气象因子对秦岭大熊猫季节性垂直迁徙等活动的影响
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摘要
大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)是我国独有的珍稀濒危物种,其因适应竹子资源的季节变化而进行垂直迁徙,关于其迁徙模式和影响迁徙的因子目前还不甚明确。为了探究影响大熊猫垂直迁徙的因子,于2013年10月至2014年9月,在陕西省佛坪国家级自然保护区三官庙设立了9条样线,共布设52台红外相机对大熊猫的垂直迁徙时间进行研究;同时,结合气象监测数据探究气温、降雨量、湿度和积雪覆盖等因子对大熊猫迁徙活动的影响。研究结果表明,大熊猫垂直空间分布季节性差异明显,7月主要在高海拔秦岭箭竹分布区活动,而2月则主要在低海拔巴山木竹分布区活动。大熊猫从冬居地向夏居地迁徙迅速,仅1～3 d即可完成,而从夏居地向冬居地迁徙经历时间较长。气温、积雪覆盖、湿度和降雨量等因素都会对大熊猫的迁徙活动产生影响,大熊猫喜欢选择在"最适温度"区域活动,当高海拔区域出现积雪覆盖时,就会迁徙到低海拔活动。湿度和降雨量主要通过控制竹子发笋和生长来影响大熊猫的迁徙。研究证实了大熊猫的垂直迁徙现象,并获得了关于大熊猫迁徙模式和影响因子相关的较为详细的基础数据,为野生大熊猫的保护提供理论依据。
As an endangered species, giant pandas(Ailuropoda melanoleuca) had seasonal vertical migration to adapt to the seasonal changes of bamboo resources in filed. However, the pattern of the seasonal vertical migration and factors affecting the migration are not clear at present. From October 2013 to September 2014, 52 infrared camera traps on 9 line transects were set up to study the seasonal vertical migration of the giant pandas in Foping Nature Reserve, Shaanxi Province. At the same time, meteorological monitoring data was collected to explore the impact of climate factors such as temperature, rainfall, humidity and snow cover on giant panda migration. The results showed that giant panda has seasonal distribution, with most activity at high altitudes with arrow bamboo in July while most individuals are distributed in areas of wood bamboos at low altitudes in February. The migration of giant pandas from winter habitat to summer habitat is rapid, which can be completed in only 1～3 days. However, it will took a long time to migrate from summer habitat to winter habitat. Temperature, snow cover, humidity and rainfall will affect the migration of the giant pandas. Giant panda will choose the most suitable temperature and will migrate to the low altitude when snow covers in high altitude area. Humidity and rainfall affect giant panda migration through controlling the development of bamboo shoots. Our study confirmed that the vertical migration of giant pandas, and obtained a large number of detailed data about the migration pattern of giant pandas, providing a theoretical basis for the protection of wild giant pandas.
As an endangered species, giant pandas(Ailuropoda melanoleuca) had seasonal vertical migration to adapt to the seasonal changes of bamboo resources in filed. However, the pattern of the seasonal vertical migration and factors affecting the migration are not clear at present. From October 2013 to September 2014, 52 infrared camera traps on 9 line transects were set up to study the seasonal vertical migration of the giant pandas in Foping Nature Reserve, Shaanxi Province. At the same time, meteorological monitoring data was collected to explore the impact of climate factors such as temperature, rainfall, humidity and snow cover on giant panda migration. The results showed that giant panda has seasonal distribution, with most activity at high altitudes with arrow bamboo in July while most individuals are distributed in areas of wood bamboos at low altitudes in February. The migration of giant pandas from winter habitat to summer habitat is rapid, which can be completed in only 1～3 days. However, it will took a long time to migrate from summer habitat to winter habitat. Temperature, snow cover, humidity and rainfall will affect the migration of the giant pandas. Giant panda will choose the most suitable temperature and will migrate to the low altitude when snow covers in high altitude area. Humidity and rainfall affect giant panda migration through controlling the development of bamboo shoots. Our study confirmed that the vertical migration of giant pandas, and obtained a large number of detailed data about the migration pattern of giant pandas, providing a theoretical basis for the protection of wild giant pandas.
引文
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[24] 雍严格,张坚,张陕宁.佛坪大熊猫的分布与数量[J].兽类学报,1993(4):245-250.
[25] Wei W,Nie Y,Zhang Z,et al.Hunting bamboo:foraging patch selection and utilization by giant pandas and implications for conservation[J].Biological Conservation,2015,186:260-267.
[26] 孟茹,田耀平,孟凯.200-2011年佛坪县气象要素变化特征及主要气象灾害[J].现代农业科技,2013 (21):238-239.
[27] Zheng X,Owen M A,Nie Y,et al.Individual identification of wild giant pandas from camera trap photos-a systematic and hierarchical approach[J].Journal of Zoology,2016,300(4):247-256.
[28] 雍严格,王宽武,汪铁军.佛坪大熊猫的移动习性[J].兽类学报,1994(1):9-14.
[2] Alerstam T,Hedenstrm A,kesson S.Long-distance migration:evolution and determinants[J].Oikos,2003,103(2):247-260.
[3] Fryxell J M,Sinclair A R E.Causes and consequences of migration by large herbivores[J].Trends in ecology & evolution,1988,3(9):237-241.
[4] Bauer S,Hoye B J.Migratory animals couple biodiversity and ecosystem functioning worldwide[J].Science,2014,344(6179):1242552.
[5] Cagnacci F,Focardi S,Heurich M,et al.Partial migration in roe deer:migratory and resident tactics are end points of a behavioural gradient determined by ecological factors[J].Oikos,2011,120(12):1790-1802.
[6] Hebblewhite M,Merrill E,McDermid G.A multi‐scale test of the forage maturation hypothesis in a partially migratory ungulate population[J].Ecological monographs,2008,78(2):141-166.
[7] Bischof R,Loe L E,Meisingset E L,et al.A migratory northern ungulate in the pursuit of spring:jumping or surfing the green wave[J].The American Naturalist,2012,180(4):407-424.
[8] Jesmer B R,Merkle J A,Goheen J R,et al.Is ungulate migration culturally transmitted Evidence of social learning from translocated animals[J].Science,2018,361(6406):1023-1025.
[9] Merkle J A,Sigaud M,Fortin D.To follow or not How animals in fusion–fission societies handle conflicting information during group decision‐making[J].Ecology letters,2015,18(8):799-806.
[10] Sweanor P Y,Sandegren F.Winter-range philopatry of seasonally migratory moose[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,1989:25-33.
[11] Nelson M E.Development of migratory behavior in northern white-tailed deer[J].Canadian Journal of Zoology,1998,76(3):426-432.
[12] Berger J.The last mile:how to sustain long‐distance migration in mammals[J].Conservation Biology,2004,18(2):320-331.
[13] Bolger D T,Newmark W D,Morrison T A,et al.The need for integrative approaches to understand and conserve migratory ungulates[J].Ecology letters,2008,11(1):63-77.
[14] Zhao S,Zheng P,Dong S,et al.Whole-genome sequencing of giant pandas provides insights into demographic history and local adaptation[J].Nature Genetics,2013,45(1):67.
[15] Nie Y,Zhang Z,Raubenheimer D,et al.Obligate herbivory in an ancestrally carnivorous lineage:the giant panda and bamboo from the perspective of nutritional geometry[J].Functional Ecology,2015,29(1):26-34.
[16] 蒋辉,古晓东,黄雁楠,等.四川与秦岭野生大熊猫在形态和生态习性上的差异[J].西华师范大学学报(自然科学版),2012,33(1):12-18.
[17] 胡锦矗,Schaller GB,潘文石,等.卧龙的大熊猫[M].成都:四川科学技术出版社,1985.
[18] 潘文石,吕植,朱小健,等.继续生存的机会[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2001.
[19] Boone R B,Thirgood S J,Hopcraft J G C.Serengeti wildebeest migratory patterns modeled from rainfall and new vegetation growth[J].Ecology,2006,87(8):1987-1994.
[20] 李晟,王大军,肖治术,等.红外相机技术在我国野生动物研究与保护中的应用与前景[J].生物多样性,2014,22(6):685-695.
[21] 刘小斌,韦伟,郑筱光,等.红腹锦鸡和红腹角雉活动节律——基于红外相机监测数据[J].动物学杂志,2017,52(2):194-202.
[22] 国家林业局.全国第四次大熊猫调查报告[M].北京:科学出版社,2015.
[23] 岳明,党高弟,辜天琪.佛坪国家级自然保护区植被垂直带谱及其与邻近地区的比较[J].武汉植物学研究,2000(5):375-382.
[24] 雍严格,张坚,张陕宁.佛坪大熊猫的分布与数量[J].兽类学报,1993(4):245-250.
[25] Wei W,Nie Y,Zhang Z,et al.Hunting bamboo:foraging patch selection and utilization by giant pandas and implications for conservation[J].Biological Conservation,2015,186:260-267.
[26] 孟茹,田耀平,孟凯.200-2011年佛坪县气象要素变化特征及主要气象灾害[J].现代农业科技,2013 (21):238-239.
[27] Zheng X,Owen M A,Nie Y,et al.Individual identification of wild giant pandas from camera trap photos-a systematic and hierarchical approach[J].Journal of Zoology,2016,300(4):247-256.
[28] 雍严格,王宽武,汪铁军.佛坪大熊猫的移动习性[J].兽类学报,1994(1):9-14.