分割的海洋:海洋渔业资源保护的悲剧
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摘要
1982年《联合国海洋法公约》对海洋渔业资源多样性的保护采用了分区域保护模式,但这一公地私有化的路径并没有有效解决海洋渔业资源的可持续养护和利用问题。如何避免海洋渔业资源的公地悲剧命运,是人类面临的共同问题。现代经济学认识到人的亲社会性,给出了市场和政府之外的国际合作第三条路径,我国提出的"人类命运共同体"理念为未来海洋渔业资源保护提供了理论指引。海洋渔业资源保护应以构建人类命运共同体为终极追求,积极落实2030年可持续发展目标,打造海洋渔业资源保护的多元共治,适当建立海洋保护区,促进渔业规则的统一。
The 1982 United Nations Convention on the law of the sea adopted the model of separate regional protection to protect the diversity of marine fishery resources,but the path of privatization of common land did not solve the problem of sustainable conservation and utilization of marine fishery resources. How to avoid the tragic fate of the commons of marine fishery resources was still a common problem facing the mankind. Modern economics recognized the prosocial nature of human beings and gave the international cooperation path which was a third path outside the market and government. The concept of a community of a shared future put forward by China provided the theoretical guidance for the protection of marine fishery resources in the future. The protection of marine fishery resources should take the construction of human destiny community as the ultimate pursuit,actively implemented the goal of sustainable development in 2030,created a pluralistic co-management of marine fishery resources protection,appropriately established marine protected areas,and promoted the unification of fishery rules.
The 1982 United Nations Convention on the law of the sea adopted the model of separate regional protection to protect the diversity of marine fishery resources,but the path of privatization of common land did not solve the problem of sustainable conservation and utilization of marine fishery resources. How to avoid the tragic fate of the commons of marine fishery resources was still a common problem facing the mankind. Modern economics recognized the prosocial nature of human beings and gave the international cooperation path which was a third path outside the market and government. The concept of a community of a shared future put forward by China provided the theoretical guidance for the protection of marine fishery resources in the future. The protection of marine fishery resources should take the construction of human destiny community as the ultimate pursuit,actively implemented the goal of sustainable development in 2030,created a pluralistic co-management of marine fishery resources protection,appropriately established marine protected areas,and promoted the unification of fishery rules.
引文
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[2]格劳秀斯.论海洋自由或荷兰参与东印度贸易的权利[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2005.
[3]国家海洋局海洋发展战略研究所.联合国海洋法公约[M].北京:海洋出版社,2014.
[4]张海文.《联合国海洋法公约》释义集[M].北京:海洋出版社,2006.
[5]FAO. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2016:Contributing to Food Security and Nutrition for All[R]. Rome:FAO Working Paper,2016.
[6]FAO. Working for SDG 14:Healthy Oceans for Food Security,Nutrition and Resilient Communities[R/OL].[05012017].//http:www.fao. org.
[7]Yoram Bauman,Grady Klein. The Tragedy of the Commons[J]. Surgery,1968,151(3)∶490-491.
[8]傅剑清.论环境公益损害救济[D].武汉:武汉大学博士学位论文,2010.
[9]Libecap G D. State Regulation of Open-Access,Common-pool Resources[M]. ICER Working Papers,2005∶545-572.
[10]朱富强.“公地悲剧”如何转化为“公共福祉”——基于现实的行为机理之思考[J].中山大学学报(社会科学版),2011,51(3)∶182-189.
[11]徐黎明.人的奴役与自由:人格主义哲学的体认(第二版)[M].贵阳:贵州人民出版社,2007.
[12]朱富强.社会共同治理观的逻辑基础[J].中山大学学报(社会科学版),2010,50(5)∶167-175.
[13]UNEP. UN Environment 2016 Annual Report:Empowering People to Protect the Planet[R/OL].[05012017]. https://www. unenvironment. org/resources/annual-report/un-environment-2016-annual-report-empowering-people-protect-planet.
[14]胡波.竞争、争议、治理与新疆域:全球海洋安全的大问题和新趋势[EB/OL].澎湃新闻网,2017-12-29.
[15]李赞.建设人类命运共同体的国际法原理与路径[J].国际法研究,2016,(6)∶48-70.
[16]秦天宝.国际法的新概念“人类共同关切事项”初探——以《生物多样性公约》为例的考察[J].法学评论,2006,(5)∶96-102.
[17]林新珍.国家管辖范围以外区域海洋生物多样性的保护与管理[J].太平洋学报,2011,19(10)∶94-102.
[18]UN Environment,Realizing Integrated Regional Oceans Governance-Summary of Case Studies on Regional Cross-sectoral Institutional Cooperation and Policy Coherence[R]. Regional Seas Reports and Studies,2017.
[19]Darius C,Kanako H,Warren L L,et al. Regional Seas Programmes Covering Areas Beyond National Jurisdictions[R]. UN Environment:Regional Seas Reports and Studies,2017.
[20]刘洪滨,刘康.海洋保护区[M].北京:海洋出版社,2007.
[21]李洁,张湘兰.国家管辖外海域生物多样性保护国际法规范的完善[J].中国海商法研究,2016,27(2)∶26-31.
[22]Wright G,Rochette J,Gjerde K,et al. The Long and Winding Road:Negotiating a Treaty for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction[R]. IDDRI,2018.
[23]Alan Boyle,David Freestone. International Law and Sustainable Development[M]. Oxford:Oxford University Press,1999.