偏顶蛤胚胎和幼虫发育及温度对其浮游幼虫生长和发育的影响
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摘要
在室内条件下,人工诱导偏顶蛤(Modiolus modiolus)产卵并在显微镜下对其胚胎和浮游期幼虫的形态进行连续观察和拍照,并采用实验生态学的方法,研究温度对其浮游期幼虫生长和发育的影响。结果显示,偏顶蛤亲贝人工催产时,以流水刺激4 h,阴干12 h为宜。偏顶蛤卵呈圆形或卵圆形,沉性卵,卵径为(82.6±3.2)μm,精子鞭毛型,全长约50μm。在水温19~21℃下,偏顶蛤受精卵发育至D形幼虫(壳长104.0μm±4.3μm)、匍匐幼虫(壳长255.8μm±15.0μm)和早期稚贝(壳长329.1μm±5.8μm)分别历时20.5 h、20 d和36 d。水温是影响偏顶蛤幼虫生长和发育的主要因素之一,幼虫适宜水温为15~20℃,15℃组幼虫畸形率显著低于20℃组,生长率20℃组最高达5.4μm/d;水温25℃和30℃下,幼虫畸形率均显著高于15℃组和20℃组,并分别在第6天和第4天全部死亡。相对于高温而言,偏顶蛤幼虫对低温的耐受能力更强。本文旨在为偏顶蛤繁殖生物学和苗种繁育技术提供基础资料。
To fill the gap of morphology development embryo and pelagic larva of Modiolus modiolus and provide basic data for the breeding technology, an experiment was conducted where matured zygotes were harvested by artificial inducing spawn and the morphology of embryo and pelagic larva of M. modiolus was observed and recorded under microscope in this study. The effects of seawater temperature on growth and development of the pelagic larva was studied through experimental ecology methods. Results showed that stimulation time for artificial spawning by air-drying should be 12 h when flowing water stimulation was 4 h. The demersal eggs were shaped ellipse(82.6 μm±3.2 μm in diameter), while the sperms were the type of flagellum(about 50 μm in total length). The embryonic development from zygote to D-larvae stage(104.0 μm±4.3 μm in shell length), creeping larvae stage(255.8 μm±15.0 μm in shell-length) and early juvenile stage(329.1 μm±5.8 μm in shell length) lasted for 20.5 h, 20 d and 36 d, respectively. The results testified that seawater temperature is one of the crucial factors on the growth and development of the pelagic larva. The suitable temperature was from 15 ℃to 20℃. The abnormality rate of the larvae at 15 ℃was significantly lower than those at 20℃. The highest growth rate was 5.4 μm/d in group 20℃. In 25 ℃and 30 ℃groups, the abnormality rates were significantly higher than those at 15 and 20℃ ℃, and the larvae all dead at the sixth day and the fourth days respectively. The larva showed stronger tolerance to lower temperature than higher temperature.
To fill the gap of morphology development embryo and pelagic larva of Modiolus modiolus and provide basic data for the breeding technology, an experiment was conducted where matured zygotes were harvested by artificial inducing spawn and the morphology of embryo and pelagic larva of M. modiolus was observed and recorded under microscope in this study. The effects of seawater temperature on growth and development of the pelagic larva was studied through experimental ecology methods. Results showed that stimulation time for artificial spawning by air-drying should be 12 h when flowing water stimulation was 4 h. The demersal eggs were shaped ellipse(82.6 μm±3.2 μm in diameter), while the sperms were the type of flagellum(about 50 μm in total length). The embryonic development from zygote to D-larvae stage(104.0 μm±4.3 μm in shell length), creeping larvae stage(255.8 μm±15.0 μm in shell-length) and early juvenile stage(329.1 μm±5.8 μm in shell length) lasted for 20.5 h, 20 d and 36 d, respectively. The results testified that seawater temperature is one of the crucial factors on the growth and development of the pelagic larva. The suitable temperature was from 15 ℃to 20℃. The abnormality rate of the larvae at 15 ℃was significantly lower than those at 20℃. The highest growth rate was 5.4 μm/d in group 20℃. In 25 ℃and 30 ℃groups, the abnormality rates were significantly higher than those at 15 and 20℃ ℃, and the larvae all dead at the sixth day and the fourth days respectively. The larva showed stronger tolerance to lower temperature than higher temperature.
引文
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[12]杨鹏,闫喜武,张跃环,等.北方沿海翡翠贻贝人工育苗技术研究[J].大连海洋大学学报,2013,28(5):456–461.
[13]齐秋贞,林笔水,吴天明,等.菲律宾蛤仔室内催产研究[J].水产学报,1981,5(3):235–243.
[14]Hall B K.Evolutionary development biology[M].London:Chapman&Hall,1992.
[15]赵伟华,朱新平,魏成清,等.黄喉拟水龟胚胎发育的观察[J].水生生物学报,2008,32(5):649–656.
[16]张跃平,吕小梅,洪一川,等.波纹巴非蛤胚胎与浮游幼虫的形态发育和生长特性[J].台湾海峡,2012,30(4):546–550.
[17]常亚青,宋坚,王国栋,等.硬壳蛤的人工育苗技术[J].中国水产科学,2002,9(1):43–47.
[18]毕克,包振民,黄晓婷,等.菲律宾蛤仔受精及早期胚胎发育过程的细胞学观察[J].水产学报,2005,28(6):623–627.
[19]杨金龙,李树恒,刘志伟,等.厚壳贻贝胚胎和早期幼虫神经系统发育的初步研究[J].水产学报,2013,37(4):512–519.
[20]董迎辉,林志华,柴雪良,等.文蛤受精及早期胚胎发育过程的细胞学观察[J].动物学报,2007,53(4):700–709.
[21]楼允东.组织胚胎学[M].第2版.北京:中国农业出版社,1996:218–219.
[22]王丹丽,徐善良,尤仲杰,等.温度和盐度对青蛤孵化及幼虫,稚贝存活与生长变态的影响[J].水生生物学报,2005,29(5):495–501.
[23]尤仲杰,陆彤霞,马斌,等.几种环境因子对墨西哥湾扇贝幼虫和稚贝生长与存活的影响[J].热带海洋学报,2003,22(3):22–29.
[2]齐钟彦,马绣同,王祯瑞,等.黄渤海的软体动物[M].北京:农业出版社,1987:164–166.
[3]王如才,王昭萍,张建中,等.海水贝类养殖学[M].青岛:青岛海洋大学出版社,2003:119–136.
[4]郭继绪.紫贻贝室内人育苗试验[J].动物学杂志,1959,3(7):341–345.
[5]Sivalingam P M.Aquaculture of the green mussel,Mytilus viridis Linnaeus,in Malaysia[J].Aquaculture,1977,11(4):297–312.
[6]Rivonker C U,Ansari Z A,Parulekar A H.Cultivation of green mussel,Perna viridis L,on a floating raft in an estuary along the west coast of India[J].Aquaculture,1993,112(1):47–56.
[7]常抗美,吴剑锋.厚壳贻贝人工繁殖技术的研究[J].南方水产,2007,3(3):26–30.
[8]常抗美,刘慧慧,李家乐,等.紫贻贝和厚壳贻贝杂交及F1代杂交优势初探[J].水产学报,2008,32(4):552–557.
[9]de Schweinitz E H,Lutz R A.Larval development of the northern horse mussel,Modiolus modiolus L,including a comparison with the larvae of Mytilus edulis L as an aid in planktonic identification[J].Biol Bull,1976,150(3):348–360.
[10]常亚青,田燚,张伟杰.中国海洋水产生物遗传育种技术进展[J].中国农业科技导报,2013,15(6):8–15.
[11]Firth L B,Knights A M,Bell S S.Air temperature and winter mortality:implications for the persistence of the invasive mussel,Perna viridis in the intertidal zone of the southeastern United States[J].J Experim Mar Biol Ecol,2011,400(1):250–256.
[12]杨鹏,闫喜武,张跃环,等.北方沿海翡翠贻贝人工育苗技术研究[J].大连海洋大学学报,2013,28(5):456–461.
[13]齐秋贞,林笔水,吴天明,等.菲律宾蛤仔室内催产研究[J].水产学报,1981,5(3):235–243.
[14]Hall B K.Evolutionary development biology[M].London:Chapman&Hall,1992.
[15]赵伟华,朱新平,魏成清,等.黄喉拟水龟胚胎发育的观察[J].水生生物学报,2008,32(5):649–656.
[16]张跃平,吕小梅,洪一川,等.波纹巴非蛤胚胎与浮游幼虫的形态发育和生长特性[J].台湾海峡,2012,30(4):546–550.
[17]常亚青,宋坚,王国栋,等.硬壳蛤的人工育苗技术[J].中国水产科学,2002,9(1):43–47.
[18]毕克,包振民,黄晓婷,等.菲律宾蛤仔受精及早期胚胎发育过程的细胞学观察[J].水产学报,2005,28(6):623–627.
[19]杨金龙,李树恒,刘志伟,等.厚壳贻贝胚胎和早期幼虫神经系统发育的初步研究[J].水产学报,2013,37(4):512–519.
[20]董迎辉,林志华,柴雪良,等.文蛤受精及早期胚胎发育过程的细胞学观察[J].动物学报,2007,53(4):700–709.
[21]楼允东.组织胚胎学[M].第2版.北京:中国农业出版社,1996:218–219.
[22]王丹丽,徐善良,尤仲杰,等.温度和盐度对青蛤孵化及幼虫,稚贝存活与生长变态的影响[J].水生生物学报,2005,29(5):495–501.
[23]尤仲杰,陆彤霞,马斌,等.几种环境因子对墨西哥湾扇贝幼虫和稚贝生长与存活的影响[J].热带海洋学报,2003,22(3):22–29.