企业私有化程度提高则社会环境会变差?
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摘要
从企业私有化角度出发,构建二元经济理论模型和实证模型分析私有化对环境污染的影响。理论研究发现,由于城市部门资本密集程度高于农村部门,而且如果农村劳动者从环境改善中获得的边际效用小于城市劳动者从环境改善中获得的边际效用,那么提高私有化导致单位产出污染排放减少时会引起:(1)劳动和资本要素会向城市流动,城市工业部门产出增加;农业部门由于劳动和资本流出而导致产出减少,即城市扩张而农村收缩;(2)城市地区的失业总人数会增加;(3)私有化导致单位产出污染排放减少的效应大于工业产出增加导致污染排放增加的效应,最终导致社会环境改善,但如果私有化导致单位产出污染排放增加,则会得出相反的结论。实证结果表明:企业私有化水平提高有利于降低单位产出固体废物、废水、二氧化硫和烟尘等污染物的排放,资本投入也有利于降低单位产出污染物的排放。
From the point of view of enterprise privatization,this paper analyzes the impact of privatization on environmental pollution by constructing a dual economic theory model and an empirical model. The theoretical study shows that the capital intensive degree of urban sector is higher than that of rural sector. If the marginal utility obtained by rural workers from environmental improvement is smaller than that obtained by urban worker from urban area,when the increased privatization results in reduced emissions per unit of output,there are the following occurrences: (1) There is an increase in the output of urban industrial sector due to the increase in the use of labor and capital in the urban sector and a decrease in the output of agricultural sector owing to the decrease in labor and capital in rural areas,that is,urban expansion and rural contraction; (2) The total number of unemployed people in urban areas will increase; (3) If the effect of privatization on the reduction of pollutant emissions per unit of output is greater than that of the increase of industrial output on the increase of pollutant emissions,the natural environment will ultimately improve. If privatization results in higher emissions per unit of output,the opposite conclusion can be drawn. The empirical results show that increasing the level of privatization of enterprises in China is conducive to reducing the emissions of solid waste,wastewater,sulfur dioxide and soot per unit output,and the capital input is also conducive to reducing the emissions of pollutants per unit output.
From the point of view of enterprise privatization,this paper analyzes the impact of privatization on environmental pollution by constructing a dual economic theory model and an empirical model. The theoretical study shows that the capital intensive degree of urban sector is higher than that of rural sector. If the marginal utility obtained by rural workers from environmental improvement is smaller than that obtained by urban worker from urban area,when the increased privatization results in reduced emissions per unit of output,there are the following occurrences: (1) There is an increase in the output of urban industrial sector due to the increase in the use of labor and capital in the urban sector and a decrease in the output of agricultural sector owing to the decrease in labor and capital in rural areas,that is,urban expansion and rural contraction; (2) The total number of unemployed people in urban areas will increase; (3) If the effect of privatization on the reduction of pollutant emissions per unit of output is greater than that of the increase of industrial output on the increase of pollutant emissions,the natural environment will ultimately improve. If privatization results in higher emissions per unit of output,the opposite conclusion can be drawn. The empirical results show that increasing the level of privatization of enterprises in China is conducive to reducing the emissions of solid waste,wastewater,sulfur dioxide and soot per unit output,and the capital input is also conducive to reducing the emissions of pollutants per unit output.
引文
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[2]徐有俊,江旭,沈悦.发展中经济部分私有化、环境税及其影响---基于一般均衡分析[J].商业经济与管理,2010(7):36-41.
[3]吴栋,李乐天.对于当前中国公共品供给私有化的置疑---以环境资源类公共品为例[J].当代经济研究,2006(10):31-34.
[4]Harris J R,Todaro M P.Migration,unemployment&development:A two-sector analysis[J].American Economic Review,1970,60(1):126-42.
[5]Beladi H,Chao C C.Mixed ownership,unemployment,and welfare for a developing economy[J].Review of Development Economics,2006,10(4):604-611.
[6]Tawada M,Sun S.Urban pollution,unemployment and national welfare in a dualistic economy[J].Review of Development Economics,2010,14(2):311-322.
[7]Yabuuchi S.Tourism,the environment,and welfare in a dual economy[J].Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting&Economics,2013,20(2):172-182.
[8]Li X,Wu Y.Environment and economy in the modern agricultural development[J].Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting&Economics,2018,25(1-2):163-176.
[9]孙淑琴.城镇化中的城市污染、失业与经济发展政策的效应[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2014(7):59-64.
[10]Tsai T H,Wang C C,CHIOU J R.Can privatization be a catalyst for environmental R&D and result in a cleaner environment?[J].Resource and Energy Economics,2016,43(1):1-13.
[11]何轩,马骏.被动还是主动的社会行动者?---中国民营企业参与社会治理的经验性研究[J].管理世界,2018(2):34-48.
[12]李晓春.劳动力转移和工业污染---在现行户籍制度下的经济分析[J].管理世界,2005(6):27-33.
[13]王慧.环境危机与私有化:基于制度经济学视角的认知[J].制度经济学研究,2008(3):134-149.
[14]李晓春,董哲昱.污染消费与污染治理技术水平的进步:环境、失业和福利[J].中国经济问题,2017(6):34-43.