不同植被覆盖下土壤优先流特征及影响因素
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摘要
以重庆市四面山的林地(天然针阔叶混交林地、天然阔叶林地)、农田(玉米)为研究对象,利用染色示踪法,从染色图像中提取出5个优先流特征指标,揭示了四面山地区不同植被覆盖下土壤优先流特征,并采用主成分分析法探究土壤质地、化学性质和植物根长密度、根重密度等根系因子对优先流的影响。结果表明,3种植被覆盖下土壤染色区域均集中在0～10 cm表层范围内。其中,天然针阔叶混交林地达到63.44%,天然阔叶林地达到61.87%以上,农地达到43.56%。林地的优先流发育程度大于农地,具体表现为天然针阔叶混交林地>天然阔叶林地>农地。随着土层深度的增加,优先流表现出一定的空间异质性。土壤中砂粒含量的增加和粉粒含量的减少,增大了优先流发生的概率。优先流的形成过程中受土壤化学性质影响较大,随着土层深度的增加,3种样地的速效磷、全氮、有机质含量变化总体上均呈减少趋势。植物根系特征中的根重密度和根长密度(<1 mm、3～5 mm)是不同植被覆盖下对土壤优先流最主要的因素,二者与优先流的发育情况呈极显著正相关关系。
Woodlands of the Simian Mountains(natural coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forests,natural broad-leaved forest),farmland(maize) were selected as the research objects in Chongqing,using staining Tracer method to extract 5 preferential flow characteristics from the staining image,revealing the characteristics of soil preferential flow under different vegetation cover in the mountainous area,and the principal component analysis method was used to explore the soil texture,effects of root factors such as plant root length density and root density on preferential flow.The results showed that the three kinds of soil staining areas were concentrated in the 0～10 cm surface area.Among them,natural needle broad-leaved mixed forest reached 63.44%,natural broad-leaved forest reached more than 61.87%,and farmland reached 43.56%.The development of preferential flow of forest land was higher than that of the agricultural land,which is characterized by natural coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest > natural broad-leaved forest land > farmland.With the increase of soil depth,the preferential flow shows some spatial heterogeneity.The increase of sand particle content and thedecrease of particle content in soil increases the probability of preferential flow.The formation of preferential flow was greatly affected by soil chemical properties.With the increase of soil depth,the change of available phosphorus,total nitrogen and organic matter content in three kinds of samples showed a decreasing trend in the process of the formation of preferential flow.Root density and root length density(<1 mm,3～5 mm) in plant root characteristics are the most important factors of soil preferential flow under different vegetation cover,and they have a very significant positive correlation with the development of preferential flow.
Woodlands of the Simian Mountains(natural coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forests,natural broad-leaved forest),farmland(maize) were selected as the research objects in Chongqing,using staining Tracer method to extract 5 preferential flow characteristics from the staining image,revealing the characteristics of soil preferential flow under different vegetation cover in the mountainous area,and the principal component analysis method was used to explore the soil texture,effects of root factors such as plant root length density and root density on preferential flow.The results showed that the three kinds of soil staining areas were concentrated in the 0～10 cm surface area.Among them,natural needle broad-leaved mixed forest reached 63.44%,natural broad-leaved forest reached more than 61.87%,and farmland reached 43.56%.The development of preferential flow of forest land was higher than that of the agricultural land,which is characterized by natural coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest > natural broad-leaved forest land > farmland.With the increase of soil depth,the preferential flow shows some spatial heterogeneity.The increase of sand particle content and thedecrease of particle content in soil increases the probability of preferential flow.The formation of preferential flow was greatly affected by soil chemical properties.With the increase of soil depth,the change of available phosphorus,total nitrogen and organic matter content in three kinds of samples showed a decreasing trend in the process of the formation of preferential flow.Root density and root length density(<1 mm,3～5 mm) in plant root characteristics are the most important factors of soil preferential flow under different vegetation cover,and they have a very significant positive correlation with the development of preferential flow.
引文
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[11]王彬俨.北京昌平区农地土壤优先路径特征及其对硝态氮运移的影响[D].北京:北京林业大学,2013.
[12]侯汝几.基于CT扫描对植被发育斜坡土体大孔隙和渗透性的研究[D].昆明:昆明理工大学,2015.
[13]冯杰,于纪玉.利用CT扫描技术确定土壤大孔隙分形维数[J].灌溉排水学报,2005(4):26-28.
[14]BAVEYE P C,LABAM,OTTEN W et al.Observer-dependent variability of the thresholding step in the quantitative analysis of soil images and X-ray microtomography data[J].Geoderma,2010,157(1/2):51-63.
[15]WANG K,ZHANG R.Heterogeneous soil water flow and macropores described with combined tracers of dye and iodine[J].Journal of Hydrology,2011,397(1-2):105-117.
[16]WU Q,LIU C,LIN W et al.Quantifying the preferential flow by dye tracer in the North China Plain[J].Journal of Earth Science,2015,26(3):435-444.
[17]SHENG F,WANG K,ZHANG R et al.Modeling preferential water flow and solute transport in unsaturated soil using the active region model[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2011,62(7):1491-1501.
[18]孙龙,张洪江,程金花等.柑橘林地优先路径分布及其影响因素[J].东北林业大学学报,2013(2):65-69.
[19]王伟.三峡库区紫色砂岩林地土壤优先流特征及其形成机理[D].北京:北京林业大学,2011.
[20]高朝侠,徐学选,赵娇娜等.土壤大孔隙流研究现状与发展趋势[J].生态学报,2014,34(11):2801-2811.
[21]徐宗恒,徐则民,曹军尉等.土壤优先流研究现状与发展趋势[J].土壤,2012,44(6):905-916.
[22]牛健植,余新晓.优先流问题研究及其科学意义[J].中国水土保持科学,2005(3):110-116.
[23]牛健植,余新晓,张志强.优先流研究现状及发展趋势[J].生态学报,2006,26(1):231-243.
[24]LIN H.Revitalizing pedology through hydrology and connecting hydrology to pedology[J].Geoderma,2005,B1(3):255-256.
[25]姚晶晶,程金花,张洪江等.入渗水量对重庆四面山草地优先流影响的定量评价[J].水土保持学报,2018,32(2):45-51.
[26]ZHANG Y,NIU J,ZHU W et al.Effects of plant roots on soil preferential pathways and soil matrix in forest ecosystems[J].Journal of Forestry Research,2015,26(2):397-404.
[27]陈晓冰.重庆四面山四种土地利用类型土壤优先流特征研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2016.
[28]王赵男,辛颖,赵雨森.长白山系榛子灌木林根系对优先流的影响[J].林业科学研究,2017,30(6):887-894.
[29]孙向阳.土壤学[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2005:145-156.
[30]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析.[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2008:25-97
[31]徐宗恒,徐则民,官琦等.不同植被发育斜坡土体优先流特征[J].山地学报,2012,30(5):521-527.
[32]吕文星.三峡库区三种土地利用方式优先流特征及其对硝态氮运移的影响[D].北京:北京林业大学,2013.
[33]李凤林,黄聪亮,余蕾.食品添加剂[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2009.
[34]LIN H,ZHANG R.Macroscopic relationship for preferential flow in the vadose zone:Theory and validation[J].Science in China Series E:Technological Sciences,2009,52(11):3264-3269.
[35]SMART P L,LAIDLAWI MS.An evaluation of some fluorescent dyes used for water tracing[J].Water Resources Research.1977,13(1):15-33.
[36]SMART P L.A review of toxicology of twelve fluorescent dyes used for water tracing[J].National Speleological Society Bulletin.1984,46:21-33.
[37]张斌,马旭东.荧光剂探测植被群尾流区长度[J].实验室研究与探索,2018(3):10-13.
[38]DUWING C,DELMAS P,Müller K,et al.Quantifying fluorescent tracer distribution in allophaonic soils to image solute transport[J].European Journal of Soil Science,2008,59(1):94-102.
[39]魏虎伟.重庆四面山两种林地土壤优先流路径特征及其影响因素[D].北京:北京林业大学,2015.
[40]邵文伟.鹫峰国家森林公园优先流类型及影响因子研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2011.
[41]李文凤,张晓平,梁爱珍等.不同耕作方式下黑土的渗透特性和优先流特征[J].应用生态学报,2008(7):1506-1510.
[42]刘目兴,杜文正.山地土壤优先流路径的染色示踪研究[J].土壤学报,2013,50(5):871-880.
[43]阮芯竹.重庆四面山不同土地利用类型优先路径特征[D].北京:北京林业大学,2016.
[44]牛健植.长江上游暗针叶林生态系统优先流机理研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2003.
[45]FORRER I,PAPRITZ A,KASTEEL R et al.Quantifying dye tracers in soil profiles by image processing[J].European Journal of Soil Science,2000,51(2):313-322.
[2]FREY S K,HWANG H,PARK Y et al.Dual permeability modeling of tile drain management influences on hydrologic and nutrient transport characteristics in macroporous soil[J].Journal of Hydrology,2016,535:392-406.
[3]孙龙,张洪江,程金花等.重庆江津区柑橘地土壤大孔隙特征[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(3):194-198.
[4]石辉,刘世荣.森林土壤大孔隙特征及其生态水文学意义[J].山地学报,2005(5):23-29.
[5]陈晓冰,张洪江,李世友等.紫色砂岩区不同植被类型土壤优先流特征及其影响因素[J].中国水土保持科学,2014,12(6):42-49.
[6]BEVEN K,GERMANN P.Macropores and water flow in soils[J].Water Resources Research,1982,18(5):1311-1325.
[7]王赵男,辛颖,赵雨森.黑龙江省水源地优先流区与基质流区土壤特性分析[J].水土保持学报,2017(1):49-54.
[8]SUKHIJA B S,REDDY D V,NAGABHUSHANAM Pet al.Recharge processes:piston flow vs preferential flow in semi-arid aquifers of India[J].Hydrogeology Journal,2003,11(3):387-395.
[9]吕刚,傅昕阳,李叶鑫等.海州露天煤矿复垦排土场不同土地利用土壤优先流特征研究[J].自然资源学报,2018,38(1):37-51.
[10]ALLAIRE S E,ROULIER S,CESSNA A J.Quantifying preferential flow in soils:A review of different techniques[J].Journal of Hydrology,2009,378(1/2):179-204.
[11]王彬俨.北京昌平区农地土壤优先路径特征及其对硝态氮运移的影响[D].北京:北京林业大学,2013.
[12]侯汝几.基于CT扫描对植被发育斜坡土体大孔隙和渗透性的研究[D].昆明:昆明理工大学,2015.
[13]冯杰,于纪玉.利用CT扫描技术确定土壤大孔隙分形维数[J].灌溉排水学报,2005(4):26-28.
[14]BAVEYE P C,LABAM,OTTEN W et al.Observer-dependent variability of the thresholding step in the quantitative analysis of soil images and X-ray microtomography data[J].Geoderma,2010,157(1/2):51-63.
[15]WANG K,ZHANG R.Heterogeneous soil water flow and macropores described with combined tracers of dye and iodine[J].Journal of Hydrology,2011,397(1-2):105-117.
[16]WU Q,LIU C,LIN W et al.Quantifying the preferential flow by dye tracer in the North China Plain[J].Journal of Earth Science,2015,26(3):435-444.
[17]SHENG F,WANG K,ZHANG R et al.Modeling preferential water flow and solute transport in unsaturated soil using the active region model[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2011,62(7):1491-1501.
[18]孙龙,张洪江,程金花等.柑橘林地优先路径分布及其影响因素[J].东北林业大学学报,2013(2):65-69.
[19]王伟.三峡库区紫色砂岩林地土壤优先流特征及其形成机理[D].北京:北京林业大学,2011.
[20]高朝侠,徐学选,赵娇娜等.土壤大孔隙流研究现状与发展趋势[J].生态学报,2014,34(11):2801-2811.
[21]徐宗恒,徐则民,曹军尉等.土壤优先流研究现状与发展趋势[J].土壤,2012,44(6):905-916.
[22]牛健植,余新晓.优先流问题研究及其科学意义[J].中国水土保持科学,2005(3):110-116.
[23]牛健植,余新晓,张志强.优先流研究现状及发展趋势[J].生态学报,2006,26(1):231-243.
[24]LIN H.Revitalizing pedology through hydrology and connecting hydrology to pedology[J].Geoderma,2005,B1(3):255-256.
[25]姚晶晶,程金花,张洪江等.入渗水量对重庆四面山草地优先流影响的定量评价[J].水土保持学报,2018,32(2):45-51.
[26]ZHANG Y,NIU J,ZHU W et al.Effects of plant roots on soil preferential pathways and soil matrix in forest ecosystems[J].Journal of Forestry Research,2015,26(2):397-404.
[27]陈晓冰.重庆四面山四种土地利用类型土壤优先流特征研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2016.
[28]王赵男,辛颖,赵雨森.长白山系榛子灌木林根系对优先流的影响[J].林业科学研究,2017,30(6):887-894.
[29]孙向阳.土壤学[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2005:145-156.
[30]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析.[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2008:25-97
[31]徐宗恒,徐则民,官琦等.不同植被发育斜坡土体优先流特征[J].山地学报,2012,30(5):521-527.
[32]吕文星.三峡库区三种土地利用方式优先流特征及其对硝态氮运移的影响[D].北京:北京林业大学,2013.
[33]李凤林,黄聪亮,余蕾.食品添加剂[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2009.
[34]LIN H,ZHANG R.Macroscopic relationship for preferential flow in the vadose zone:Theory and validation[J].Science in China Series E:Technological Sciences,2009,52(11):3264-3269.
[35]SMART P L,LAIDLAWI MS.An evaluation of some fluorescent dyes used for water tracing[J].Water Resources Research.1977,13(1):15-33.
[36]SMART P L.A review of toxicology of twelve fluorescent dyes used for water tracing[J].National Speleological Society Bulletin.1984,46:21-33.
[37]张斌,马旭东.荧光剂探测植被群尾流区长度[J].实验室研究与探索,2018(3):10-13.
[38]DUWING C,DELMAS P,Müller K,et al.Quantifying fluorescent tracer distribution in allophaonic soils to image solute transport[J].European Journal of Soil Science,2008,59(1):94-102.
[39]魏虎伟.重庆四面山两种林地土壤优先流路径特征及其影响因素[D].北京:北京林业大学,2015.
[40]邵文伟.鹫峰国家森林公园优先流类型及影响因子研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2011.
[41]李文凤,张晓平,梁爱珍等.不同耕作方式下黑土的渗透特性和优先流特征[J].应用生态学报,2008(7):1506-1510.
[42]刘目兴,杜文正.山地土壤优先流路径的染色示踪研究[J].土壤学报,2013,50(5):871-880.
[43]阮芯竹.重庆四面山不同土地利用类型优先路径特征[D].北京:北京林业大学,2016.
[44]牛健植.长江上游暗针叶林生态系统优先流机理研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2003.
[45]FORRER I,PAPRITZ A,KASTEEL R et al.Quantifying dye tracers in soil profiles by image processing[J].European Journal of Soil Science,2000,51(2):313-322.