行动研究与民族问题
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摘要
出于观照民族状况和改善族际交流关系的需要,人们呼唤对民族问题开展行动研究。由于缺乏测量进展的客观标准,消解了从业人员得到满足的合法愿望并使对相关问题的学习和认知无从发生。就此,社会实践需要一种行动研究。一种关于各类社会行动的条件与效果的比较研究,必须包括数学和理论分析的概念问题,以及社会变革中的实验室实验和现场实验。因此,一种行动研究的整合方式已经兴起,多种社会科学相互交叉,不同的科学交互合作。行动研究得益于若干步骤的螺旋上升,由规划、行动、关于行动结果的事实调查与再规划的周期所构成。为了检验个体对群体环境影响的特定假设,需要实验性工作坊,并对发生的重要变化加以科学记录。行动研究亦存在内在危险:一是有人秉持毋需更多社会科学的观点;二是来自"当权者"的抵制;三是社会科学被误认为是"技术统治论"。对此,需要实践者认识到只有通过社会科学,才有望获得做好一份工作所必需的权能。族际交流关系是一种双向活动,族际交流关系的改进必须研究两类群体的互动:一是少数民族与多数民族之间的互动;二是地方、国家和国际事务之间的互动。
Based on the situation of minorities and the improvement of group relations,there is a call for action research. The lack of objective standards by which to measure progress deprives the workers of their legitimate desire for satisfaction on a realistic basis and thus no learning can take place. In this regard,the research needed for social practice is a type of action-research,a comparative research on the conditions and effects of various forms of social action,having to include mathematical and conceptual problems of theoretical analysis,and to include laboratory and field experiments in social change. An integrated approach has become articulated. It may mean an amalgamation of the social sciences into one social science,and the cooperation of various sciences. Action research proceeds in a spiral of steps each of which is composed of a circle of planning,action,and fact-finding about the result of the action. To test certain hypotheses in regard to the effect of individual as against group settings,the experimental workshop is introduced. It is obviously necessary to record scientifically the essential happenings during the workshop. The methods of recording include an evaluation session at the end of every day. The workshop setting is among the most powerful tools for bringing about improvement of skill in handling intergroup relations. We might distinguish the inner dangers of action research. First,a group of people seem to subscribe to the idea that we do not need more social science. A second threat to social science comes from "groups in power ". A third group of people envisage a social science "technocracy". Thus,the practitioners need to understand that only through social sciences they can hope to gain the power necessary to do a good job. Intergroup relation is a two-way affair. This means that to improve relations between groups,both of the interacting groups have to be studied: the minority and the majority,and the local,the national,and the international scenes. This job demands from the social scientists an utmost amount of courage.
Based on the situation of minorities and the improvement of group relations,there is a call for action research. The lack of objective standards by which to measure progress deprives the workers of their legitimate desire for satisfaction on a realistic basis and thus no learning can take place. In this regard,the research needed for social practice is a type of action-research,a comparative research on the conditions and effects of various forms of social action,having to include mathematical and conceptual problems of theoretical analysis,and to include laboratory and field experiments in social change. An integrated approach has become articulated. It may mean an amalgamation of the social sciences into one social science,and the cooperation of various sciences. Action research proceeds in a spiral of steps each of which is composed of a circle of planning,action,and fact-finding about the result of the action. To test certain hypotheses in regard to the effect of individual as against group settings,the experimental workshop is introduced. It is obviously necessary to record scientifically the essential happenings during the workshop. The methods of recording include an evaluation session at the end of every day. The workshop setting is among the most powerful tools for bringing about improvement of skill in handling intergroup relations. We might distinguish the inner dangers of action research. First,a group of people seem to subscribe to the idea that we do not need more social science. A second threat to social science comes from "groups in power ". A third group of people envisage a social science "technocracy". Thus,the practitioners need to understand that only through social sciences they can hope to gain the power necessary to do a good job. Intergroup relation is a two-way affair. This means that to improve relations between groups,both of the interacting groups have to be studied: the minority and the majority,and the local,the national,and the international scenes. This job demands from the social scientists an utmost amount of courage.
引文
(1)本译文译自Lewin,K. Action research and minority problems[J]. Journal of Social Issues,1946(4):34-36。有个别删减,原文无参考文献。摘要和关键词原文亦无,系译者所加。——译者注释。