环境污染激发公众环境关注了吗?
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摘要
文章利用2013年中国综合社会调查(CGSS)家户调查与城市匹配数据,从环境问题关注、环境行动和对政府环境工作评价三个层面考察了环境污染对公众环境关注的影响。研究发现:(1)在环境污染的驱动下,公众对环境问题更加关注,采取了更加积极的私人环境行动,对政府环境工作更为不满,但是环境污染并未激发公众更深层次的公共环境行动。(2)面对环境污染,不同社会群体的环境关注呈现出分异的特征,老年人对环境问题更加关注且对政府环境工作更为不满,而城市居民的私人环境行动更为积极。(3)环境污染对环境关注的驱动作用在东部和中西部地区存在阶梯性差异,表现为中西部地区居民对环境问题更加关注和采取积极的私人环境行动,而东部地区居民则采取了更深层次的公共环境行动。此外,进一步的研究表明,较高的就业增长率能够缓和环境污染引致的公众尤其是低收入群体对政府环境工作的不满。
With four decades of rapid growth,the extensive model of economic growth has led to severe damage to the ecological environment. Ecological environment quality has become a prominent shortcoming on building moderately prosperous society. With the increasingly urgent need for environmental quality,public participation in environmental protection has become an important fulcrum to propel environmental protection into a higher and deeper level. In the face of increasingly severe environmental pollution,how does the public make environmental behavior decisions? Does pollution exposure trigger changes in collective environmental cognition and behavior? Obviously,answering these questions is of great practical significance in promoting positive public environmental actions and forming the joint force of the government,the enterprise and the public in environmental governance. Using CGSS(2013) matched with city level data,this paper investigates the effects of environmental pollution on public environmental concern from three aspects:the attention on environmental problems,environmental actions and evaluation for the environmental work of the government. The study firstly finds that pollution drives the public to care about the environmental problems,take individual environmental actions actively,and induce public dissatisfaction with the government's environment protection,but pollution has no significant influence on deeper public environment actions. Secondly,the environmental concern of different social groups presents differentiation characteristics. High income groups,men and urban residents haveshown higher enthusiasm in taking individual environmental actions,and urban residents are more discontented with the government. Thirdly,the effects of environmental pollution on environmental concern have reflected ladder-like differences between people in different regions,that is,the residents in the mid-west area concern more about environmental problems and like to take active private environmental actions,while the residents in the eastern region like to take deeper public environmental actions. Further research shows that the better the economic situation is,the more the low income group concerns about environmental problems,but the better employment situation can ease the public dissatisfaction with the government. Compared with the existing literature,the marginal contributions of this paper mainly reflect in the following aspects. Firstly,most existing studies focus on the social basis of environmental behavior from the fields of psychology and sociology,while ignoring the impact of macro environment and economic factors on individual environmental behaviors. Our work is helpful for us to understand the overall mechanism and the trend of public environmental decision-making. Secondly,this study compares the impact of environmental pollution on different types of environmental concern,ranging from shallow environmental concern to deep environmental actions. The heterogeneity of environmental concern in different social groups is also examined in our study. These give us more comprehensive interpretation of the relationship between environmental pollution and environmental concern. Thirdly,this paper sorts out the theoretical mechanism of environmental pollution affecting residents' environmental concern,and puts forward the personal decision-making mechanism from environmental attitudes to environmental actions,which provides a foundation for further theoretical analyses and interpretations. The research of this paper has strong political implications. Environmental pollution causes public concern about the collective rationality of environmental problems,but such collective rationality is hard to form in practical actions. Therefore,the government should guide and support the public to participate in positive environmental protection,refine the market and institute system for public participation in positive environmental protection,reduce the cost of public participation in environmental protection,and improve the acquisition of public participation in environmental protection.
With four decades of rapid growth,the extensive model of economic growth has led to severe damage to the ecological environment. Ecological environment quality has become a prominent shortcoming on building moderately prosperous society. With the increasingly urgent need for environmental quality,public participation in environmental protection has become an important fulcrum to propel environmental protection into a higher and deeper level. In the face of increasingly severe environmental pollution,how does the public make environmental behavior decisions? Does pollution exposure trigger changes in collective environmental cognition and behavior? Obviously,answering these questions is of great practical significance in promoting positive public environmental actions and forming the joint force of the government,the enterprise and the public in environmental governance. Using CGSS(2013) matched with city level data,this paper investigates the effects of environmental pollution on public environmental concern from three aspects:the attention on environmental problems,environmental actions and evaluation for the environmental work of the government. The study firstly finds that pollution drives the public to care about the environmental problems,take individual environmental actions actively,and induce public dissatisfaction with the government's environment protection,but pollution has no significant influence on deeper public environment actions. Secondly,the environmental concern of different social groups presents differentiation characteristics. High income groups,men and urban residents haveshown higher enthusiasm in taking individual environmental actions,and urban residents are more discontented with the government. Thirdly,the effects of environmental pollution on environmental concern have reflected ladder-like differences between people in different regions,that is,the residents in the mid-west area concern more about environmental problems and like to take active private environmental actions,while the residents in the eastern region like to take deeper public environmental actions. Further research shows that the better the economic situation is,the more the low income group concerns about environmental problems,but the better employment situation can ease the public dissatisfaction with the government. Compared with the existing literature,the marginal contributions of this paper mainly reflect in the following aspects. Firstly,most existing studies focus on the social basis of environmental behavior from the fields of psychology and sociology,while ignoring the impact of macro environment and economic factors on individual environmental behaviors. Our work is helpful for us to understand the overall mechanism and the trend of public environmental decision-making. Secondly,this study compares the impact of environmental pollution on different types of environmental concern,ranging from shallow environmental concern to deep environmental actions. The heterogeneity of environmental concern in different social groups is also examined in our study. These give us more comprehensive interpretation of the relationship between environmental pollution and environmental concern. Thirdly,this paper sorts out the theoretical mechanism of environmental pollution affecting residents' environmental concern,and puts forward the personal decision-making mechanism from environmental attitudes to environmental actions,which provides a foundation for further theoretical analyses and interpretations. The research of this paper has strong political implications. Environmental pollution causes public concern about the collective rationality of environmental problems,but such collective rationality is hard to form in practical actions. Therefore,the government should guide and support the public to participate in positive environmental protection,refine the market and institute system for public participation in positive environmental protection,reduce the cost of public participation in environmental protection,and improve the acquisition of public participation in environmental protection.
引文
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[4]李梦洁.环境污染、政府规制与居民幸福感--基于CGSS(2008)微观调查数据的经验分析[J].当代经济科学,2015,(5):59-68.
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[6]聂伟.公众环境关心的城乡差异与分解[J].中国地质大学学报(社会科学版),2014,(1):62-70.
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[13]王建明,刘志阔,徐加桢.谁更关心环境?--基于CHIPS数据的实证检验[J].江淮论坛,2011,(4):14-19.
[14]王金胜.怎样实现环境保护的集体理性?[J].环境经济,2016,(Z1):70.
[15]王薪喜,钟杨.中国城市居民环境行为影响因素研究--基于2013年全国民调数据的实证分析[J].上海交通大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2016,(1):69-80.
[16]王勇,俞海,张永亮,杨超,张燕.中国环境质量拐点:基于EKC的实证判断[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2016,(10):1-7.
[17]王玉君,韩冬临.经济发展、环境污染与公众环保行为--基于中国CGSS2013数据的多层分析[J].中国人民大学学报,2016,(2):79-92.
[18]谢瑾,黄劲松,王瑛.中国网民的环境意识现状研究--基于雾霾天开车与否的网络调查数据[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2015,(S2):377-381.
[19]闫国东,康建成,谢小进,王国栋,张建平,朱文武.中国公众环境意识的变化趋势[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2010,(10):55-60.
[20]杨成钢,何兴邦.环境改善需求、环境责任认知和公众环境行为[J].财经论丛,2016,(8):96-104.
[21]张晓,杨琼英,林国桢,沈纪川,周琴,李科,董航,宋韶芳,刘北燕,陈清.大气污染与居民肺癌发病及死亡灰色关联分析[J].中国公共卫生,2014,(2):165-170.
[22]张玉林.危机、危机意识与共识--“雾霾”笼罩下的中国环境问题[J].浙江社会科学,2014,(1):142-145.
[23]周娟.环保运动参与:资源动员论与后物质主义价值观[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2010,(10):41-47.
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(1)环境保护部,2016年中国环境状况公报,2017。
(1)包括环保意识、环保行为和环保满意度三个方面。
(2)责任主体比重由大到小分别是中央政府、地方政府、企业、个人和社会团体。
(1)环保主义者更能够从环境保护行动中获得更高的效用收益。
(2)实际上,个人环境行动对整体环境质量的改善微乎其微,因此,该项可以忽略不计,或者可以把环境质量看作是外生的。
(3)从CGSS的调查问卷可以很容易判断该特征。
(1)对应在CGSS2013调查问卷的问题为:下列各种社会问题中,您认为最先需要解决的是什么吗?回答是环境问题为1,否为0。由于认为环境问题是第一需要解决的样本仅有342个,占全部样本的比例过低,为此根据调查问题,如果被调查者认为环境问题是第一、第二和第三需要解决的问题,均表示被调查者认为环境问题是最先需要解决的问题。
(2)其中私人环境行动对应的问题为:在最近一年里,您是否从事过下列活动或行为?包括:垃圾分类、讨论环境问题,买日常用品自己带购物袋、塑料包装袋重复利用、主动关注环境信息等五个问题。答案依次为:从不、偶尔、经常。公共环境行动对应的问题为:在最近一年里,您是否从事过下列活动或行为?包括:环境保护捐款、积极参加环境宣传教育、积极参加环保活动、自费养护树林或绿地、环境问题投诉等五个问题。答案依次为:从不、偶尔、经常。
(3)对应的问题为:您认为中央政府或地方政府的环境保护工作做得怎样?设定的有序排列答案为:(1)片面注重经济发展,忽视了环境保护工作;(2)重视不够,环保投入不足;(3)虽尽了努力,但效果不佳;(4)尽了很大努力,有一定成效;(5)取得了很大成就。
(4)虽然CGSS(2013)没有提供城市代码,但是由于其与CGSS(2010)采用同样的抽样设计,故通过两者的匹配来确定2013年样本的调查城市。
(5)采用三年的均值是为了更准确地估算一个地区的污染量,用2012年一年的数据回归结果并没有太大改变。《中国城市统计年鉴》也提供了各地级市工业废水排放量,但是笔者认为,废水排放具有局域性,对公众环境关注的影响不如大气污染物直接和可比。而且居民也会通过搬迁等方式来规避水污染,更容易产生内生性问题,故本文未采用该变量。
(1)他们采用大、中、小型煤矿数量反映该地区煤炭储量的丰富程度。
(1)其中前者采用的是各地级市2010-2012年的均值。后者由于数据来源限制,采用的是2012年各地级市PM10年均浓度,相关数据来源于《中国环境状况公报》以及各地级市环保局网站。PM10是在环境空气中长期飘浮的悬浮微粒,对大气能见度影响很大,也最容易被公众感知。感谢匿名审稿人提出的宝贵修改建议。
(1)在本研究中采用收入水平来反映。
(1)例如,2014年的临沂环保事件,关停了大量的企业,大量工人失业,带来了潜在的社会问题风险,当地盗抢案件有抬头趋势(陈诗一和谢振,2015)。
[2]陈硕,陈婷.空气质量与公共健康:以火电厂二氧化硫排放为例[J].经济研究,2014,(8):158-169.
[3]范叶超,洪大用.差别暴露、差别职业和差别体验--中国城乡居民环境关心差异的实证分析[J].社会,2015,(3):141-167.
[4]李梦洁.环境污染、政府规制与居民幸福感--基于CGSS(2008)微观调查数据的经验分析[J].当代经济科学,2015,(5):59-68.
[5]栗晓红.社会人口特征与环境关心:基于农村的数据[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2011,(12):121-128.
[6]聂伟.公众环境关心的城乡差异与分解[J].中国地质大学学报(社会科学版),2014,(1):62-70.
[7]偶正涛、蔡玉高.环保忧伤--环境执法为何硬不起来[J].中国社会导刊,2005,(5X):6-9.
[8]彭远春.国外环境行为影响因素研究述评[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2013,(8):140-145.
[9]宋言奇.发达地区农民环境意识调查分析--以苏州市714个样本为例[J].中国农村经济,2010,(1):53-62.
[10]孙伟增,罗党论,郑思齐,万广华.环保考核、地方官员晋升与环境治理--基于2004-2009年中国86个重点城市的经验证据[J].清华大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2014,(4):49-62.
[11]孙岩,宋金波,宋丹荣.城市居民环境行为影响因素的实证研究[J].管理学报,2012,(1):144-150.
[12]王凤,阴丹.公众环境行为改变与环境政策的影响--一个实证研究[J].经济管理,2010,(12):158-164.
[13]王建明,刘志阔,徐加桢.谁更关心环境?--基于CHIPS数据的实证检验[J].江淮论坛,2011,(4):14-19.
[14]王金胜.怎样实现环境保护的集体理性?[J].环境经济,2016,(Z1):70.
[15]王薪喜,钟杨.中国城市居民环境行为影响因素研究--基于2013年全国民调数据的实证分析[J].上海交通大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2016,(1):69-80.
[16]王勇,俞海,张永亮,杨超,张燕.中国环境质量拐点:基于EKC的实证判断[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2016,(10):1-7.
[17]王玉君,韩冬临.经济发展、环境污染与公众环保行为--基于中国CGSS2013数据的多层分析[J].中国人民大学学报,2016,(2):79-92.
[18]谢瑾,黄劲松,王瑛.中国网民的环境意识现状研究--基于雾霾天开车与否的网络调查数据[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2015,(S2):377-381.
[19]闫国东,康建成,谢小进,王国栋,张建平,朱文武.中国公众环境意识的变化趋势[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2010,(10):55-60.
[20]杨成钢,何兴邦.环境改善需求、环境责任认知和公众环境行为[J].财经论丛,2016,(8):96-104.
[21]张晓,杨琼英,林国桢,沈纪川,周琴,李科,董航,宋韶芳,刘北燕,陈清.大气污染与居民肺癌发病及死亡灰色关联分析[J].中国公共卫生,2014,(2):165-170.
[22]张玉林.危机、危机意识与共识--“雾霾”笼罩下的中国环境问题[J].浙江社会科学,2014,(1):142-145.
[23]周娟.环保运动参与:资源动员论与后物质主义价值观[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2010,(10):41-47.
[24]左翔,李明.环境污染与居民政治态度[J].经济学(季刊),2016,(4):1409-1438.
[25]Bamberg S,M?ser G.Twenty years after Hines,Hungerford,and Tomera:A new meta-analysis of psycho-social determinants of pro-environmental behavior[J].Journal of environmental psychology,2007,27(1):14-25.
[26]Chen Y,Ebenstein A,Greenstone M,Li H.Evidence on the impact of sustained exposure to air pollution on life expectancy from China’s Huai River policy[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2013,110(32):12936-12941.
[27]Conroy S J,Emerson T L.A tale of trade-offs:The impact of macroeconomic factors on environmental concern[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2014,145(12):88-93.
[28]Dienes C.Actions and intentions to pay for climate change mitigation:Environmental concern and the role of economic factors[J].Ecological Economics,2015,109:122-129.
[29]Diekmann A,Franzen A.The wealth of nations and environmental concern[J].Environment&Behavior,1999,31(4):540-549.
[30]Dunlap R E,Mertig A G.Global concern for the environment:Is affluence a prerequisite[J].Journal of Social Issues,1994,51(4):121-137.
[31]Dunlap,R E.Handbook of environmental sociology[M].Greenwood Press,2002.
[32]Ebenstein A.The consequences of industrialization:evidence from water pollution and digestive cancers in China[J].Review of Economics and Statistics,2012,94(1):186-201.
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(1)环境保护部,2016年中国环境状况公报,2017。
(1)包括环保意识、环保行为和环保满意度三个方面。
(2)责任主体比重由大到小分别是中央政府、地方政府、企业、个人和社会团体。
(1)环保主义者更能够从环境保护行动中获得更高的效用收益。
(2)实际上,个人环境行动对整体环境质量的改善微乎其微,因此,该项可以忽略不计,或者可以把环境质量看作是外生的。
(3)从CGSS的调查问卷可以很容易判断该特征。
(1)对应在CGSS2013调查问卷的问题为:下列各种社会问题中,您认为最先需要解决的是什么吗?回答是环境问题为1,否为0。由于认为环境问题是第一需要解决的样本仅有342个,占全部样本的比例过低,为此根据调查问题,如果被调查者认为环境问题是第一、第二和第三需要解决的问题,均表示被调查者认为环境问题是最先需要解决的问题。
(2)其中私人环境行动对应的问题为:在最近一年里,您是否从事过下列活动或行为?包括:垃圾分类、讨论环境问题,买日常用品自己带购物袋、塑料包装袋重复利用、主动关注环境信息等五个问题。答案依次为:从不、偶尔、经常。公共环境行动对应的问题为:在最近一年里,您是否从事过下列活动或行为?包括:环境保护捐款、积极参加环境宣传教育、积极参加环保活动、自费养护树林或绿地、环境问题投诉等五个问题。答案依次为:从不、偶尔、经常。
(3)对应的问题为:您认为中央政府或地方政府的环境保护工作做得怎样?设定的有序排列答案为:(1)片面注重经济发展,忽视了环境保护工作;(2)重视不够,环保投入不足;(3)虽尽了努力,但效果不佳;(4)尽了很大努力,有一定成效;(5)取得了很大成就。
(4)虽然CGSS(2013)没有提供城市代码,但是由于其与CGSS(2010)采用同样的抽样设计,故通过两者的匹配来确定2013年样本的调查城市。
(5)采用三年的均值是为了更准确地估算一个地区的污染量,用2012年一年的数据回归结果并没有太大改变。《中国城市统计年鉴》也提供了各地级市工业废水排放量,但是笔者认为,废水排放具有局域性,对公众环境关注的影响不如大气污染物直接和可比。而且居民也会通过搬迁等方式来规避水污染,更容易产生内生性问题,故本文未采用该变量。
(1)他们采用大、中、小型煤矿数量反映该地区煤炭储量的丰富程度。
(1)其中前者采用的是各地级市2010-2012年的均值。后者由于数据来源限制,采用的是2012年各地级市PM10年均浓度,相关数据来源于《中国环境状况公报》以及各地级市环保局网站。PM10是在环境空气中长期飘浮的悬浮微粒,对大气能见度影响很大,也最容易被公众感知。感谢匿名审稿人提出的宝贵修改建议。
(1)在本研究中采用收入水平来反映。
(1)例如,2014年的临沂环保事件,关停了大量的企业,大量工人失业,带来了潜在的社会问题风险,当地盗抢案件有抬头趋势(陈诗一和谢振,2015)。