三江平原湿地区域生态风险评价研究
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摘要
采用"点轴体系"及"中心地理论"来描述和表征区域人类活动的空间集聚特征,以此反映湿地区域人类活动直接风险来源,通过土壤侵蚀与非点源污染途径,区域非湿地部分(森林、水田、旱地等)通过物质联系(泥沙、氮磷、水等的输出与输入)方式也会对湿地健康造成影响,反映湿地区域人类活动间接风险来源。基于对人类活动影响湿地直接途径和间接途径的区分以及相应部分风险指标的选择,论文最终完成三江平原湿地区域生态风险评价研究工作。结果表明:DMSP/OLS(Defense Meteorological Program Operational Line-Scan System)夜间灯光及多等级道路数据可以用于区域点轴体系描述,从而表征出湿地区域人类活动直接风险来源的空间分布特征,其中高和极高风险源强度等级与区域高等级中心地和高等级道路拟合程度较好;由于较高的生态资产及脆弱性水平,湿地有最高的生态风险水平;三江平原低、中、高和很高风险等级所占比例分别为64.00%、24.28%、10.38%、1.34%,大部分为低和中等风险水平,但有关风险防范任务仍不可掉以轻心,特别是在相应的高等级风险分布区域;南部地区有较高的风险水平,因此需要着重加以保护。从生态系统服务功能来看,一般认为水田、旱地为生产功能区,森林、湿地为生态功能区。过分关注水田、旱地的生产服务功能会造成下游湿地过量的物质输入从而加剧其风险水平;相反,注重森林保育能够减少泥沙、氮磷等大量输出风险,增加流域产流,从而可为下游湿地健康维持作出贡献。因此,水田、旱地与湿地间是一种生态服务权衡关系,森林与湿地间是一种生态服务协同关系,因此,风险管理方面,应强调区域"点轴体系"与湿地间的空间邻接关系,注重湿地重点生态风险来源(地点与方位)的防范以及湿地与非湿地类型间基于生态系统服务功能的权衡及协同管理问题。可为从区域整体水平上削减湿地健康风险水平提供指导和帮助。
Characterizing the regional intensity of human activities is an important scientific issue. In this study,the pole-axis spatial system(central places and roads of multiple grades, such as city, county, farm, and village and railway, highway, national road, provincial road, municipal road, county road, and town road) and central place theory were adopted to represent the spatial agglomeration characteristics of regional human activities as direct risk source of wetlands. Soil erosion and non-point source(NPS) pollution indicating indirect effects of human activities on wetlands at the regional scale were also considered. Based on these results, the regional ecological risk assessment(RERA) framework of wetlands was established. Using this wetland RERA framework, the spatial heterogeneity of risk grades in the Sanjiang Plain area was analyzed. The results show that: 1) The Defense Meteorological Program Operational Line-Scan System(DMSP/OLS) nighttime light intensity data and multiple level roads data could be used to delineate the regional "pole-axis" system and characterize the direct risk source of wetlands stemming from human activities at the regional scale. High and very high risk source intensity areas matched well with the regional pole-axis system, especially with the central places and roads of high grades. 2) Owing to its high ecological capital value per unit area and vulnerability,wetlands had highest risk. 3) The low, medium, high, and very high risk areas accounted for 64.00%, 24.28%,10.38%, and 1.34% of the study area, respectively. 4) Overall, the southern parts of the Sanjiang Plain had higher risk levels than the northern parts. With regard to the management of regional ecological risk of wetlands, our recommendations include emphasizing the spatial relationship(location, direction, and so on) between wetlands and the regional pole-axis system in order to control direct risks of wetlands from human activities, and tradeoff and synergy between wetlands and other ecosystems(rainfed cropland, rice field, and forest land) through prevention and control of soil erosion and NPS pollution stemming from non-wetland areas in order to reduce the risk level of wetlands at the regional scale.
Characterizing the regional intensity of human activities is an important scientific issue. In this study,the pole-axis spatial system(central places and roads of multiple grades, such as city, county, farm, and village and railway, highway, national road, provincial road, municipal road, county road, and town road) and central place theory were adopted to represent the spatial agglomeration characteristics of regional human activities as direct risk source of wetlands. Soil erosion and non-point source(NPS) pollution indicating indirect effects of human activities on wetlands at the regional scale were also considered. Based on these results, the regional ecological risk assessment(RERA) framework of wetlands was established. Using this wetland RERA framework, the spatial heterogeneity of risk grades in the Sanjiang Plain area was analyzed. The results show that: 1) The Defense Meteorological Program Operational Line-Scan System(DMSP/OLS) nighttime light intensity data and multiple level roads data could be used to delineate the regional "pole-axis" system and characterize the direct risk source of wetlands stemming from human activities at the regional scale. High and very high risk source intensity areas matched well with the regional pole-axis system, especially with the central places and roads of high grades. 2) Owing to its high ecological capital value per unit area and vulnerability,wetlands had highest risk. 3) The low, medium, high, and very high risk areas accounted for 64.00%, 24.28%,10.38%, and 1.34% of the study area, respectively. 4) Overall, the southern parts of the Sanjiang Plain had higher risk levels than the northern parts. With regard to the management of regional ecological risk of wetlands, our recommendations include emphasizing the spatial relationship(location, direction, and so on) between wetlands and the regional pole-axis system in order to control direct risks of wetlands from human activities, and tradeoff and synergy between wetlands and other ecosystems(rainfed cropland, rice field, and forest land) through prevention and control of soil erosion and NPS pollution stemming from non-wetland areas in order to reduce the risk level of wetlands at the regional scale.
引文
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付强,王志良,梁川.2002.多变量自回归模型在三江平原井灌水稻需水量预测中的应用[J].水利学报,33(8):107-112.[Fu Q,Wang Z L,Liang C.2002.Application of multi-variate auto-regression model to forecast water demand of well irrigated paddy.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,33(8):107-112.]
付在毅,许学工,林辉平,等.2001.辽河三角洲湿地区域生态风险评价[J].生态学报,21(3):365-373.[Fu Z Y,Xu XG,Lin H P,et al.2001.Regional ecological risk assessment of in the Liaohe River Delta wetlands.Acta Ecologica Sinica,21(3):365-373.]
高俊峰,许妍.2012.太湖流域生态风险评估研究[M].北京:科学出版社.[Gao J F,Xu Y.2012.Study of ecological risk assessment in Taihu Lake Basin.Beijing,China:Science Press.]
李双成,张才玉,刘金龙,等.2013.生态系统服务权衡与协同研究进展及地理学研究议题[J].地理研究,32(8):1379-1390.[Li S C,Zhang C Y,Liu J L,et al.2013.The tradeoffs and synergies of ecosystem services:Research progress,development trend,and themes of geography.Geographical Research,32(8):1379-1390.]
刘振乾,刘红玉,吕宪国.2001.三江平原湿地生态脆弱性研究[J].应用生态学报,12(2):241-244.[Liu Z Q,Liu H Y,Lv X G.2001.Ecological fragility of wetlands in Sanjiang Plain.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,12(2):241-244.]
刘正茂,夏广亮,吕宪国,等.2011.近50年来三江平原水循环过程对人类活动和气候变化的响应[J].南水北调与水利科技,9(1):68-74.[Liu Z M,Xia G L,Lv X G,et al.2011.Response of water cycle processes in Sanjiang Plain to human activities and climate change in recent 50 years.South-toNorth Water Diversion and Water Science&Technology,9(1):68-74.]
陆大道.2002.关于“点-轴”空间结构系统的形成机理分析[J].地理研究,22(1):1-6.[Lu D D.2002.Formation and dynamics of the"pole-axis"spatial system.Scientia Geographica Sinica,22(1):1-6.]
吕宪国.2008.中国湿地与湿地研究[M].石家庄:河北科学技术出版社.[Lv X G.2008.Wetland ecosystem study in China.Shijiazhuang,China:Hebei Science and Technology Publishing House.]
王辉,宋长春,宋艳宇.2018.三江平原湿地生态风险评价的尺度依存性及区域生态风险评价方案制定[J].湿地科学,16(2):106-113.[Wang H,Song C C,Song Y Y.2018.Scale-dependence of ecological risk assessment and scheme formulation for regional ecological risk assessment of wetlands in Sanjiang Plain.Wetland Science,16(2):106-113.]
王文娟,张树文,李颖,等.2008.基于GIS和USLE的三江平原土壤侵蚀定量评价[J].干旱区资源与环境,22(9):112-117.[Wang W J,Zhang S W,Li Y,et al.2008.Quantitative assessment of soil erosion in Sanjiang Plain based on GISand USLE.Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,22(9):112-117.]
吴健生,刘浩,彭建,等.2014.中国城市体系等级结构及其空间格局:基于DMSP/OLS夜间灯光数据的实证[J].地理学报,69(6):759-770.[Wu J S,Liu H,Peng J,et al.2014.Hierarchical structure and spatial pattern of China's urban system:Evidence from DMSP/OLS nightlight data.Acta Geographica Sinica,69(6):759-770.]
谢高地,鲁春霞,冷允法,等.2003.青藏高原生态资产的价值评估[J].自然资源学报,18(2):189-196.[Xie G D,Lu C X,Leng Y F,et al.2003.Ecological assets valuation of the Tibetan Plateau.Journal of Natural Resources,18(2):189-196.]
许学工,林辉平,付在毅,等.2001.黄河三角洲湿地区域生态风险评价[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),37(1):111-120.[Xu X G,Lin H P,Fu Z Y,et al.2001.Regional ecological risk assessment of wetland in the Huanghe River Delta.Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,37(1):111-120.]
许学工,颜磊,徐丽芬,等.2011.中国自然灾害生态风险评价[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),47(5):901-908.[Xu X G,Yan L,Xu L F,et al.2011.Ecological risk assessment of natural disasters in China.Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,47(5):901-908.]
薛振山,姜明,吕宪国,等.2012.农业开发对生态系统服务价值的影响:以三江平原浓江-别拉洪河中下游区域为例[J].湿地科学,10(1):40-45.[Xue Z S,Jiang M,Lv XG,et al.2012.Influence of agricultural exploitation on ecosystem services:A case study on middle and lower reaches of Nongjiang River and Bielahong River in the Sanjiang Plain.Wetland Science,10(1):40-45.]
祝惠,阎百兴.2010.三江平原稻田磷输出及迁移过程研究[J].湿地科学,8(3):266-272.[Zhu H,Yan B X.2010.Export of phosphorous from paddy field and its transport process in Sanjiang Plain.Wetland Science,8(3):266-272.]
庄大方,刘纪远.1997.中国土地利用程度的区域分异模型研究[J].自然资源学报,12(2):105-111.[Zhuang D F,Liu J Y.1997.Study on the model of regional differentiation of land use degree in China.Journal of Natural Resources,12(2):105-111.]
Costanza R,d'Arge R,de Groot R,et al.1997.The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital[J].Nature,387:253-260.
Fan J H,Wang Y,Zhou Z,et al.2016.Dynamic ecological risk assessment and management of land use in the middle reaches of the Heihe River based on landscape patterns and spatial statistics[J].Sustainability,8(6):1-15.
Hunsaker C,Graham R,Suter G,et al.1990.Assessing ecological risk on regional scale[J].Environmental Management,14:325-332.
Jiang W G,Lv J X,Wang C C,et al.2017.Marsh wetland degradation risk assessment and change analysis:A case study in the ZoigêPlateau,China[J].Ecological Indicators,82:316-326.
Landis W G,Wiegers J A.1997.Design considerations and a suggested approach for regional and comparative ecological risk assessment[J].Human and Ecological Risk Assessment,3(3):287-297.
Landis W G,Wiegers J A.2007.Ten years of the relative risk model and regional scale ecological risk assessment[J].Human and Ecological Risk Assessment,13(1):25-38.
Liu Z Q,Lv X G,Liu H Y.2000.Study on ecological fragility of wetlands in Sanjiang Plain[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,10(2):151-158.
Moraes R,Molander S.2004.A procedure for ecological tiered assessment[J].Human Ecological Risk Assessment,10(2):343-371.
Mulligan G F,Partridge M D,Carruthers J I.2012.Central place theory and its reemergence in regional science[J].The Annals of Regional Science,48:405-431.
Munns W R.2006.Assessing risks to wildlife populations from multiple stressors:Overview of the problem and research needs[J].Ecology and Society,11:23.doi:10.5751/ES-01695-110123.
Peng J,Zong M L,Hu Y N,et al.2015.Assessing landscape ecological risk in a mining city:A case study in Liaoyuan City,China[J].Sustainability,7:8312-8334.
Song C C,Liu D Y,Yang G S,et al.2011.Effect of nitrogen addition on decomposition of Calamagrostis angustifolia litters from freshwater marshes of Northeast China[J].Ecological Engineering,37:1578-1582.
United States Environmental Protection Agency.1992.Framework for ecological risk assessment[R].Washington,DC:Risk Assessment Forum.
Wang G D,Wang M,Yuan Y X,et al.2014.Effects of sediment load on the seed bank and vegetation of Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland community in the National Natural Wetland Reserve of Lake Xingkai,China[J].Ecological Engineering,63:27-33.
Xu X G,Lin H P,Fu Z Y.2004.Probe into the method of regional ecological risk assessment:A case study of wetland in the Yellow River Delta in China[J].Journal of Environmental Management,70(3):253-262.
Xu X G,Xu L F,Yan L,et al.2015.Integrated regional ecological risk assessment of multi-ecosystems under multi-disasters:A case study of China[J].Environmental Earth Science,74(1):747-758.
Zhang L H,Song C C,Zheng X H,et al.2007.Effects of nitrogen on the ecosystem respiration,CH4and N2O emissions to the atmosphere from the freshwater marshes in Northeast China[J].Environmental Geology,52:529-539.
付强,王志良,梁川.2002.多变量自回归模型在三江平原井灌水稻需水量预测中的应用[J].水利学报,33(8):107-112.[Fu Q,Wang Z L,Liang C.2002.Application of multi-variate auto-regression model to forecast water demand of well irrigated paddy.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,33(8):107-112.]
付在毅,许学工,林辉平,等.2001.辽河三角洲湿地区域生态风险评价[J].生态学报,21(3):365-373.[Fu Z Y,Xu XG,Lin H P,et al.2001.Regional ecological risk assessment of in the Liaohe River Delta wetlands.Acta Ecologica Sinica,21(3):365-373.]
高俊峰,许妍.2012.太湖流域生态风险评估研究[M].北京:科学出版社.[Gao J F,Xu Y.2012.Study of ecological risk assessment in Taihu Lake Basin.Beijing,China:Science Press.]
李双成,张才玉,刘金龙,等.2013.生态系统服务权衡与协同研究进展及地理学研究议题[J].地理研究,32(8):1379-1390.[Li S C,Zhang C Y,Liu J L,et al.2013.The tradeoffs and synergies of ecosystem services:Research progress,development trend,and themes of geography.Geographical Research,32(8):1379-1390.]
刘振乾,刘红玉,吕宪国.2001.三江平原湿地生态脆弱性研究[J].应用生态学报,12(2):241-244.[Liu Z Q,Liu H Y,Lv X G.2001.Ecological fragility of wetlands in Sanjiang Plain.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,12(2):241-244.]
刘正茂,夏广亮,吕宪国,等.2011.近50年来三江平原水循环过程对人类活动和气候变化的响应[J].南水北调与水利科技,9(1):68-74.[Liu Z M,Xia G L,Lv X G,et al.2011.Response of water cycle processes in Sanjiang Plain to human activities and climate change in recent 50 years.South-toNorth Water Diversion and Water Science&Technology,9(1):68-74.]
陆大道.2002.关于“点-轴”空间结构系统的形成机理分析[J].地理研究,22(1):1-6.[Lu D D.2002.Formation and dynamics of the"pole-axis"spatial system.Scientia Geographica Sinica,22(1):1-6.]
吕宪国.2008.中国湿地与湿地研究[M].石家庄:河北科学技术出版社.[Lv X G.2008.Wetland ecosystem study in China.Shijiazhuang,China:Hebei Science and Technology Publishing House.]
王辉,宋长春,宋艳宇.2018.三江平原湿地生态风险评价的尺度依存性及区域生态风险评价方案制定[J].湿地科学,16(2):106-113.[Wang H,Song C C,Song Y Y.2018.Scale-dependence of ecological risk assessment and scheme formulation for regional ecological risk assessment of wetlands in Sanjiang Plain.Wetland Science,16(2):106-113.]
王文娟,张树文,李颖,等.2008.基于GIS和USLE的三江平原土壤侵蚀定量评价[J].干旱区资源与环境,22(9):112-117.[Wang W J,Zhang S W,Li Y,et al.2008.Quantitative assessment of soil erosion in Sanjiang Plain based on GISand USLE.Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,22(9):112-117.]
吴健生,刘浩,彭建,等.2014.中国城市体系等级结构及其空间格局:基于DMSP/OLS夜间灯光数据的实证[J].地理学报,69(6):759-770.[Wu J S,Liu H,Peng J,et al.2014.Hierarchical structure and spatial pattern of China's urban system:Evidence from DMSP/OLS nightlight data.Acta Geographica Sinica,69(6):759-770.]
谢高地,鲁春霞,冷允法,等.2003.青藏高原生态资产的价值评估[J].自然资源学报,18(2):189-196.[Xie G D,Lu C X,Leng Y F,et al.2003.Ecological assets valuation of the Tibetan Plateau.Journal of Natural Resources,18(2):189-196.]
许学工,林辉平,付在毅,等.2001.黄河三角洲湿地区域生态风险评价[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),37(1):111-120.[Xu X G,Lin H P,Fu Z Y,et al.2001.Regional ecological risk assessment of wetland in the Huanghe River Delta.Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,37(1):111-120.]
许学工,颜磊,徐丽芬,等.2011.中国自然灾害生态风险评价[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),47(5):901-908.[Xu X G,Yan L,Xu L F,et al.2011.Ecological risk assessment of natural disasters in China.Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,47(5):901-908.]
薛振山,姜明,吕宪国,等.2012.农业开发对生态系统服务价值的影响:以三江平原浓江-别拉洪河中下游区域为例[J].湿地科学,10(1):40-45.[Xue Z S,Jiang M,Lv XG,et al.2012.Influence of agricultural exploitation on ecosystem services:A case study on middle and lower reaches of Nongjiang River and Bielahong River in the Sanjiang Plain.Wetland Science,10(1):40-45.]
祝惠,阎百兴.2010.三江平原稻田磷输出及迁移过程研究[J].湿地科学,8(3):266-272.[Zhu H,Yan B X.2010.Export of phosphorous from paddy field and its transport process in Sanjiang Plain.Wetland Science,8(3):266-272.]
庄大方,刘纪远.1997.中国土地利用程度的区域分异模型研究[J].自然资源学报,12(2):105-111.[Zhuang D F,Liu J Y.1997.Study on the model of regional differentiation of land use degree in China.Journal of Natural Resources,12(2):105-111.]
Costanza R,d'Arge R,de Groot R,et al.1997.The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital[J].Nature,387:253-260.
Fan J H,Wang Y,Zhou Z,et al.2016.Dynamic ecological risk assessment and management of land use in the middle reaches of the Heihe River based on landscape patterns and spatial statistics[J].Sustainability,8(6):1-15.
Hunsaker C,Graham R,Suter G,et al.1990.Assessing ecological risk on regional scale[J].Environmental Management,14:325-332.
Jiang W G,Lv J X,Wang C C,et al.2017.Marsh wetland degradation risk assessment and change analysis:A case study in the ZoigêPlateau,China[J].Ecological Indicators,82:316-326.
Landis W G,Wiegers J A.1997.Design considerations and a suggested approach for regional and comparative ecological risk assessment[J].Human and Ecological Risk Assessment,3(3):287-297.
Landis W G,Wiegers J A.2007.Ten years of the relative risk model and regional scale ecological risk assessment[J].Human and Ecological Risk Assessment,13(1):25-38.
Liu Z Q,Lv X G,Liu H Y.2000.Study on ecological fragility of wetlands in Sanjiang Plain[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,10(2):151-158.
Moraes R,Molander S.2004.A procedure for ecological tiered assessment[J].Human Ecological Risk Assessment,10(2):343-371.
Mulligan G F,Partridge M D,Carruthers J I.2012.Central place theory and its reemergence in regional science[J].The Annals of Regional Science,48:405-431.
Munns W R.2006.Assessing risks to wildlife populations from multiple stressors:Overview of the problem and research needs[J].Ecology and Society,11:23.doi:10.5751/ES-01695-110123.
Peng J,Zong M L,Hu Y N,et al.2015.Assessing landscape ecological risk in a mining city:A case study in Liaoyuan City,China[J].Sustainability,7:8312-8334.
Song C C,Liu D Y,Yang G S,et al.2011.Effect of nitrogen addition on decomposition of Calamagrostis angustifolia litters from freshwater marshes of Northeast China[J].Ecological Engineering,37:1578-1582.
United States Environmental Protection Agency.1992.Framework for ecological risk assessment[R].Washington,DC:Risk Assessment Forum.
Wang G D,Wang M,Yuan Y X,et al.2014.Effects of sediment load on the seed bank and vegetation of Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland community in the National Natural Wetland Reserve of Lake Xingkai,China[J].Ecological Engineering,63:27-33.
Xu X G,Lin H P,Fu Z Y.2004.Probe into the method of regional ecological risk assessment:A case study of wetland in the Yellow River Delta in China[J].Journal of Environmental Management,70(3):253-262.
Xu X G,Xu L F,Yan L,et al.2015.Integrated regional ecological risk assessment of multi-ecosystems under multi-disasters:A case study of China[J].Environmental Earth Science,74(1):747-758.
Zhang L H,Song C C,Zheng X H,et al.2007.Effects of nitrogen on the ecosystem respiration,CH4and N2O emissions to the atmosphere from the freshwater marshes in Northeast China[J].Environmental Geology,52:529-539.