
[16]张婧.土壤入渗与优先流测量方法研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2017:63.ZHANG Jing. Study on measurement methodology of soil infiltration and preferential flow[D]. Beijing:China Agricultural University,2017:63.
[17]王红兰,蒋舜媛,崔俊芳,等.紫色土坡耕地土壤大孔隙流的定量评价[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(22):167.WANG Honglan,JIANG Shunyuan,CUI Junfang,et al. Quantitative evaluation of macropore flow in purple soil of sloping cropland[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2017,33(22):167.
[18] NOBLES M M,WILDING L P,MCINNES K J. Submicroscopic measurements of tracer distribution related to surface features of soil aggregates[J]. Geoderma,2004,123(1):83.
[19] WEILER M. An infiltration model based on flow variability in macropores:development,sensitivity analysis and applications[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2005,310(1):294.
[20] VRIES J. Hydrologic behavior of a forested mountain soil in coastal British Columbia[J]. Water Resources Research,1978,14(5):935.
[21] EDWARDS W M. Characterizing macropores that affect infiltration into nontilled soil[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal,1988,52(2):483.
[22] LUXMOORE R J. Micro-,meso-,and macroporosity of soil[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal,1981,45(3):671.
[23]莫斌,陈晓燕,杨以翠,等.不同土地利用类型土壤入渗性能及其影响因素研究[J].水土保持研究,2016(1):13.MO Bin,CHEN Xiaoyan,YANG Yicui,et al. Research on soil infiltration capacity and its influencing factors in different land uses[J]. Research Soil and Water Conservation,2016(1):13.
[24]李雪垠,李朝霞,王天巍,等.紫色土中砾石夹层对土壤水分入渗的影响[J].水科学进展,2016,27(5):662.LI Xueyin,LI Zhaoxia,WANG Tianwei,et al. Rock interbed containment effect on infiltration processes in purple soil regions[J]. Advances in Water Science,2016,27(5):662.
[25]马晓刚,张兵,史东梅,等.丘陵区不同土地利用类型紫色土入渗特征研究[J].水土保持学报,2007,21(5):25.MA Xiaogang, ZHANG Bing, SHI Dongmei, et al.Study on soil infiltration characteristic of different land utilization types in purple soil hilly region[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2007,21(5):25.
[26] BEVEN K. Macropores and water flow in soils[J]. Water Resources Research,1982,18(5):1311.
[27]胡顺军,田长彦,宋郁东,等.土壤渗透系数测定与计算方法的探讨[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(5):68.HU Shunjun,TIAN Changyan,SONG Yudong,et al.Determination and calculation of soil permeability coefficient[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2011,27(5):68.
[28]佘冬立,高雪梅,房凯.利用圆盘入渗仪测定不同土地利用类型土壤吸渗率[J].农业工程学报,2014(18):151.SHE Dongli,GAO Xuemei,FANG Kai. Measurement of soil sorptivity rate under different land uses by disc infiltrometer[J]. Transactions of the CSAE, 2014(18):151.
[29]孙蓓,马玉莹,雷廷武,等.农地耕层与犁底层土壤入渗性能的连续测量方法[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(4):118.SUN Bei,MA Yuying,LEI Tingwu,et al. Method for continuously measuring soil infiltrability of plow-cultivated layer and hardpan in farmland[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2013,29(4):118.
[30]吴秋菊,吴佳,王林华,等.黄土区坡耕地土壤结皮对入渗的影响[J].土壤学报,2015,52(2):303.WU Qiuju,WU Jia,WANG Linhua,et al. Effects of soil crusts on infiltration in slope land in the loess area[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica,2015,52(2):303.
[31]莫斌,陈晓燕,雷廷武,等.不同方法测定紫色土坡耕地入渗性能试验研究[J].水土保持学报,2015,(3):1.MO Bin,CHEN Xiaoyan,LEI Tingwu,et al. Experimental study on infiltration capacity on slope cropland of purple soil with different determining methods[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2015,(3):1.
[32]雷廷武,张婧,王伟,等.土壤环式入渗仪测量效果分析[J].农业机械学报,2013,44(12):99.LEI Tingwu,ZHANG Jing,WANG Wei,et al. Assessment on soil infiltration rates measured by ring infiltrometer[J]. Journal of the CSAM,2013,44(12):99.