雾霾围城:双通道视角下的感知对人才流动倾向的影响机制
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摘要
为回应雾霾污染是否会影响雾霾污染地人才流动的这一质疑,本文从雾霾污染地区从业人才流出倾向和求学人才流入倾向的"双通道"视角出发,在质性研究的基础上确定了雾霾感知的六维度结构以及雾霾风险感知和雾霾控制感知两个层面,同时将地方认同作为中介变量、雾霾控制感知作为调节变量纳入统一研究框架,来探索雾霾风险感知对人才流动倾向影响的内部机制。研究结果显示,就从业人才而言,心理健康风险感知、工作(学习)行为感知和生理健康风险感知均对其流出倾向具有显著正向影响;政府控制能力感知和公民责任行为感知分别能够显著削弱从业人才心理健康风险感知和生理健康风险感知对其流出倾向的正向影响;地方认同在从业人才的生理健康风险感知、心理健康风险感知和工作(学习)行为感知与其流出倾向关系之间起部分中介作用。就求学人才而言,心理健康风险感知和生理健康风险感知均对其流入倾向具有显著负向影响;政府控制能力感知能够显著削弱求学人才心理健康风险感知和生理健康风险感知对其流入倾向的负向影响;地方认同在求学人才心理健康风险感知和生理健康风险感知与其流入倾向关系之间起部分中介作用。
In response to whether smog pollution will affect the flow tendency of talents in smog-polluted areas, this study explores the connotation, dimensions and measurement questionnaires of smog perception from the perspective of "dual channels" of outflow tendency of employment talents and inflow tendency of learning talents in smog-polluted areas. The concept of smog perception is categorized into six dimensions: smog essence perception, physical health risk perception, mental health risk perception, work(learning) behavior perception, government control ability perception, citizen responsibility behavior perception. smog essential perception, physical health risk perception, mental health risk perception and work(learning) behavior perception emphasize the negative effects of smog on people's physiology, psychology and life, It is the risk that people are passively perceived because they are exposed to smog pollution, therefore, these four dimensions belong to smog risk perception, while citizen responsibility behavior perception and government control ability perception emphasize the extent to which individuals perceive themselves or other organizations(others) from the perspective of active control to take positive actions to reduce smog risk and thus belong to smog control perception, Therefore, it can be considered that the smog risk perception and the smog control perception may constitute "smog perception" from the passive and active perspectives, respectively. Then the two kinds of perceptual variable roles are deduced theoretically, and a preliminary conceptual model is constructed from the perspective of independent variables and moderator variables. At the same time,on the basis of literature review, this paper seeks place identity as an intermediary variable between smog risk perception and talents flow tendency, and brings it into a unified research framework to form a final conceptual model, and then discusses the internal influence mechanism of smog risk perception on talents flow tendency.The results show that the four dimensions of smog risk perception have different effects on the flow tendency of employment talents and learning talents. Physical health risk perception and mental health risk perception not only have a positive impact on the outflow tendency of employment talents, but also have a negative impact on the inflow tendency of learning talents. Smog essence perception has no significant impact on the flow tendency of employment talents and learning talents. Government control ability perception and citizen responsibility behavior perception moderate the relationship between smog risk perception and talents flow tendency. As far as the employment talents are concerned, the perception of government control ability perception significantly weakens the positive influence of mental health risk perception on their outflow tendency, and the perception of citizen responsibility behavior significantly weakens the positive influence of physical health risk perception on their outflow tendency. In terms of learning talents, government control ability perception significantly weakens the negative impact of mental health risk perception and physical health risk perception on their inflow tendency. This study divides place identity into five dimensions: external evaluation, overall attachment, continuity with the past, familiarity and commitment. From the perspective of "dual channels" of talents flow, this study finds that the mediating role of place identity is different for different subjects. Specifically, the five dimensions of place identity partially mediate the relationship among physical health risk perception, mental health risk perception, work(learning) behavior perception and outflow tendency of employment talents; External evaluation and commitment partly mediate the relationship between physical health risk perception and mental health risk perception and inflow tendency of learning talents.Finally, according to the above research results, in view of the differences in smog risk perception and smog control perception between employment talents and learning talents, this study puts forward policy-driven management suggestions from the perspective of government and organization, and combining with the different emotional effects of place identity on employment talents and learning talents, study also puts forward some emotional-driven management suggestions. It is hoped that under the dual drive of policy and emotion, some practical guidance will be provided for the introduction and retention of talents in smog-polluted areas.
In response to whether smog pollution will affect the flow tendency of talents in smog-polluted areas, this study explores the connotation, dimensions and measurement questionnaires of smog perception from the perspective of "dual channels" of outflow tendency of employment talents and inflow tendency of learning talents in smog-polluted areas. The concept of smog perception is categorized into six dimensions: smog essence perception, physical health risk perception, mental health risk perception, work(learning) behavior perception, government control ability perception, citizen responsibility behavior perception. smog essential perception, physical health risk perception, mental health risk perception and work(learning) behavior perception emphasize the negative effects of smog on people's physiology, psychology and life, It is the risk that people are passively perceived because they are exposed to smog pollution, therefore, these four dimensions belong to smog risk perception, while citizen responsibility behavior perception and government control ability perception emphasize the extent to which individuals perceive themselves or other organizations(others) from the perspective of active control to take positive actions to reduce smog risk and thus belong to smog control perception, Therefore, it can be considered that the smog risk perception and the smog control perception may constitute "smog perception" from the passive and active perspectives, respectively. Then the two kinds of perceptual variable roles are deduced theoretically, and a preliminary conceptual model is constructed from the perspective of independent variables and moderator variables. At the same time,on the basis of literature review, this paper seeks place identity as an intermediary variable between smog risk perception and talents flow tendency, and brings it into a unified research framework to form a final conceptual model, and then discusses the internal influence mechanism of smog risk perception on talents flow tendency.The results show that the four dimensions of smog risk perception have different effects on the flow tendency of employment talents and learning talents. Physical health risk perception and mental health risk perception not only have a positive impact on the outflow tendency of employment talents, but also have a negative impact on the inflow tendency of learning talents. Smog essence perception has no significant impact on the flow tendency of employment talents and learning talents. Government control ability perception and citizen responsibility behavior perception moderate the relationship between smog risk perception and talents flow tendency. As far as the employment talents are concerned, the perception of government control ability perception significantly weakens the positive influence of mental health risk perception on their outflow tendency, and the perception of citizen responsibility behavior significantly weakens the positive influence of physical health risk perception on their outflow tendency. In terms of learning talents, government control ability perception significantly weakens the negative impact of mental health risk perception and physical health risk perception on their inflow tendency. This study divides place identity into five dimensions: external evaluation, overall attachment, continuity with the past, familiarity and commitment. From the perspective of "dual channels" of talents flow, this study finds that the mediating role of place identity is different for different subjects. Specifically, the five dimensions of place identity partially mediate the relationship among physical health risk perception, mental health risk perception, work(learning) behavior perception and outflow tendency of employment talents; External evaluation and commitment partly mediate the relationship between physical health risk perception and mental health risk perception and inflow tendency of learning talents.Finally, according to the above research results, in view of the differences in smog risk perception and smog control perception between employment talents and learning talents, this study puts forward policy-driven management suggestions from the perspective of government and organization, and combining with the different emotional effects of place identity on employment talents and learning talents, study also puts forward some emotional-driven management suggestions. It is hoped that under the dual drive of policy and emotion, some practical guidance will be provided for the introduction and retention of talents in smog-polluted areas.
引文
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[14]Shore, L. M., L.E.Tetrick, P.Lynch, et al. Social and Economic Exchange: Construct Development and Validation[J]. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 2006, 36,(4):837-867.
[15]Chen,Y., and S.S.Rosenthal. Local Amenities and Life-Cycle Migration: Do People Move for Jobs or Fun?[J]. Journal of Urban Economics, 2008, 64,(3):519-537.
[16]Colquitt,J.A.,M.D.Baer,and D.M.Long,et al.Scale Indicators of Social Exchange Relationships:A Comparison of Relative Content Validity[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,2014,99,(4):599.
[17]Jong,G.F.D.,B.D.Root,and R.W.Gardner,et al.Migration Intentions and Behavior:Decision Making in A Rural Philippine Province[J].Population and Environment,1985,8,(1-2):41-62.
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[19]Kyle,G.,A.Graefe,and R.Manning,Testing the Dimensionality of Place Attachment in Recreational Settings[J].Environment & Behavior,2005,37,(2):153-177.
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[22]Zhang,A.P.,L.S.Zhong,and Y.Xu,et al.Tourists' Perception of Haze Pollution and the Potential Impacts on Travel:Reshaping the Features of Tourism Seasonality in Beijing,China[J].Sustainability,2015,7,(3):2397-2414.
[23]Bonaiutoa,M.,A.Aielloa,and M.Peruginib.Multidimensional Perception of Residential Environment Quality and Neighborhood Attachment in the Urban Environment[J].Journal of Environmental Psychology,1999,19,(4):331-352.
[24]Lai,C.,and J.Tao.Perception of Environmental Hazards in Hong Kong Chinese[J].Risk Analysis,2003,23,(4):669-684.
[25]Proshansky,H.M., W.H.Ittelson,and L. G.Rivlin.Freedom of Choice and Behavior in A Physical Setting[M].Environmental Psychology:Man and His Physical Setting,1970.
[26]洪大用,范叶超,李佩繁.地位差异、适应性与绩效期待——空气污染诱致的居民迁出意向分异研究[J].北京:社会学研究,2016,(3):1-24.
[27]Fleury-Bahi,G.,M.L.Félonneau and D.Marchand.Processes of Place Identification and Residential Satisfaction[J].Environment & Behavior,2008,40,(5):669-682.
[28]Bickerstaff,K.Risk Perception Research:Socio-cultural Perspectives on the Public Experience of Air Pollution[J].Environment International,2004,30,(6):827-840.
[29]Strauss,A.Basics of Qualitative Research[J].Grounded Theory Procedure & Techniques,1990,15,(100):129.
[30]Corbin,J.M.,and A L.Strauss.Basics of Qualitative Research:Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory[M].SAGE,1998.
[31]Slovic,P.Perception of Risk.Science[J].Science,1987,4,(236):280-285.
[32]El-Toukhy,S.Parsing Susceptibility and Severity Dimensions of Health Risk Perceptions[J].Journal of Health Communication,2015,20,(5):499-511.
[33]Wakefield,S.E.,S J.Elliott,and D.C.Cole,et al.Environmental Risk and(Re)Action:Air Quality,Health,and Civic Involvement in An Urban Industrial Neighbourhood[J].Health & Place,2001,7,(3):163-177.
[34]李海斌,罗翼新,宋承谕,李文扬, 王燕, 张志永,刘影影,姚三巧,吴卫东.雾霾天气空气污染对机体呼吸系统的急性损伤效应研究[J].北京:中华预防医学杂志,2015,(4):392-394.
[35]宋国学.工作压力源对反生产行为的影响机理:职业生涯韧性以情绪为中介的调节效应[J].杭州:商业经济与管理,2016,(2):26-35.
[36]Knez,I.Climate:A Nested Physical Structure in Places[J].Fisheries Oceanography,2003,11,(4):233-244.
[37]Bonaiuto,M.S.,S.D.Alves,Dominicisab,and I.Petruccellid.Place Attachment and Natural Hazard Risk[J].Research Review and Agenda,2016,(48):33-53.
[38]黄飞,王玉琴,安燕,田冬梅.边疆大学生的去留:风险知觉和地方认同的推拉[J].上海:心理科学,2015,(2):355-360.
[39]Barcus,H.R.,and S.D.Brunn,Place Elasticity:Exploring A New Conceptualization of Mobility and Place Attachment in Rural America[J].Geografiska Annaler:Series B,Human Geography,2010,92,(4):281-295.
[40]王凯民,檀榕基.环境安全感、政府信任与风险治理——从“邻避效应”的角度分析[J].长春:行政与法,2014,(2):10-15.
[41]Werff,E.V.D.,L.Steg,and K.Keizer.It Is A Moral Issue:The Relationship between Environmental Self-Identity,Obligation-Based Intrinsic Motivation and Pro-Environmental behaviour[J].Global Environmental Change-Human and Policy Dimensions,2013,23,(5):1258-1265.
[42]尹仑.藏族对气候变化的认知与应对——云南省德钦县果念行政村的考察[J].昆明:思想战线,2011,(4):24-28.
[43] Farh,J. L.,A.S.Tsui,K.Xin,and B.S.Cheng,The Influence of Relational Demography and Guanxi:The Chinese Case[J].Organization Science,1998,9,(4):471-488.
[44]Lalli,M.Urban-Related Identity:Theory,Measurement,and Empirical Findings[J].Journal of Environmental Psychology,1992,12,(4):285-303.
[45]Chew,Y.,and S.A.Jahari.Destination Image as A Mediator between Perceived Risks and Revisit Intention:A Case of Post-Disaster Japan[J].Tourism Management,2014,40,(2):382-393.
[46]肖芬蓉,黄晓云.企业“漂绿”行为差异与环境规制的改进[J].成都:软科学,2016,(8):61-64.
[2]Weng,Q.,and J C.Mcelroy.HR Environment and Regional Attraction:An Empirical Study of Industrial Clusters in China[J].Social Science Electronic Publishing,2010,35,(3):245-263.
[3]Lu,H.,A.Yue.,H.Chen,and R.Long.Could Smog Pollution Lead to the Migration of Local Practitioners?Data from Practitioners in the Jing-Jin-Ji Region of China[J].Resources Conservation and Recycling,2018,(130):177-187.
[4]吉密欧,何丽.纽约时报:雾霾催生中国新“环境移民”[N/OL].http://china.cankaoxiaoxi.com/2013/1125/306938.shtml,2013-11-25.
[5]童玉芬.从人口大国走向人力资源强国——中国人力资源的现状和形势分析[J].南京:现代经济探讨,2008,(1):11-15.
[6]中共中央组织部.国家中长期人才发展规划纲要:2010—2020年[M].北京:党建读物出版社,2010.
[7]Daniel,S.,G.Daniel,and W.Daniel,et al.Sensation and Perception[M].Sensation and Perceptio Worth Publishers,2014.
[8]Bickerstaff,K.,and G.Walker.Public Understandings of Air Pollution:The ‘Localisation’ of Environmentalrisk[J].Global Environmental Change,2001,11,(2):133-145.
[9]Radisic S, K.B.Newbold,Factors Influencing Health Care and Service Providers and Their Respective “at Aisk” Populations Adoption of the Air Quality Health Index (AQHI): A Qualitative Study[J]. Bmc Health Services Research, 2016, 16,(1):1-11.
[10]Li J., P. L.Pearce, B.Wu, et al. Up in Smoke? The Impact of Smog on Risk Perception and Satisfaction of International and Domestic Tourists in Beijing[J].International Journal of Tourism Research, 2016,(18):373-386.
[11]彭建,郭思远,裴亚楠,张松.大陆居民对北京雾霾的旅游影响感知和态度研究[J].济南:中国人口资源与环境,2016,(10):168-176.
[12]Ratcliffe,E.,and K.M,Korpela.Memory and Place Ratcliffe E, Korpela K M. Memory and Place Attachment as Predictors of Imagined Restorative Perceptions of Favourite Places[J]. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 2016, (48):120-130.
[13]Bjarnason,T.,and T.Thorlindsson.Should I Stay or Should I Go? Migration Expectations among Youth in Icelandic Fishing and Farming Communities[J].Journal of Rural Studies,2005,22,(3):290-300.
[14]Shore, L. M., L.E.Tetrick, P.Lynch, et al. Social and Economic Exchange: Construct Development and Validation[J]. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 2006, 36,(4):837-867.
[15]Chen,Y., and S.S.Rosenthal. Local Amenities and Life-Cycle Migration: Do People Move for Jobs or Fun?[J]. Journal of Urban Economics, 2008, 64,(3):519-537.
[16]Colquitt,J.A.,M.D.Baer,and D.M.Long,et al.Scale Indicators of Social Exchange Relationships:A Comparison of Relative Content Validity[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,2014,99,(4):599.
[17]Jong,G.F.D.,B.D.Root,and R.W.Gardner,et al.Migration Intentions and Behavior:Decision Making in A Rural Philippine Province[J].Population and Environment,1985,8,(1-2):41-62.
[18]Pol,E.The Theoretical Background of the City-Identity-Sustainability Network[J].Environment & Behavior,2002,34,(1):8-25.
[19]Kyle,G.,A.Graefe,and R.Manning,Testing the Dimensionality of Place Attachment in Recreational Settings[J].Environment & Behavior,2005,37,(2):153-177.
[20]Wang,Y.,M.Sun,and X.Yang,et al.Public Awareness and Willingness to Pay for Tackling Smog Pollution in China:A Case Study[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2015,(112):1627-1634.
[21]Mahmood,S.A.I.Air Pollution Kills 15,000 Bangladeshis Each Year The Role of Public Administration and Governments Integrity[J].Journal of Public Administration & Policy Research,2011,3,(11):129-140.
[22]Zhang,A.P.,L.S.Zhong,and Y.Xu,et al.Tourists' Perception of Haze Pollution and the Potential Impacts on Travel:Reshaping the Features of Tourism Seasonality in Beijing,China[J].Sustainability,2015,7,(3):2397-2414.
[23]Bonaiutoa,M.,A.Aielloa,and M.Peruginib.Multidimensional Perception of Residential Environment Quality and Neighborhood Attachment in the Urban Environment[J].Journal of Environmental Psychology,1999,19,(4):331-352.
[24]Lai,C.,and J.Tao.Perception of Environmental Hazards in Hong Kong Chinese[J].Risk Analysis,2003,23,(4):669-684.
[25]Proshansky,H.M., W.H.Ittelson,and L. G.Rivlin.Freedom of Choice and Behavior in A Physical Setting[M].Environmental Psychology:Man and His Physical Setting,1970.
[26]洪大用,范叶超,李佩繁.地位差异、适应性与绩效期待——空气污染诱致的居民迁出意向分异研究[J].北京:社会学研究,2016,(3):1-24.
[27]Fleury-Bahi,G.,M.L.Félonneau and D.Marchand.Processes of Place Identification and Residential Satisfaction[J].Environment & Behavior,2008,40,(5):669-682.
[28]Bickerstaff,K.Risk Perception Research:Socio-cultural Perspectives on the Public Experience of Air Pollution[J].Environment International,2004,30,(6):827-840.
[29]Strauss,A.Basics of Qualitative Research[J].Grounded Theory Procedure & Techniques,1990,15,(100):129.
[30]Corbin,J.M.,and A L.Strauss.Basics of Qualitative Research:Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory[M].SAGE,1998.
[31]Slovic,P.Perception of Risk.Science[J].Science,1987,4,(236):280-285.
[32]El-Toukhy,S.Parsing Susceptibility and Severity Dimensions of Health Risk Perceptions[J].Journal of Health Communication,2015,20,(5):499-511.
[33]Wakefield,S.E.,S J.Elliott,and D.C.Cole,et al.Environmental Risk and(Re)Action:Air Quality,Health,and Civic Involvement in An Urban Industrial Neighbourhood[J].Health & Place,2001,7,(3):163-177.
[34]李海斌,罗翼新,宋承谕,李文扬, 王燕, 张志永,刘影影,姚三巧,吴卫东.雾霾天气空气污染对机体呼吸系统的急性损伤效应研究[J].北京:中华预防医学杂志,2015,(4):392-394.
[35]宋国学.工作压力源对反生产行为的影响机理:职业生涯韧性以情绪为中介的调节效应[J].杭州:商业经济与管理,2016,(2):26-35.
[36]Knez,I.Climate:A Nested Physical Structure in Places[J].Fisheries Oceanography,2003,11,(4):233-244.
[37]Bonaiuto,M.S.,S.D.Alves,Dominicisab,and I.Petruccellid.Place Attachment and Natural Hazard Risk[J].Research Review and Agenda,2016,(48):33-53.
[38]黄飞,王玉琴,安燕,田冬梅.边疆大学生的去留:风险知觉和地方认同的推拉[J].上海:心理科学,2015,(2):355-360.
[39]Barcus,H.R.,and S.D.Brunn,Place Elasticity:Exploring A New Conceptualization of Mobility and Place Attachment in Rural America[J].Geografiska Annaler:Series B,Human Geography,2010,92,(4):281-295.
[40]王凯民,檀榕基.环境安全感、政府信任与风险治理——从“邻避效应”的角度分析[J].长春:行政与法,2014,(2):10-15.
[41]Werff,E.V.D.,L.Steg,and K.Keizer.It Is A Moral Issue:The Relationship between Environmental Self-Identity,Obligation-Based Intrinsic Motivation and Pro-Environmental behaviour[J].Global Environmental Change-Human and Policy Dimensions,2013,23,(5):1258-1265.
[42]尹仑.藏族对气候变化的认知与应对——云南省德钦县果念行政村的考察[J].昆明:思想战线,2011,(4):24-28.
[43] Farh,J. L.,A.S.Tsui,K.Xin,and B.S.Cheng,The Influence of Relational Demography and Guanxi:The Chinese Case[J].Organization Science,1998,9,(4):471-488.
[44]Lalli,M.Urban-Related Identity:Theory,Measurement,and Empirical Findings[J].Journal of Environmental Psychology,1992,12,(4):285-303.
[45]Chew,Y.,and S.A.Jahari.Destination Image as A Mediator between Perceived Risks and Revisit Intention:A Case of Post-Disaster Japan[J].Tourism Management,2014,40,(2):382-393.
[46]肖芬蓉,黄晓云.企业“漂绿”行为差异与环境规制的改进[J].成都:软科学,2016,(8):61-64.